scholarly journals Downstream of GA4, PbCYP78A6 participates in regulating cell cycle-related genes and parthenogenesis in pear (Pyrus bretshneideri Rehd.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiqi Zhang ◽  
Wei Han ◽  
Huibin Wang ◽  
Liu Cong ◽  
Rui Zhai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Development ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Parthenocarpic Fruit ◽  
Self Incompatibility ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Upstream Regulator ◽  
Fruit Formation

Abstract Background Parthenocarpy results in traits attractive to both consumers and breeders, and it overcomes the obstacle of self-incompatibility in the fruit set of horticultural crops, including pear (Pyrus bretshneider). However, there is limited knowledge regarding the genetic and molecular mechanisms that regulate parthenogenesis. Results Here, in a transcriptional comparison between pollination-dependent fruit and GA4-induced parthenocarpy, PbCYP78A6 was identified and proposed as a candidate gene involved in parthenocarpy. PbCYP78A6 is similar to Arabidopsis thaliana CYP78A6 and highly expressed in pear hypanthia. The increased PbCYP78A6 expression, as assessed by RT-qPCR, was induced by pollination and GA4 exposure. The ectopic overexpression of PbCYP78A6 contributed to parthenocarpic fruit production in tomato. The PbCYP78A6 expression coincided with fertilized and parthenocarpic fruitlets development and the expression of fruit development-related genes as assessed by cytological observations and RT-qPCR, respectively. PbCYP78A6 RNA interference and overexpression in pear calli revealed that the gene is an upstream regulator of specific fruit development-related genes in pear. Conclusions Our findings indicate that PbCYP78A6 plays a critical role in fruit formation and provide insights into controlling parthenocarpy.

scholarly journals Downstream of GA4, PbCYP78A6 Regulates Parthenogenesis by Mediating Cell Cycle-Related Genes in Pear (Pyrus Bretshneider Rehd.)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiqi Zhang ◽  
Wei Han ◽  
Huibin Wang ◽  
Liu Cong ◽  
Rui Zhai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Development ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Parthenocarpic Fruit ◽  
Self Incompatibility ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Upstream Regulator ◽  
Ectopic Overexpression

Abstract Background: Parthenocarpy results in traits attractive to both consumers and breeders, and it overcomes the obstacle of self-incompatibility in the fruit set of horticultural crops, including pear (Pyrus bretshneider). However, there is limited knowledge regarding the genetic and molecular mechanisms that regulate parthenogenesis. Results: Here, in a transcriptional comparison between pollination-dependent and GA4-induced parthenocarpy, PbCYP78A6 was identified and proposed as a candidate gene involved in parthenocarpy. PbCYP78A6 is similar to Arabidopsis thaliana CYP78A6 and is highly expressed in pear hypanthia. The increased PbCYP78A6 expression, as assessed by RT-qPCR, was induced by pollination and GA4 exposure. The ectopic overexpression of PbCYP78A6 contributed to parthenocarpic fruit production in tomato. The PbCYP78A6 expression coincided with fertilized and parthenocarpic fruitlet development and the expression of fruit development-related genes as assessed by cytological observations and RT-qPCR, respectively. PbCYP78A6 RNA interference and overexpression revealed that the gene is an upstream regulator of fruit development-related genes in pear. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that PbCYP78A6 plays a critical role in cell proliferation and provide insights into controlling parthenocarpy.

scholarly journals Hormonal interactions underlying parthenocarpic fruit formation in horticultural crops

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahat Sharif ◽  
Li Su ◽  
Xuehao Chen ◽  
Xiaohua Qi
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Parthenocarpic Fruit ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Rosaceae Species ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Fruit Formation

Abstract In some horticultural crops, such as Cucurbitaceae, Solanaceae, and Rosaceae species, fruit set and development can occur without the fertilization of ovules, a process known as parthenocarpy. Parthenocarpy is an important agricultural trait that can not only mitigate fruit yield losses caused by environmental stresses but can also induce the development of seedless fruit, which is a desirable trait for consumers. In the present review, the induction of parthenocarpic fruit by the application of hormones such as auxins (2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; naphthaleneacetic acid), cytokinins (forchlorfenuron; 6-benzylaminopurine), gibberellic acids, and brassinosteroids is first presented. Then, the molecular mechanisms of parthenocarpic fruit formation, mainly related to plant hormones, are presented. Auxins, gibberellic acids, and cytokinins are categorized as primary players in initiating fruit set. Other hormones, such as ethylene, brassinosteroids, and melatonin, also participate in parthenocarpic fruit formation. Additionally, synergistic and antagonistic crosstalk between these hormones is crucial for deciding the fate of fruit set. Finally, we highlight knowledge gaps and suggest future directions of research on parthenocarpic fruit formation in horticultural crops.

Reproductive Responses of Capsicum annuum to High Temperatures

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 543c-543
Author(s):  
Ami N. Erickson ◽  
Albert H. Markhart
Keyword(s):  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Flower Development ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Bud Size ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Constant Growth

Fruit yield reduction due to high temperatures has been widely observed in Solanaceous crops. Our past experiments have demonstrated that Capsicum annuum cultivars Ace and Bell Boy completely fail to produce fruit when grown at constant 33 °C. However, flowers are produced, continually. To determine which stages of flower development are sensitive to high temperatures, pepper buds, ranging in size from 1 mm to anthesis, were exposed to high temperatures for 6 hr, 48 hr, 5 days, or for the duration of the experiment. Fruit set for each bud size was determined. Exposure to high temperatures at anthesis and at the 2-mm size stage for 2 or more days significantly reduced fruit production. To determine whether inhibition of pollination, inhibition of fertilization, and/or injury to the female or male structures prevents fruit production at high temperatures, flowers from pepper cultivars Ace and Bell Boy were grown until flowers on the 8th or 9th node were 11 mm in length. Plants were divided between 25 °C and 33 °C constant growth chambers for 2 to 4 days until anthesis. At anthesis, flowers from both treatments were cross-pollinated in all combination, and crosses were equally divided between 33 or 25 °C growth chambers until fruit set or flowers abscised. All flower crosses resulted in 80% to 100% fruit set when post-pollination temperatures were 25 °C. However, post-pollination temperatures of 33 °C significantly reduced fruit production. Reduced fruit set by flowers exposed to high temperatures during anthesis and pollination is not a result of inviable pollen or ovule, but an inhibition of fertilization or initial fruit development.

scholarly journals IDENTIFIKASI FENOMENA SELF-INCOMPATIBILITY PADA Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-49
Author(s):  
Dias Idha Pramesti
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Development ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Incompatibility ◽  
Globular Embryo ◽  
Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis ◽  
Artificial Pollination

Hybridization is one way to produce Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. which have various shape and colour of flowers. However, this is hampered by the possibility of self-incompatibility in Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. To identify self-incompatibility in Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. the simplest methods are used by observing the morphology and anatomy of fruit development, followed by a descriptive analysis of the data that has been obtained. The analysis results on crossing artificial pollination to 103 flowers of single pink Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. show that the fruits survive until day 7 after pollination. Furthermore, the data show that there is no fruit, seed, and embryo development. Indeed the fruit turns yellow and finally shed. But the self artificial pollination shows that 35 seeds develop from 96 pollinations. The longer seed, which 13 days after pollination, grew up. The globular embryo could find on 3 DAP (day after pollination) fruit set, and the 9 DAP fruit set shows the development of heart shape. The result suggests that the phenomenon of self-incompatibility on Hibiscus rosa sinensis L. predicts as postzygotic self-incompatibility.

scholarly journals Self-incompatibility and Self-fruitfulness in Pear cv. Agua de Aranjuez

2007 ◽  
Vol 132 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Sanzol ◽  
Maria Herrero
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Tube ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Parthenocarpic Fruit ◽  
Self Incompatibility ◽  
Variable Response ◽  
Self Pollination ◽  
Fruit Setting ◽  
Self Fertilization ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Performance Results

Most pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars are impaired to set fruit under self-pollination, because self-fertilization is prevented by a gametophytic self-incompatibility system. However, accumulated information in this species shows that often for a same cultivar, after self-pollination, a variable response in fruit set can be obtained in different years or growing conditions. In this work, we characterize self-incompatibility and self-fruitfulness in ‘Agua de Aranjuez’, the main Spanish pear cultivar, which also shows a variable response to self-pollination. Two years with a different fruit setting response after self-pollination, one with no fruit set and the other with a moderate fruit set, were compared for parthenocarpic fruit development and for pollen tube performance. Results show that in both years, this cultivar behaves as self-incompatible with absence of parthenocarpy. In selfed flowers, most pollen tubes are arrested in the upper half of the style, although in a small proportion of the styles, a pollen tube can reach the base of the style and eventually effect fertilization. Self-fertilization, although occurring at a low level, can explain the fruit set levels obtained under self-pollination given that flowers with just one fertilized ovule are able to set fruit. This behavior could explain confusing results about self-fruitfulness in ‘Agua de Aranjuez’ and other pear cultivars.

PARTHENOCARPY IN THE CUCUMBER INDUCED BY SOME PLANT GROWTH-REGULATING CHEMICALS

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 781-785 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. CANTLIFFE
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
The Other ◽  
Parthenocarpic Fruit ◽  
Cucumis Sativus L ◽  
Pickling Cucumbers ◽  
Female Flowers

Nine growth-regulating chemicals were sprayed at concentrations of 50 and 100 ppm on pickling cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L., cult Pioneer) in an effort to induce parthenocarpic fruit development. A morphactin formulation, IT 3456 (methyl-2-chloro-9-hydroxyfluorene-(9)-carboxylate), and TIBA (2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid) were the most effective in stimulating parthenocarpic fruit-set and development at both concentrations used. Between six and seven fruits per plant were induced parthenocarpically when 100 ppm IT 3456 morphactin was used. Two other morphactins tested, IT 3233 (n-butyl-9-hydroxyfluorene-(9)-carboxylate) and Bay 102614 (2,7-dichloro-9-hydroxyfluorene-carboxylate-(9)-methyl ester), produced no more fruits than the control. A new growth regulator, CCDP (3-carboxy-1-(p-chlorophenyl)-4,6-dimethyl-2-pridone), significantly increased the number of fruits per plant at the 100-ppm concentration, and also increased the number of female flowers per plant produced within 50 days of planting, at both concentrations. The other four compounds tested, designated EL 531 (α-cycloprophyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidine methanol), BAS 0660-W (N-dimethyl-morpholiniumchloride), TD 692 (mono-("coco" dimethylamine) succinate), and Chemagro 8728 (5-chloro-2-thenyl-tributylphosphonium), were not effective inducers of parthenocarpy in the cucumber.

scholarly journals Selective Flower Removal Increases Cranberry Fruit Set

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 1226-1228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian A. Birrenkott ◽  
Elden J. Stang
Keyword(s):  
Plant Development ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Vaccinium Macrocarpon ◽  
Insect Pollination ◽  
Fruit Removal ◽  
Hand Pollination ◽  
Production Area ◽  
Flower Thinning

Selective flower removal was used in 1987 and 1988 to evaluate intraplant competition or inhibition within flowering uprights of `Searles' cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.). The lowest two flowers were removed from uprights at various stages of plant development in 1987. With one or both of the two earliest, i.e., lowest, flowers developing `into fruit, 25% of the remaining flowers matured into fruit. Removal of the earliest two flowers at preblossom or late blossom resulted in ≈ 46% fruit set for the remaining flowers. Slightly fewer upper flowers set (36%) when the earliest flowers and fruit were removed at early fruit development. In 1988, the lowest two flowers were removed at preblossom and natural insect pollination was supplemented by hand pollination. Hand-pollinated (upper) flowers set 58% when the lowest two flowers were removed, compared to 17% for the unthinned control. Yield and fruit numbers were lowered slightly as a result of flower thinning in both years. A significant amount of variation in fruit production was explained by the number of flowering uprights per unit of production area in both years.

Seasonal variation in air temperature drives reproductive phenology of entomophilous plants in a cool-temperate mire community

Botany ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Y. Ida ◽  
Gaku Kudo
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Reproductive Phenology ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Cool Temperate

Phenological responses of plants to temperature dynamics are receiving attention due to the ongoing climate change. Most previous phenological studies have focused on flowering phenology rather than fruiting phenology. However, at mid-latitudes, the air temperature periodically changes during the growing period of plants. Hence, cool temperatures early and late in the growing period may affect reproductive success through pollination and fruit-development processes. To evaluate the linkages between reproductive phenology and success, we compared the phenologies, photosynthetic capacities, and fruit-set rates among 25 species within a cool-temperate community in northern Japan. The ambient temperature during the flowering periods of individual species increased with delays in flowering-onset time, whereas the ambient temperature during fruit-development periods was highest for species which bloomed in July. Fruit-set success among species was positively correlated with the ambient temperatures during the reproductive periods, and with the photosynthetic capacity. Fruit production of early-blooming species was limited by cool temperatures during the flowering period, presumably because of low pollinator activity, whereas that of late-blooming species was limited by cool temperatures during the fruit-development period because of slow fruit-development (i.e., sink limitation). Thus, limiting factors of fruit production varied depending on the flowering phenology of individual species within a community.

scholarly journals The role of auxin during early berry development in grapevine as revealed by transcript profiling from pollination to fruit set

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisca Godoy ◽  
Nathalie Kühn ◽  
Mindy Muñoz ◽  
Germán Marchandon ◽  
Satyanarayana Gouthu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Development ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Transcript Profiling ◽  
Auxin Signaling ◽  
Berry Development ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
Fruit Formation

AbstractAuxin is a key phytohormone that modulates fruit formation in many fleshy fruits through the regulation of cell division and expansion. Auxin content rapidly increases after pollination and the manipulation in its levels may lead to the parthenocarpic development. ln Vitis vinifera L., little is known about the early fruit development that encompasses from pollination to fruit set. Pollination/fertilization events trigger fruit formation, and auxin treatment mimics their effect in grape berry set. However, the role of auxin in this process at the molecular level is not well understood. To elucidate the participation of auxin in grapevine fruit formation, morphological, reproductive, and molecular events from anthesis to fruit set were described in sequential days after pollination. Exploratory RNA-seq analysis at four time points from anthesis to fruit set revealed that the highest percentage of genes induced/repressed within the hormone-related gene category were auxin-related genes. Transcript profiling showed significant transcript variations in auxin signaling and homeostasis-related genes during the early fruit development. Indole acetic acid and several auxin metabolites were present during this period. Finally, application of an inhibitor of auxin action reduced cell number and the mesocarp diameter, similarly to unpollinated berries, further confirming the key role of auxin during early berry development. This work sheds light into the molecular features of the initial fruit development and highlights the auxin participation during this stage in grapevine.

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