scholarly journals Definition and detection of vulnerable marine ecosystems on the high seas: problems with the “move-on” rule

2010 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Auster ◽  
Kristina Gjerde ◽  
Eric Heupel ◽  
Les Watling ◽  
Anthony Grehan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Marine Ecosystems ◽  
Fishing Gear ◽  
Precautionary Approach ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
National Jurisdiction ◽  
High Seas

Abstract Auster, P. J., Gjerde, K., Heupel, E., Watling, L., Grehan, A., and Rogers, A. D. 2011. Definition and detection of vulnerable marine ecosystems on the high seas: problems with the “move-on” rule. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 254–264. Fishing in the deep sea in areas beyond national jurisdiction has produced multiple problems related to management for conservation and sustainable use. Based on a growing concern, the United Nations has called on States to prevent significant adverse impacts to vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs) in the deep sea. Although Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) guidelines for management were produced through an international consultative process, implementing criteria for designation of VMEs and recognition of such areas when encountered by fishing gear have been problematic. Here we discuss assumptions used to identify VMEs and current requirements related to unforeseen encounters with fishing gear that do not meet technological or ecological realities. A more precautionary approach is needed, given the uncertainties about the location of VMEs and their resilience, such as greatly reducing the threshold for an encounter, implementation of large-scale permanent closed areas, and prohibition of bottom-contact fishing.

scholarly journals Social Change through Entrepreneurship: Utilizing Portable Sawmill Based Small Businesses to Promote Community Development

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Crystal Lupo
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Community Development ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Forest Industry ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization

Reduced demand for wood and wood products resulting from the economic crisis in the first decade of the 2000s severely impacted the forest industry throughout the world, causing large forest-based organizations to close (CBC News, 2008; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2009; Pepke, 2009). The result was a dramatic increase in unemployment and worker displacement among forest product workers between 2011 and 2013 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2014). Forested rural communities often depended on the large-scale forest industry for their livelihood, and as a result, decreased reliance on large-scale industry became increasingly important (Lupo, 2015). This article explores portable-sawmill-based entrepreneurship as an opportunity to promote social change in the local community. Results indicated that portable-sawmill-based small businesses created community development opportunities, which promoted social change in the larger community through farm business expansion, conservation efforts to improve local community development, and niche market creation in the local or larger community.

FRUIT AND BERRIES WORLD PRODUCTION AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1445-1464
Author(s):  
R.R. Mukhametzyanov ◽  
◽  
E.V. Britik ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
World Market ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Global Rating ◽  
Production Volume ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
The World

Horticulture is an important branch of agriculture with particular importance in some countries of the world. The production of fruits, berries and nuts is an important part of forming a high-grade food supply for the population in many countries, including the developing ones. Basing on the statistical data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (UN), the authors examined the change in the production volume of these products in the world as a whole for 1961-2018, as well as for the period 1992-2018 in some countries - twenty largest producers in 2018; and a number of trends were identified. In particular, it was noted that in 2018 the global gross harvest of fruits and berries increased by 4.34 times compared to 1961, while that of nuts - by 7.04 times. A deeper analysis in the context of states, which are the main producers of fruits, berries and nuts, carried out for 1922-2018, indicates that there is a change in the positions of these countries in the corresponding world ranking. The quantitative and qualitative changes we observe inevitably have a significant impact both on the volume of the world market in terms of production, and, consequently, the supply of fruit and berry products, and on the parameters of international trade in fruits, berries and nuts. Due to the fact that the Russian Federation is not among the countries - largest producers of fruit and berry products (in 2018 it was the 31st in the global rating for fruits and berries, and the 52nd for nuts), it occupies a very significant position in the world on its imports, especially on some of them. In connection with the policy of import substitution, deployed in response to sanctions from a number of Western states, some positive changes are also observed in the Russian gardening industry. However, imports in the resources of fruits and berries still amounted to 53.6% in 2018. Naturally, many types of fruit and berry products are economically inexpedient to cultivate on an industrial scale in the natural and climatic conditions of our country, but it is necessary to carry out scientifically grounded and systematic work to increase the production of relatively traditional for Russia fruit and berry plants in the large-scale commodity sector.

The Global Commons and Common Interests: Is there Common Ground?

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-45
Author(s):  
Nilufer Oral
Keyword(s):  
Common Ground ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Global Commons ◽  
National Jurisdiction ◽  
Common Interests ◽  
And Control ◽  
High Seas

The global commons, or common areas, are those areas that lie beyond the national jurisdiction and control of any state. In general, these areas include the deep seabed, the high seas, the atmosphere, the Moon and outer space, and Antarctica. However, other than falling under a common nomenclature there is no common regime that applies to these common areas, or global commons. This chapter examines the different regimes of common heritage, common concern, and the freedom of the high seas, as they apply to the different global commons looking at the specific case of the new international legally binding instrument for conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction under negotiations at the United Nations. In conclusion the legal landscape that emerges for the global commons is one more of variation than commonality.

scholarly journals Problems of Compulsory Jurisdiction and the Settlement of Disputes Relating to Straddling Fish Stocks

1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.E. Boyle
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Access To Justice ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
Legal Principle ◽  
National Jurisdiction ◽  
The Right ◽  
Settlement Of Disputes ◽  
Fisheries Law ◽  
High Seas

AbstractModern fisheries law has for some time recognised the special interest of coastal states in the management of adjacent high seas fisheries. It has been slower to acknowledge a comparable interest on the part of high seas fishing states in the conservation and management of EEZ stocks by coastal states. This imbalance of rights and obligations between these two groups of states continues to be reflected in the fisheries articles of the 1982 UNCLOS and in the 1995 Agreement on Straddling and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks. Much of the Law of the Sea Convention is about balancing the interests of different groups of states, and maintaining that balance is one of the reasons for adopting the principle of compulsory binding dispute settlement of disputes in Part XV of the Convention. Disputes about straddling fish stocks are necessarily disputes about the balance between coastal and high seas fishing states, and more generally, about the interest of the international community in sustainable management of stocks. Despite the significant changes which the 1995 Agreement makes to the substantive UNCLOS fisheries law, it remains far from clear that disputes concerning coastal state overfishing or inadequate management of straddling stocks within its own EEZ can be the subject of any form of binding process initiated by another fishing state or entity, even if there is a serious impact on the viability of stocks in other EEZs or on the high seas beyond national jurisdiction. But while coastal states and high seas states may have unequal rights and obligations with regard to fisheries access and management, they do have an equal interest in access to dispute settlement options. Both share a need for authoritative interpretation of difficult and complex texts; in both cases compulsory dispute settlement may be required in the event of failure to reach agreement on the management of shared access to straddling stocks. To hold that only coastal states have the right to compulsory binding settlement in such cases is to stabilise and protect one side of an equitable balance while leaving the other side vulnerable to erosion and instability. The question whether disputes concerning all or part of a straddling stock fall inside or outside compulsory jurisdiction is thus more than a technical question of treaty interpretation. It poses some fundamental questions about the nature of equitable utilisation as a legal principle governing use of common resources. Both in the interests of equitable access to justice, and the effective management and sustainable use of straddling stocks, compulsory jurisdiction should apply to all aspects of such a dispute. The rights of coastal states

Evidence for greater reproductive output per unit area in areas protected from fishing

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (9) ◽  
pp. 1284-1289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel J Kaiser ◽  
Robert E Blyth-Skyrme ◽  
Paul JB Hart ◽  
Gareth Edwards-Jones ◽  
David Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Adductor Muscle ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Fishing Gear ◽  
Mature Adults ◽  
Scale Experiment ◽  
Over Exploitation ◽  
Similar Body

Marine protected areas are advocated as an essential management tool to ensure the sustainable use of marine resources by providing insurance against over-exploitation and through the provision of refuge for a large biomass of sexually mature adults. Using a unique fishing gear-restriction, voluntary management system as a large-scale experiment, we found that adult scallops (Pecten maximus) within areas protected from towed bottom-fishing gear had heavier adductor muscle tissue and gonads that were 19%–24% heavier than those of scallops in fished areas, while other body and age characteristics were similar in both areas. The scallops within the protected area also occurred at a much higher abundance than adjacent, chronically fished (× 12.83) and wider commercially exploited (× 2.18) areas. These results provide evidence that the use of towed bottom-fishing gear can further exacerbate the effects of overfishing through the suppression of the reproductive potential of individuals of similar body size. These findings underline the utility of using closed areas as tools for fisheries conservation of sedentary species of commercial importance.

Carbon sequestration, the precautionary approach and the responsibility of scientists

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 205-212
Author(s):  
L. Buhl-Mortensen ◽  
A. Myhr ◽  
S. Welin
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Precautionary Approach ◽  
Engineering Approach ◽  
Complete Discussion ◽  
Responsibility Of Scientists ◽  
Geological Formations

This paper reviews problems connected to the use of the deep-sea and sub-sea geological formations for carbon sequestration. We will focus on the risks and dangers involved in using this kind of large-scale engineering approach, which is not yet fully tested, to combat global warming. We will not provide a complete discussion on the technologies involved, but concentrate on a few principal questions, such as the responsibility of environmental scientists involved in this research. We will also discuss carbon sequestration in relation to the precautionary approach. We argue that there may be a place for large-scale engineering attempts, but this should be the last rather than the first option.

scholarly journals The Limits of Sectoral and Regional Efforts to Designate High Seas Marine Protected Areas

AJIL Unbound ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 129-133
Author(s):  
David Freestone
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
International Community ◽  
Sargasso Sea ◽  
Ocean Governance ◽  
National Jurisdiction ◽  
High Seas

This essay addresses the question of how the international community could designate high seas marine protected areas (MPAs) that would be binding on all states. This is a key issue for the forthcoming UN negotiations of an International Legally Binding Instrument (ILBI) on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction. However, this is a longstanding question, the importance of which transcends the ILBI negotiations. Some have argued for the establishment of a centralized Ocean Governance Authority, whose decisions would be universally binding; others have argued that existing regional and sectoral bodies can be relied on to protect biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction. The experience of the Sargasso Sea project is that some sort of centralized or coordinating regime is needed to make MPAs effective across regional and sectoral bodies.

Marine Genetic Resources in Areas beyond National Jurisdiction: Access and Benefit-Sharing

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Drankier ◽  
Alex G. Oude Elferink ◽  
Bert Visser ◽  
Tamara Takács
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Benefit Sharing ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
Access And Benefit Sharing ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
National Jurisdiction ◽  
Legal Frameworks

Abstract This report examines whether it is possible for the research and use of marine genetic resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) to follow an approach based on the system that is being used with plant genetic resources in areas within national jurisdiction, as developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization. Part IV of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture contains the multilateral system of access and benefit-sharing. In addition, the report considers the implications of relevant provisions as contained in the Law of the Sea Convention, the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Antarctic Treaty System, as well as instruments on intellectual property rights. The report concludes with an assessment of the options within existing legal frameworks for accommodating an access and benefit-sharing system for marine genetic resources originating from ABNJ, and provides suggestions to move the international debate forward.

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