Effects of elevated pCO2 on crab survival and exoskeleton composition depend on shell function and species distribution: a comparative analysis of carapace and claw mineralogy across four porcelain crab species from different habitats

2016 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 1021-1032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tessa M. Page ◽  
Samantha Worthington ◽  
Piero Calosi ◽  
Jonathon H. Stillman
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Intertidal Zone ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Elevated Pco2 ◽  
Physiological Adaptation ◽  
Elevated Concentration ◽  
Cation Composition ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Intertidal Species ◽  
The Impact

Elevated concentration of carbon dioxide (elevated pCO2) that cause reduced pH is known to influence calcification in many marine taxa, but how elevated pCO2 influences cation composition of mineralized structures is less well studied. To a large extent, the degree to which elevated pCO2 impacts mineralized structures is influenced by physiological adaptation of organisms to environments where low pH is routinely experienced. Here, we test the hypotheses that elevated pCO2 will differently impact the relative concentrations of divalent cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Sr2+, and Mn2+) in four closely related species of porcelain crabs distributed across intertidal zone gradients. Cation composition of carapace and claw exoskeleton was determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry following 24-day exposures to pH/pCO2 levels of 8.0/418 and 7.4/1850 µatm during the intermoult period. Reduced pH/elevated pCO2 caused a 13–24% decrease of carapace [Ca2+] across all species, and species-specific responses in carapace and claw [Mg2+], [Sr2+] and [Mn2+] were observed. During a 24-day exposure, reduced pH/elevated pCO2 reduced survival probability in low-intertidal but not mid-intertidal species. Overall, the effect of reduced pH/elevated pCO2 on exoskeleton mineral composition was muted in mid-intertidal species relative to low-intertidal species, indicating that extant adaptation to the variable intertidal zone may lessen the impact of ocean acidification (OA) on maintenance of mineralized structures. Differences in responses to reduced pH/elevated pCO2 among closely related species adds complexity to predictive inferences regarding the effects of OA.

Discovery of a new intertidal species, Amblopusa vancouverensis from Vancouver Island, Canada with notes on Amblopusa brevipes Casey (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4803 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-514
Author(s):  
IN-SEONG YOO ◽  
KEE-JEONG AHN
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Aleutian Islands ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Intertidal Species

Amblopusa vancouverensis Yoo & Ahn, sp. nov. is described from Vancouver Island, Canada. The new species is compared with closely related species, A. brevipes Casey. Amblopusa brevipes is redescribed and the taxonomic characters of mouthparts and genitalia of both sexes are discussed and illustrated. New distributional record of A. brevipes for Agattu Island (the Aleutian Islands) is provided. 

scholarly journals Bursts of recent transposable element activity and signatures of element removal in the monarch genome, Danaus plexippus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Baril ◽  
Alexander Hayward
Keyword(s):  
Transposable Element ◽  
Genome Assembly ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Danaus Plexippus ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Immune Genes ◽  
Genomic Deletions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Element Removal

AbstractBackgroundLepidoptera (butterflies and moths) are an important model system in ecology and evolution. A high-quality chromosomal genome assembly of the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus), famous for its North American migration, is available but lacks an in-depth transposable element (TE) annotation. This provides an opportunity to explore host-TE interactions, and the impact TEs have in shaping the monarch genome.Results6.47% of the monarch genome is comprised of TEs, a reduction of 6.59% compared to the original TE annotation performed on the draft genome assembly. TE content is low compared to two closely related species, Danaus chrysippus (26.70%) and Danaus melanippus (11.87%). The biggest contributors to genome size in the monarch are LINEs and Penelope-like elements, and 37.7% of TE content is contributed by five newly identified TE families (two LINE, two Penelope-like, and one SINE). Some young DNA TE families show similar activity profiles to these LINEs, with their success putatively due to horizontal transposon transfer from species sharing the same environment. There are several recent peaks of TE activity in the monarch, with little evidence for peaks of activity more anciently. LINE fragments demonstrate signatures of genomic deletions as reported by studies on Heliconius butterflies, indicating a high rate of TE turnover. Given previous associations in other species, we investigated the association of TEs with wing colouration and immune genes. We find a single unclassified element 7kb upstream of the myosin gene locus, associated with wing colouration, and 49 immune genes with TEs within 5kb upstream of the transcription start site, presenting the potential for the involvement of TEs in regulatory functions.ConclusionsWe provide an in-depth TE annotation and analysis of TE diversity and evolution for the monarch genome. We identify highly successful novel DNA TE families, mirroring the activity profile of the most successful LINEs. We also find evidence of ongoing TE expansion and removal in the monarch, highlighting the dynamic nature of repeat content in genomes over time. Further in-depth comparative studies across closely related species will be beneficial to our understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of TEs and the processes leading to their contrasting distributions.

Recent changes in the status of some Clyde vertebrates

1986 ◽  
Vol 90 ◽  
pp. 451-467
Author(s):  
J. A. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Food Supply ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Species Protection ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Status ◽  
Representative Selection ◽  
Selection Of Species ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

SynopsisThree comprehensive surveys of Clyde vertebrates have been carried out during the past twenty-five years, and this exceptional degree of investigation permits some very valid comparisons to be made. Distinct changes in status have taken place throughout all the vertebrate classes. The work of man has had the most obvious impact. This is sometimes deliberate, as in direct attempts at species protection or destruction. At other times the impact of man is indirect, with effects on food supply, on habitat, or on health. Occasionally the effects are accidental. Many status changes are easily explained under the above headings, but others are not, and some show apparently opposite changes in closely-related species. Some changes in status are very real, and indeed are sometimes quite dramatic and obvious for all to see. Others are more apparent than real, presumably arising from increased observation. A representative selection of species is discussed.

scholarly journals Dynamics of transposable elements in recently diverged fungal pathogens: lineage-specific transposable element content and efficiency of genome defenses

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile Lorrain ◽  
Alice Feurtey ◽  
Mareike Möller ◽  
Janine Haueisen ◽  
Eva Stukenbrock
Keyword(s):  
Transposable Elements ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Zymoseptoria Tritici ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Transposable elements (TEs) impact genome plasticity, architecture, and evolution in fungal plant pathogens. The wide range of TE content observed in fungal genomes reflects diverse efficacy of host-genome defense mechanisms that can counter-balance TE expansion and spread. Closely related species can harbor drastically different TE repertoires. The evolution of fungal effectors, which are crucial determinants of pathogenicity, has been linked to the activity of TEs in pathogen genomes. Here, we describe how TEs have shaped genome evolution of the fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici and four closely related species. We compared de novo TE annotations and repeat-induced point mutation signatures in 26 genomes from the Zymoseptoria species-complex. Then, we assessed the relative insertion ages of TEs using a comparative genomics approach. Finally, we explored the impact of TE insertions on genome architecture and plasticity. The 26 genomes of Zymoseptoria species reflect different TE dynamics with a majority of recent insertions. TEs associate with accessory genome compartments, with chromosomal rearrangements, with gene presence/absence variation, and with effectors in all Zymoseptoria species. We find that the extent of RIP-like signatures varies among Z. tritici genomes compared to genomes of the sister species. The detection of a reduction of RIP-like signatures and TE recent insertions in Z. tritici reflects ongoing but still moderate TE mobility.

scholarly journals Dynamics of transposable elements in recently diverged fungal pathogens: lineage-specific transposable element content and efficiency of genome defences

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile Lorrain ◽  
Alice Feurtey ◽  
Mareike Möller ◽  
Janine Haueisen ◽  
Eva Stukenbrock
Keyword(s):  
Transposable Elements ◽  
Genome Evolution ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Zymoseptoria Tritici ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

AbstractTransposable elements (TEs) impact genome plasticity, architecture and evolution in fungal plant pathogens. The wide range of TE content observed in fungal genomes reflects diverse efficacy of host-genome defence mechanisms that can counter-balance TE expansion and spread. Closely related species can harbour drastically different TE repertoires, suggesting variation in the efficacy of genome defences. The evolution of fungal effectors, which are crucial determinants of pathogenicity, has been linked to the activity of TEs in pathogen genomes. Here we describe how TEs have shaped genome evolution of the fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici and four closely related species. We compared de novo TE annotations and Repeat-Induced Point mutation signatures in thirteen genomes from the Zymoseptoria species-complex. Then, we assessed the relative insertion ages of TEs using a comparative genomics approach. Finally, we explored the impact of TE insertions on genome architecture and plasticity. The thirteen genomes of Zymoseptoria species reflect different TE dynamics with a majority of recent insertions. TEs associate with distinct genome compartments in all Zymoseptoria species, including chromosomal rearrangements, genes showing presence/absence variation and effectors. European Z. tritici isolates have reduced signatures of Repeat-Induced Point mutations compared to Iranian isolates and closely related species. Our study supports the hypothesis that ongoing but moderate TE mobility in Zymoseptoria species shapes pathogen genome evolution.

Microsatellite Marker: Importance and Implications of Cross-genome Analysis for Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn)

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 160-170
Author(s):  
Thumadath P.A. Krishna ◽  
Maharajan Theivanayagam ◽  
Gurusunathan V. Roch ◽  
Veeramuthu Duraipandiyan ◽  
Savarimuthu Ignacimuthu
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Marker ◽  
Microsatellite Markers ◽  
Ssr Markers ◽  
Genome Analysis ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Finger Millet ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Genome Amplification

Finger millet is a superior staple food for human beings. Microsatellite or Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) marker is a powerful tool for genetic mapping, diversity analysis and plant breeding. In finger millet, microsatellites show a higher level of polymorphism than other molecular marker systems. The identification and development of microsatellite markers are extremely expensive and time-consuming. Only less than 50% of SSR markers have been developed from microsatellite sequences for finger millet. Therefore, it is important to transfer SSR markers developed for related species/genus to finger millet. Cross-genome transferability is the easiest and cheapest method to develop SSR markers. Many comparative mapping studies using microsatellite markers clearly revealed the presence of synteny within the genomes of closely related species/ genus. Sufficient homology exists among several crop plant genomes in the sequences flanking the SSR loci. Thus, the SSR markers are beneficial to amplify the target regions in the finger millet genome. Many SSR markers were used for the analysis of cross-genome amplification in various plants such as Setaria italica, Pennisetum glaucum, Oryza sativa, Triticum aestivum, Zea mays and Hordeum vulgare. However, there is very little information available about cross-genome amplification of these markers in finger millet. The only limited report is available for the utilization of cross-genome amplified microsatellite markers in genetic analysis, gene mapping and other applications in finger millet. This review highlights the importance and implication of microsatellite markers such as genomic SSR (gSSR) and Expressed Sequence Tag (EST)-SSR in cross-genome analysis in finger millet. Nowadays, crop improvement has been one of the major priority areas of research in agriculture. The genome assisted breeding and genetic engineering plays a very crucial role in enhancing crop productivity. The rapid advance in molecular marker technology is helpful for crop improvement. Therefore, this review will be very helpful to the researchers for understanding the importance and implication of SSR markers in closely related species.

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