scholarly journals Preparing for the future: integrating spatial ecology into ecosystem-based management

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 467-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan K Lowerre-Barbieri ◽  
Ignacio A Catalán ◽  
Anders Frugård Opdal ◽  
Christian Jørgensen
Keyword(s):  
Data Streams ◽  
Spatial Ecology ◽  
Ecosystem Health ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
Sustainable Fisheries ◽  
Ecosystem Based Management ◽  
Introductory Article ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Analytical Power

Abstract Marine resource management is shifting from optimizing single species yield to redefining sustainable fisheries within the context of managing ocean use and ecosystem health. In this introductory article to the theme set, “Plugging spatial ecology into ecosystem-based management (EBM)” we conduct an informal horizon scan with leaders in EBM research to identify three rapidly evolving areas that will be game changers in integrating spatial ecology into EBM. These are: (1) new data streams from fishers, genomics, and technological advances in remote sensing and bio-logging; (2) increased analytical power through “Big Data” and artificial intelligence; and (3) better integration of social dimensions into management. We address each of these areas by first imagining capacity in 20 years from now, and then highlighting emerging efforts to get us there, drawing on articles in this theme set, other scientific literature, and presentations/discussions from the symposium on “Linkages between spatial ecology and sustainable fisheries” held at the ICES Annual Science Conference in September 2017.

scholarly journals The genomics of adaptation

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1749) ◽  
pp. 5024-5028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacek Radwan ◽  
Wiesław Babik
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Genomic Data ◽  
Evolutionary Change ◽  
Introductory Article ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Genome Level

The amount and nature of genetic variation available to natural selection affect the rate, course and outcome of evolution. Consequently, the study of the genetic basis of adaptive evolutionary change has occupied biologists for decades, but progress has been hampered by the lack of resolution and the absence of a genome-level perspective. Technological advances in recent years should now allow us to answer many long-standing questions about the nature of adaptation. The data gathered so far are beginning to challenge some widespread views of the way in which natural selection operates at the genomic level. Papers in this Special Feature of Proceedings of the Royal Society B illustrate various aspects of the broad field of adaptation genomics. This introductory article sets up a context and, on the basis of a few selected examples, discusses how genomic data can advance our understanding of the process of adaptation.

Challenges for Diadromous Fishes in a Dynamic Global Environment

2009 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Aboriginal People ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Farmed Salmon ◽  
European Contact ◽  
Ecosystem Based Management

<em>Abstract</em>.-Aboriginal people developed integrated ecosystem-based management long before European contact in the 1750s. Ecosystem knowledge contributed the lion's share of precontact wealth. Fisheries drove the early British Columbia economy, but now account for less than 0.5% of gross domestic product. Even thought West Coast research shows that precontact ecosystems could sustain many times current catch value, this still would not weigh heavily against other economic sectors. Single species management has failed to avert the depletion of many fisheries; hence, we now hear calls for ecosystem-based management as opposed to integrated management (used in reference to managing multiple sectors such as fisheries, farmed salmon, oil, and gas, as well as climate change). We suggest that reintegrating ecosystem-based and integrated management necessitates the cooperation of other ocean sectors in generating the information necessary to monitor and restore ecosystems while ensuring that their own operations are sustainable. Currently, there are a number of scientific initiatives, ocean and biological observing platforms, and high-powered models to help develop new management regimes. We consider how this new technology could help to understand the collapse of eulachon <em>Thaleichthys pacificus</em>. Eulachon are of great importance to Native peoples but could well be described as the forgotten anadromous fish of the research community. It is important that both industry and governments recognize the importance of maintaining the long-term viability of these important tools and invest appropriately to ensure sound ecosystem management practices into the future.

Ecosystem-based management of seaweed harvesting

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 395-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heike K. Lotze ◽  
Inka Milewski ◽  
Julia Fast ◽  
Lauren Kay ◽  
Boris Worm
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Ecosystem Structure ◽  
Ecosystem Impacts ◽  
Red Macroalgae ◽  
Ecosystem Based Management ◽  
Potential Habitat ◽  
Relevant Today ◽  
Recovery Potential

Abstract Harvesting wild seaweeds has a long history and is still relevant today, even though aquaculture now supplies >96% of global seaweed production. Current wild harvests mostly target canopy-forming kelp, rockweed and red macroalgae that provide important ecosystem roles, including primary production, carbon storage, nutrient cycling, habitat provision, biodiversity and fisheries support. Harvest methods range from selective hand-cutting to bottom trawling. Resulting ecosystem impacts depend on extraction method and scale, ranging from changes in primary production to habitat disruption, fragmentation, food-web alterations and bycatch of non-target species. Current management often aims for sustainable harvesting in a single-species context, although some agencies acknowledge the wider ecosystem structure, functions and services seaweeds provide. We outline potential ecosystem-based management approaches that would help sustain productive and diverse seaweed-based ecosystems. These include maintaining high canopy biomass, recovery potential, habitat structure and connectivity, limiting bycatch and discards, while incorporating seasonal closures and harvest-exclusion zones into spatial management plans. Other sustainability considerations concern monitoring, enforcement and certification standards, a shift to aquaculture, and addressing cumulative human impacts, invasive species and climate change. Our review provides a concise overview on how to define and operationalize ecosystem-based management of seaweed harvesting that can inform ongoing management and conservation efforts.

scholarly journals Structure and biological activity of glasses and ceramics

2012 ◽  
Vol 370 (1963) ◽  
pp. 1271-1280 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Cormack ◽  
A. Tilocca
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Bioactive Glasses ◽  
Introductory Article ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Orthopaedic Medicine ◽  
Contemporary Medicine ◽  
Established Role

Biomaterials for repairing and regenerating parts of the human body play a key role in contemporary medicine, and have an increasing impact in modern society. Given the importance of orthopaedic medicine (bone is the second most replaced organ after blood), bioactive glasses and ceramics represent a key reference to guide technological advances in this field. Their established role in current biomedical applications has already led many research groups worldwide to look into their structural properties, with a view to identifying the molecular basis of their biological activity. As the efforts directed towards this crucial and exciting direction continue to increase, it is now timely to review the situation, in order to guide future investigations on structure–bioactivity relationships. In this introductory article, the field is reviewed, to provide an appropriate context for the contributions to this Theme Issue.

scholarly journals Using Piecewise Regression to Identify Biological Phenomena in Biotelemetry Datasets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Wolfson ◽  
John Fieberg ◽  
David E Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Data Streams ◽  
Black Bear ◽  
Information Criterion ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Wide Audience ◽  
Piecewise Regression ◽  
Sandhill Crane ◽  
Biological Phenomena ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Trumpeter Swan

Technological advances in the field of animal tracking have greatly expanded the potential to remotely monitor animals, opening the door to exploring how animals shift their behavior over time or respond to external stimuli. A wide variety of animal-borne sensors can provide information on an animal's location, movement characteristics, external environmental conditions, and internal physiological status. Here, we demonstrate how piecewise regression can be used to identify the presence and timing of potential shifts in a variety of biological responses using GPS telemetry and other biologging data streams. Different biological latent states can be inferred by partitioning a time-series into multiple segments based on changes in modeled responses (e.g., their mean, variance, trend, degree of autocorrelation) and specifying a unique model structure for each interval. We provide five example applications highlighting a variety of taxonomic species, data streams, timescales, and biological phenomena. These examples include a short-term behavioral response (flee and return) by a trumpeter swan (Cygnus buccinator) immediately following a GPS collar deployment; remote identification of parturition based on movements by a pregnant moose (Alces alces); a physiological response (spike in heart-rate) in a black bear (Ursus americanus) to a stressful stimulus (presence of a drone); a mortality event of a trumpeter swan signaled by changes in collar temperature and Overall Dynamic Body Acceleration; and an unsupervised method for identifying the onset, return, duration, and staging use of sandhill crane (Antigone canadensis) migration. We implement analyses using the mcp package in R, which provides functionality for specifying and fitting a wide variety of user-defined model structures in a Bayesian framework and methods for assessing and comparing models using information criterion and cross-validation measures. This approach uses simple modeling approaches that are accessible to a wide audience and is a straightforward means of assessing a variety of biologically relevant changes in animal behavior.

scholarly journals Make nature's role visible to achieve the SDGs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dave Hole ◽  
Pamela Collins ◽  
Anteneh Tesfaw ◽  
Lina Barrera ◽  
Michael B. Mascia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Ecosystem Health ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Development Goals

Central to the premise of the Sustainable Development Goals is the concept that the environment underpins the economic and social dimensions of development, yet the language and structure of the SDG framework are largely blind to these environment-development relationships beyond the "nature" Goals (14 and 15). As a result, ecosystem health continues to decline, development milestones lag, and investments are suboptimally allocated. Here, we highlight and conceptually map nature's role across the entire framework and make suggestions for leveraging synergies and limiting undesired impacts.

scholarly journals Defining Boundaries for Ecosystem-Based Management: A Multispecies Case Study of Marine Connectivity across the Hawaiian Archipelago

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Toonen ◽  
Kimberly R. Andrews ◽  
Iliana B. Baums ◽  
Christopher E. Bird ◽  
Gregory T. Concepcion ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Reef Fishes ◽  
Marine Conservation ◽  
Geographic Scale ◽  
Hawaiian Archipelago ◽  
Ecosystem Based Management ◽  
Marine Connectivity ◽  
Minimum Number

Determining the geographic scale at which to apply ecosystem-based management (EBM) has proven to be an obstacle for many marine conservation programs. Generalizations based on geographic proximity, taxonomy, or life history characteristics provide little predictive power in determining overall patterns of connectivity, and therefore offer little in terms of delineating boundaries for marine spatial management areas. Here, we provide a case study of 27 taxonomically and ecologically diverse species (including reef fishes, marine mammals, gastropods, echinoderms, cnidarians, crustaceans, and an elasmobranch) that reveal four concordant barriers to dispersal within the Hawaiian Archipelago which are not detected in single-species exemplar studies. We contend that this multispecies approach to determine concordant patterns of connectivity is an objective and logical way in which to define the minimum number of management units and that EBM in the Hawaiian Archipelago requires at least five spatially managed regions.

Dealing With Data Streams

Methodology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 124-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lianne Ippel ◽  
Maurits Kaptein ◽  
Jeroen Vermunt
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Data Streams ◽  
Gradient Descent ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Automatic Measurement ◽  
Stochastic Gradient Descent ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Complex Models ◽  
New Research

Abstract. Novel technological advances allow distributed and automatic measurement of human behavior. While these technologies provide exciting new research opportunities, they also provide challenges: datasets collected using new technologies grow increasingly large, and in many applications the collected data are continuously augmented. These data streams make the standard computation of well-known estimators inefficient as the computation has to be repeated each time a new data point enters. In this tutorial paper, we detail online learning, an analysis method that facilitates the efficient analysis of Big Data and continuous data streams. We illustrate how common analysis methods can be adapted for use with Big Data using an online, or “row-by-row,” processing approach. We present several simple (and exact) examples of the online estimation and discuss Stochastic Gradient Descent as a general (approximate) approach to estimate more complex models. We end this article with a discussion of the methodological challenges that remain.

Practice theory and the study of diplomacy: A research agenda

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Pouliot ◽  
Jérémie Cornut
Keyword(s):  
Research Agenda ◽  
Practice Theory ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
Know How ◽  
Introductory Article

This introductory article explores the multiple synergies between international practice theory and diplomatic studies. The timing for this cross-fertilizing exchange could not be better, as the study of diplomacy enters a phase of theorization while practice scholars look to confront the approach to new empirical and analytical challenges. The article first defines diplomacy as a historically and culturally contingent bundle of practices that are analytically alike in their claim to represent a given polity to the outside world. Then the key analytical wagers that practice theory makes are introduced, and debates currently raging in the discipline are briefly reviewed. Next, it is suggested what a practice theory of diplomacy may look like, discussing a variety of existing works through their common objective to explain the constitution of world politics in and through practice. Finally, a few research avenues to foster the dialogue between diplomatic studies and practice theory are outlined, centered on the nexuses of transformation and reproduction, rationality and know-how, and the technical vs. social dimensions of practices –diplomatic or otherwise.

Recent Advances in Bulk Crystal Growth

MRS Bulletin ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 239-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Fornari ◽  
Michael Roth
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Growth ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Thermodynamic Characteristics ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
High Melting ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Crystalline Materials ◽  
Bulk Crystal Growth ◽  
Introductory Article ◽  
Technological Advances

AbstractThe growth of high-quality single crystals remains a challenging endeavor of materials science. Crystals of suitable size (from fiber crystals with diameters of tens of micrometers up to crystalline ingots or blocks with volumes up to 1 m3) and perfection (free from precipitates, inclusions, and twins with good uniformity and low concentration of dislocations) are required for fundamental research and practical implementation in microelectronic circuits, electro-optic switches and modulators, solid-state lasers, light-emitting diodes, sensors, and many other devices. In this introductory article of this issue of MRS Bulletin, we describe the two main challenges of today's crystal growth, namely (1) the production of well-established crystalline materials with improved structural perfection and larger size at a lower cost and (2) the bulk growth of new categories of materials with extreme thermodynamic characteristics, such as a very high melting point, high melting dissociation pressure, incongruent phase diagram, and anisotropic segregation. The subsequent six articles provide examples of how the crystal growers took up these challenges, which led to new experimental approaches and technological advances.

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