scholarly journals Structure and biological activity of glasses and ceramics

2012 ◽  
Vol 370 (1963) ◽  
pp. 1271-1280 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Cormack ◽  
A. Tilocca
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Bioactive Glasses ◽  
Introductory Article ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Orthopaedic Medicine ◽  
Contemporary Medicine ◽  
Established Role

Biomaterials for repairing and regenerating parts of the human body play a key role in contemporary medicine, and have an increasing impact in modern society. Given the importance of orthopaedic medicine (bone is the second most replaced organ after blood), bioactive glasses and ceramics represent a key reference to guide technological advances in this field. Their established role in current biomedical applications has already led many research groups worldwide to look into their structural properties, with a view to identifying the molecular basis of their biological activity. As the efforts directed towards this crucial and exciting direction continue to increase, it is now timely to review the situation, in order to guide future investigations on structure–bioactivity relationships. In this introductory article, the field is reviewed, to provide an appropriate context for the contributions to this Theme Issue.

scholarly journals The genomics of adaptation

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1749) ◽  
pp. 5024-5028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacek Radwan ◽  
Wiesław Babik
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Genomic Data ◽  
Evolutionary Change ◽  
Introductory Article ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Genome Level

The amount and nature of genetic variation available to natural selection affect the rate, course and outcome of evolution. Consequently, the study of the genetic basis of adaptive evolutionary change has occupied biologists for decades, but progress has been hampered by the lack of resolution and the absence of a genome-level perspective. Technological advances in recent years should now allow us to answer many long-standing questions about the nature of adaptation. The data gathered so far are beginning to challenge some widespread views of the way in which natural selection operates at the genomic level. Papers in this Special Feature of Proceedings of the Royal Society B illustrate various aspects of the broad field of adaptation genomics. This introductory article sets up a context and, on the basis of a few selected examples, discusses how genomic data can advance our understanding of the process of adaptation.

Until Death Do Us Part and They Upload Us Into Clones: An Analysis of Film Narratives About Mind Uploading and the Myth of Immortality

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 529-548
Author(s):  
Anja Zlatović ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Science Fiction ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Eternal Life ◽  
Fear Of Death ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Visual Science ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Tv Show

The fear of death and the myth of immortality are themes long present in various narratives, whether literary or visual. Science fiction as a genre offers us many venues for new explorations of this idea. Mind uploading is one of them. This fictional technique, related to cloning, is performed when the mind and consciousness of a person are transferred to another biological body or machine with the help of technology. In this way, a person continues their social life through their brain functions. This paper looks at four separate recent screen narratives – the movies Self/less, Transcendence, and Replicas, and the episode “Be Right Back” of the TV show Black Mirror. With the help of Tzvetan Todorov’s structural analysis, we find clauses that are present in all of the plots and see what ideas and topics they share. The paper also uses the idea of anthropological reading of science fiction and therefore uses scientific research to analyze these themes. By looking at anthropological findings of immortality, mortality, death in modern society, and digital techniques, we see how the analyzed narratives portray a unique mixture of fear of and longing for all the mentioned processes and ideas. Finally, this paper shows how science fiction could possibly reflect reality – both through presenting thoughts of society and inspiring future technological advances and ideas (in this case, the quest for immortality). While humans are still far from achieving eternal life, the mentioned screen narratives portray the growing stream of ideas that deal with mind uploading in the age of the internet and social media.

scholarly journals OVERVIEW OF WORKING OF STRILING ENGINES

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
NARAYAN SUNNY ◽  
GUPTA VIKAS
Keyword(s):  
Modern Society ◽  
Stirling Engine ◽  
Underlying Theory ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Current Design ◽  
Design And Construction

Engines are common devices which are important sources of power to run several devices in modern society. Many of these engines are very complex and need high levels of technological advances for smooth operations. This papers focuses on the identification, design and construction of a Stirling engine which can be easily manufactured without any special tooling or exotic materials. The underlying theory of the device is also presented and discussed with future recommendations to improve the current design.

scholarly journals Evolutionary accounts of human behavioural diversity

2011 ◽  
Vol 366 (1563) ◽  
pp. 313-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gillian R. Brown ◽  
Thomas E. Dickins ◽  
Rebecca Sear ◽  
Kevin N. Laland
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Behavioural Ecology ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Human Universals ◽  
Introductory Article ◽  
Behavioural Sciences ◽  
Behavioural Diversity

Human beings persist in an extraordinary range of ecological settings, in the process exhibiting enormous behavioural diversity, both within and between populations. People vary in their social, mating and parental behaviour and have diverse and elaborate beliefs, traditions, norms and institutions. The aim of this theme issue is to ask whether, and how, evolutionary theory can help us to understand this diversity. In this introductory article, we provide a background to the debate surrounding how best to understand behavioural diversity using evolutionary models of human behaviour. In particular, we examine how diversity has been viewed by the main subdisciplines within the human evolutionary behavioural sciences, focusing in particular on the human behavioural ecology, evolutionary psychology and cultural evolution approaches. In addition to differences in focus and methodology, these subdisciplines have traditionally varied in the emphasis placed on human universals, ecological factors and socially learned behaviour, and on how they have addressed the issue of genetic variation. We reaffirm that evolutionary theory provides an essential framework for understanding behavioural diversity within and between human populations, but argue that greater integration between the subfields is critical to developing a satisfactory understanding of diversity.

scholarly journals The biomedical applications of graphene

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 20180006
Author(s):  
Mohan Edirisinghe
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Theme Issue

This issue of Interface Focus is a collection of papers on ‘The biomedical applications of graphene’. The idea to put together this theme issue evolved during discussions between Prof. Peter N.T. Wells CBE, FREng, FMedSci, FRS and myself in mid-2016. Very sadly, about a year ago, Prof. Wells passed away. However, before that and even in the various last stages of his life he was intensely involved in planning this theme issue with me. I am deeply indebted to him for his contributions towards this and I dedicate this theme issue to him as a memorial.

Technology in Physician Education

2011 ◽  
pp. 980-994
Author(s):  
Michelle LaBrunda
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Monitoring ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Physician Education ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
New Learning ◽  
Learn By Doing ◽  
Medical Educators ◽  
Computerized Charting

How physicians are trained has been heavily influenced by the advent of the technology era. Technology has progressed faster than society has been able to integrate it. The same is true within schools of medicine and residency training programs. Many technological advances are available to medical educators, and the goal is to make educators aware of the possible educational tools. Traditionally, medicine has been a learn-by-doing discipline. This is becoming less and less acceptable in modern society, and new training methods are being sought, developed and implemented. Some of the modalities available to medical educators include intranet, hand-helds, virtual reality, computerized charting, computerized access to information and electronic monitoring student education. Technological advances in medical education have their uses, but there are also many drawbacks, including hardware limitations, computer failure, security issues, patient confidentiality issues, property rights, maintenance and poor attitude of those required to implement new learning systems.

scholarly journals Importance of bacterial endotoxin (LPS) in endodontics

2004 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Roberto Leonardo ◽  
Raquel Assed Bezerra da Silva ◽  
Sada Assed ◽  
Paulo Nelson-Filho
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Periapical Lesion ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Periapical Lesions ◽  
Root Canals ◽  
Anaerobic Microorganisms ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Mineralized Tissues

New knowledge of the structure and biological activity of endotoxins (LPS) has revolutionized concepts concerning their mechanisms of action and forms of inactivation. Since the 1980's, technological advances in microbiological culture and identification have shown that anaerobic microorganisms, especially Gram-negative, predominate in root canals of teeth with pulp necrosis and radiographically visible chronic periapical lesions. Gram-negative bacteria not only have different factors of virulence and generate sub-products that are toxic to apical and periapical tissues, as also contain endotoxin (LPS) on their cell wall. This is especially important because endotoxin is released during multiplication or bacterial death, causing a series of biological effects that lead to an inflammatory reaction and resorption of mineralized tissues. Thus, due to the role of endotoxin in the pathogenesis of periapical lesions, we reviewed the literature concerning the biological activity of endotoxin and the relevance of its inactivation during treatment of teeth with pulp necrosis and chronic periapical lesion.

scholarly journals Reducing food losses by intelligent food logistics

2014 ◽  
Vol 372 (2017) ◽  
pp. 20130302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reiner Jedermann ◽  
Mike Nicometo ◽  
Ismail Uysal ◽  
Walter Lang
Keyword(s):  
Shelf Life ◽  
Food Product ◽  
Cold Chain ◽  
Volatile Components ◽  
World Population ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Chain Processes ◽  
Introductory Article ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Technical Solutions

The need to feed an ever-increasing world population makes it obligatory to reduce the millions of tons of avoidable perishable waste along the food supply chain. A considerable share of these losses is caused by non-optimal cold chain processes and management. This Theme Issue focuses on technologies, models and applications to monitor changes in the product shelf life, defined as the time remaining until the quality of a food product drops below an acceptance limit, and to plan successive chain processes and logistics accordingly to uncover and prevent invisible or latent losses in product quality, especially following the first-expired-first-out strategy for optimized matching between the remaining shelf life and the expected transport duration. This introductory article summarizes the key findings of this Theme Issue, which brings together research study results from around the world to promote intelligent food logistics. The articles include three case studies on the cold chain for berries, bananas and meat and an overview of different post-harvest treatments. Further contributions focus on the required technical solutions, such as the wireless sensor and communication system for remote quality supervision, gas sensors to detect ethylene as an indicator of unwanted ripening and volatile components to indicate mould infections. The final section of this introduction discusses how improvements in food quality can be targeted by strategic changes in the food chain.

scholarly journals (An overview of) Synergistic reconstruction for multimodality/multichannel imaging methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 379 (2200) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon R. Arridge ◽  
Matthias J. Ehrhardt ◽  
Kris Thielemans
Keyword(s):  
Image Reconstruction ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Tomographic Image ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Reconstruction Process ◽  
Multiple Images ◽  
Imaging Methods ◽  
Mathematical Ideas ◽  
Tomographic Image Reconstruction ◽  
Physical Principles

Imaging is omnipresent in modern society with imaging devices based on a zoo of physical principles, probing a specimen across different wavelengths, energies and time. Recent years have seen a change in the imaging landscape with more and more imaging devices combining that which previously was used separately. Motivated by these hardware developments, an ever increasing set of mathematical ideas is appearing regarding how data from different imaging modalities or channels can be synergistically combined in the image reconstruction process, exploiting structural and/or functional correlations between the multiple images. Here we review these developments, give pointers to important challenges and provide an outlook as to how the field may develop in the forthcoming years. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Synergistic tomographic image reconstruction: part 1’.

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