scholarly journals 882Relationship of Urban Sprawl with Overweight and Obesity: Roles of Physically-Active and Sedentary Travel Behaviours

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoj Chandrabose ◽  
Neville Owen ◽  
Nyssa Hadgraft ◽  
Takemi Sugiyama
Keyword(s):  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Residential Proximity ◽  
Car Use ◽  
Objectively Measured ◽  
The City ◽  
Car Driving ◽  
Density Development

Abstract Background Urban sprawl – low-density neighbourhood developments at the city’s periphery – is related to risk of overweight/obesity. Our mediation analysis examined the extent to which this relationship may be explained by physically-active and sedentary travel behaviours. Methods We analysed data from 2,465 metropolitan residents in the 2011-12 wave of the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study. Urban sprawl measure was geographic information system derived residential proximity to the major city centre. Self-reported weekly frequency of walking for transport (WT) and car driving duration (car use) were used as measures of physically-active and sedentary travel behaviours. Risk of overweight/obesity was calculated using objectively-measured body mass index (> 25 kg/m2). Multi-level regression models and joint-significance mediation tests were used. Results Residing near the city centre was associated with higher levels of WT and lower levels of car use. For instance, compared to those living within 10km from the city centre, those living over 30km away had 57% lower WT frequency (p<0.001) and 1.4 hours/week more car use (p=0.002). In turn, lower levels of WT and higher levels car use were associated with elevated overweight/obesity risk. Conclusions These analyses suggest that travel behaviors can be potential mediators in relationships of urban sprawl with overweight/obesity. Future studies are warranted to assess causality of these relationships. Key messages Urban planning policies need to consider these impacts of the expansion of urban sprawl and promote inner-city high-density development by encouraging more physically-active travel and less time spent sitting in cars to reduce the population burden of overweight/obesity.

scholarly journals Urban Sprawl Typology in Semarang City

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-145
Author(s):  
Yutri Aprillia ◽  
Bitta Pigawati
Keyword(s):  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Zoning Regulations ◽  
Growth Increase ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

The population and economic growth increase the need of space leading to an increase in built-up area. There is an increased activity in the city centre which results in the residents feeling less comfortable to live in the area. Hence, the growth of the settlement area tends to head towards the periphery. This condition is an indication of the developments of the built-up area in the periphery. Urban sprawl is a phenomenon of development of an irregular built-up area which leads to the suburbs. Urban development as a result of urban sprawl will trigger an increase in the demand for supporting facilities and infrastructure. An urban Sprawl in Semarang City has resulted in the establishment of residential areas in a conserved region, which is against zoning regulations in the Semarang City Spatial Planning Document (RTRW). Urban Sprawl Typology Research in Semarang City aims to analyse the urban sprawl typology in the city. By knowing the typology, it can minimise the impact of urban sprawl. This research was conducted using the remote sensing method and geographic information system (GIS) with the Shannon's Entropy approach. The results indicated that in 2006 and 2016, urban sprawl in Semarang City had three types of typology that can be classified as typology I (low level), typology II (medium level) and typology III (high level). The impact of urban sprawl on typology II and III can be minimised through the provision of affordable housing with adequate infrastructure, and an improvement in the permit system for housing and settlement development.

scholarly journals Karakteristik, Tipologi, Urban Sprawl

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-108
Author(s):  
Firdaus Firdaus ◽  
Febby Asteriani ◽  
Anissa Ramadhani
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Dominant Type ◽  
Car Use ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Spatial Approach ◽  
Private Car ◽  
The City

[ID] Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik, tipologi, dan tingkat urban sprawl yang terjadi di Kota Pekanbaru. Sampel penelitian sejumlah 99 dari 7.646 jumlah bangunan yang terdigitasi. Mengetahui karakteristik dan tipe urban sprawl digunakan analisis deskriptif dengan pendekatan spasial dan untuk tingkat urban sprawl dilakukan dengan pemberian  scoring pada variable urban sprawl. Hasil penelitian menunujukkan bahwa karakteristik urban sprawl dicirikan dengan penggunaan lahan terpisah yang terletak jauh dari pusat-pusat permukiman, kepadatan penduduk rendah sekitar 4.499 jiwa/km2,  penggunaan mobil pribadi yang tinggi pada jam sibuk yakni sebesar 5.945 unit setiap hari.  Tipe urban sprawl yang dominan adalah perembetan memanjang dan perembetan meloncat terjadi pada jalan arteri maupun kolektor, sedangkan perembetan meloncat terjadi di beberapa kelurahan. Kelurahan Delima dan Kelurahan Tuah Karya termasuk pada tipologi ke-1 dengan tingkat urban sprawl rendah, dan tipologi ke-2 dengan tingkat urban sprawl sedang terjadi di Kelurahan Sidomulyo Barat, sedangkan Kelurahan Simpang Baru termasuk pada  tipologi ke-3 dengan tingkat urban sprawl tinggi. [EN] This study aims to determine the characteristics, typology, and levels of urban sprawl that occur in the city of Pekanbaru. The study sample numbered 99 out of 7,646 numbers of digitalized buildings. Knowing the characteristics and types of urban sprawl used descriptive analysis with a spatial approach and for the level of urban sprawl carried out by giving scoring to urban sprawl variables. The results of the study show that the characteristics of urban sprawl are characterized by separate land uses located far from residential centers, low population density of around 4,499 people / km2, high private car use during peak hours which is 5,945 units per day. The dominant type of urban sprawl is longitudinal infiltration and jumping leaks that occur on arterial roads and collectors, while leachates jump in several villages. The Delima and Tuah Karya Villages included in the 1st typology with a low level of urban sprawl, and the second typology with the level of urban sprawl was occurring in Sidomulyo Barat Village, while the Simpang Baru Village was included in the 3rd typology with high urban sprawl.

scholarly journals Associations between diet and (in)activity behaviours with overweight and obesity among 10–18-year-old Czech Republic adolescents

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (10A) ◽  
pp. 1701-1707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda de Gouw ◽  
Knut-Inge Klepp ◽  
Jana Vignerová ◽  
Nanna Lien ◽  
Ingrid HM Steenhuis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Active Monitoring ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Objectively Measured ◽  
Watching Tv

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the prevalence of normal weight, overweight and obesity among 10–18-year-old Czech Republic adolescents and to assess the association between energy balance-related behaviours and overweight/obesity.DesignCross-sectional data from ‘The 6th Nation-wide Anthropological Survey of Children and Adolescents 2001 Czech Republic’ have been used.SettingHeight and weight were objectively measured. Data on adolescents’ behaviours were assessed with self-reported questionnaires. Background variables were assessed by means of a parental questionnaire. Multi-level logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess behavioural risk factors of being overweight/obese.SubjectsData on 31 228 adolescents aged 10–18 years were included in the present study.ResultsThe highest prevalence of being overweight or obese was found among boys and younger adolescents. Boys were more physically active, watched more television (TV) and used the computer more often than did girls. Being on a diet and skipping meals were positively associated with being overweight/obese, independent of gender. In boys (10–14 years old), inverse associations with being overweight/obese were found when being more physically active. Monitoring weight showed inverse relations with being overweight/obese in 15–18-year-old girls. Watching TV more than 7 h a week was positively associated with being overweight/obese in 15–18-year-old girls, and was found to be negatively associated in boys of the same age group.ConclusionsThese behaviours should be targeted when preventing overweight and obesity among Czech Republic adolescents. Studies using better measures of energy balance-related behaviours are needed.

Restricting Traffic into the City Centre: Has Madrid Central Been Effective to Reduce NO 2 Levels?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Salas ◽  
María José Pérez Villadóniga ◽  
Juan Prieto Rodríguez ◽  
Ana Russo
Keyword(s):  
City Centre ◽  
The City

What Makes a City Bikeable? A Study of Intercity and Intracity Patterns of Bicycle Ridership using Mobike Big Data Records

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-75
Author(s):  
Ying Long ◽  
Jianting Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Average Distance ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Rating System ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Usage Frequency ◽  
Share Data ◽  
The City

This paper examines how mass ridership data can help describe cities from the bikers' perspective. We explore the possibility of using the data to reveal general bikeability patterns in 202 major Chinese cities. This process is conducted by constructing a bikeability rating system, the Mobike Riding Index (MRI), to measure bikeability in terms of usage frequency and the built environment. We first investigated mass ridership data and relevant supporting data; we then established the MRI framework and calculated MRI scores accordingly. This study finds that people tend to ride shared bikes at speeds close to 10 km/h for an average distance of 2 km roughly three times a day. The MRI results show that at the street level, the weekday and weekend MRI distributions are analogous, with an average score of 49.8 (range 0–100). At the township level, high-scoring townships are those close to the city centre; at the city level, the MRI is unevenly distributed, with high-MRI cities along the southern coastline or in the middle inland area. These patterns have policy implications for urban planners and policy-makers. This is the first and largest-scale study to incorporate mobile bike-share data into bikeability measurements, thus laying the groundwork for further research.

scholarly journals Understanding Spatial Variability of NO2 in Urban Areas Using Spatial Modelling and Data Fusion Approaches

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 179
Author(s):  
Said Munir ◽  
Martin Mayfield ◽  
Daniel Coca
Keyword(s):  
Data Fusion ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Spatial Modelling ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
The City

Small-scale spatial variability in NO2 concentrations is analysed with the help of pollution maps. Maps of NO2 estimated by the Airviro dispersion model and land use regression (LUR) model are fused with measured NO2 concentrations from low-cost sensors (LCS), reference sensors and diffusion tubes. In this study, geostatistical universal kriging was employed for fusing (integrating) model estimations with measured NO2 concentrations. The results showed that the data fusion approach was capable of estimating realistic NO2 concentration maps that inherited spatial patterns of the pollutant from the model estimations and adjusted the modelled values using the measured concentrations. Maps produced by the fusion of NO2-LCS with NO2-LUR produced better results, with r-value 0.96 and RMSE 9.09. Data fusion adds value to both measured and estimated concentrations: the measured data are improved by predicting spatiotemporal gaps, whereas the modelled data are improved by constraining them with observed data. Hotspots of NO2 were shown in the city centre, eastern parts of the city towards the motorway (M1) and on some major roads. Air quality standards were exceeded at several locations in Sheffield, where annual mean NO2 levels were higher than 40 µg/m3. Road traffic was considered to be the dominant emission source of NO2 in Sheffield.

scholarly journals Mental Health and the City in the Post-COVID-19 Era

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7533
Author(s):  
Jakub Bil ◽  
Bartłomiej Buława ◽  
Jakub Świerzawski
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Mental Health Treatment ◽  
Interpersonal Relations ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Spatial Effects ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The City

The article describes the risks for the mental health and wellbeing of urban-dwellers in relation to changes in the spatial structure of a city that could be caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. A year of lockdown has changed the way of life in the city and negated its principal function as a place of various meetings and social interactions. The danger of long-term isolation and being cut-off from an urban lifestyle is not only a challenge facing individuals, but it also creates threats on various collective levels. Hindered interpersonal relations, stress, and the fear of another person lower the quality of life and may contribute to the development of mental diseases. Out of fear against coronavirus, part of the society has sought safety by moving out of the densely populated city centres. The dangerous results of these phenomena are shown by research based on the newest literature regarding the influence of COVID-19 and the lockdown on mental health, urban planning, and the long-term spatial effects of the pandemic such as the urban sprawl. The breakdown of the spatial structure, the loosening of the urban tissue, and urban sprawl are going to increase anthropopressure, inhibit access to mental health treatment, and will even further contribute to the isolation of part of the society. In addition, research has shown that urban structure loosening as a kind of distancing is not an effective method in the fight against the SARS-COV pandemic. Creating dense and effective cities through the appropriate management of development during and after the pandemic may be a key element that will facilitate the prevention of mental health deterioration and wellbeing. It is also the only possibility to achieve the selected Sustainable Development Goals, which as of today are under threat.

scholarly journals Spatio-Temporal Changes of Urban Forests and Planning Evolution in a Highly Dynamical Urban Area: The Case Study of Wrocław, Poland

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justyna Jaworek-Jakubska ◽  
Maciej Filipiak ◽  
Adam Michalski ◽  
Anna Napierała-Filipiak
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Urban Forest ◽  
Urban Forests ◽  
Spatial Dimension ◽  
Temporal Changes ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Socialist Economy ◽  
Urban Green Spaces ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The City

Knowledge about urban forests in Poland is still limited, as it is primarily based on aggregate, formal data relating to the general area, ignoring the spatial dimension and informal green areas. This article describes and analyses spatio-temporal changes in the actual urban forest resources in Wrocław in 1944–2017, which covers the first period of the city’s rebuilding after its destruction during World War II and its development during the nationalised, centrally-planned socialist economy, as well as the second period of intensive and only partly controlled growth under conditions of market economy. The study is based on current and historical orthophotomaps, which were confronted with cartographic data, as well as planning documents. We found that between 1944 and 2017, the percentage contribution of informal woodlands increased tenfold (from 0.5 to 4.9% of the present total area of the city). The area occupied by such forests has grown particularly during the most recent years of the city’s intensive development. However, the forests have been increasingly fragmented. During the first period, new forest areas were also created in the immediate vicinity of the city centre, while during the second one, only in its peripheral sections. The post-war plans regarding the urban green spaces (UGS), including the current plan, are very conservative in nature. On the one hand, this means no interference with the oldest, biggest, and most valuable forest complexes, but on the other hand, insufficient consideration of the intensive built-up area expansion on former agriculture areas. Only to a limited extent did the above-mentioned plans take into account the informal woodlands, which provide an opportunity for strengthening the functional connectivity of landscape.

scholarly journals Land Squandering in the Spanish Medium Sized Cities: The Case of Toledo

Urban Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Irene Sánchez Ondoño ◽  
Luis Escudero Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Urban Land ◽  
Final Conclusion ◽  
Dispersion Process ◽  
Intensive Production ◽  
Historic City ◽  
The City

A process of land squandering began in Spain in the mid 1990s until the great crisis of 2008. The intensive production of urban land affected the Spanish medium-sized towns. They were characterized by their compact nature and then they underwent an intense diffuse urbanization. However, in some cases there had been previous examples of urban sprawl. In this article, we study one of them, the unique and historic city of Toledo, in the Centre of the Iberian Peninsula. We will show how the city has experienced the land squandering and has been extensively widespread throughout the hinterland, consisting of their peripheral municipalities. We will also check how Toledo has had a previous internal dispersion process in the last quarter of the 20th Century through the called Ensanche (widening). We will use the urban estate cadaster as a fundamental source for evolutionary and present analysis of the city and its hinterland. The field and bibliographic work complete the methodology. The final conclusion is that there have been remarkable urban increments in Spanish medium-sized cities such as Toledo, in external and peripheral districts, under the logic of speculation and profit, resulting in a disjointed space.

Historic city, tourism performance and development: The balance of social behaviours in the city of Santiago de Compostela (Spain)

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 282-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belén Mª Castro Fernández ◽  
Rubén Camilo Lois González ◽  
Lucrezia Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Data ◽  
City Centre ◽  
City Development ◽  
Santiago De Compostela ◽  
Final Destination ◽  
City Tourism ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Historic City ◽  
The City ◽  
The Way

Santiago de Compostela is an iconic place. From the 9th century through to the present day the city has acted as the final destination of a major pilgrimage route named after it. In the article we ask ourselves how the contemporary reinvention of the pilgrimage and pilgrimages on the Way of St. James has boosted tourism development in the city. Development has been concentrated in the historic city centre and in the area around the cathedral. The importance of tourism has transformed the significance of the city itself, which acquires a magical component as a place of arrival and encounter for all kinds of visitors. The historic city has been set up in the 20th century as a destination for the Way and for cultural tourism. The buildings, particularly those connected with the pilgrimage route, become highly attractive and symbolic places and tourists carry out a number of rituals in them. They travel and enjoy Santiago as a unique experience. The study of tourism and of the tourist transformation of Santiago de Compostela is undertaken using a qualitative and quantitative method. The article analyses the heritage and symbolic value of the historic centre, together with the growth of its tourism activities. Numerical data are also provided on the perceptions and behaviour of visitors using surveys carried out by the city's Tourism Observatory.

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