Quantitative Relationship of Circulating p24 Antigen with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) RNA and Specific Antibody in HIV-Infected Subjects Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy

1995 ◽  
Vol 172 (4) ◽  
pp. 1091-1094 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Brown ◽  
M. T. Vahey ◽  
S. Y. J. Zhou ◽  
R. C.- Y. Chung ◽  
N. M. Ruiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Hiv Rna ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
P24 Antigen ◽  
Relationship Of

scholarly journals Safety and Efficacy of Starting Antiretroviral Therapy in the First Week of Life

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Maswabi ◽  
Gbolahan Ajibola ◽  
Kara Bennett ◽  
Edmund V Capparelli ◽  
Patrick Jean-Philippe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Viral Suppression ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Hiv Rna ◽  
Early Infant ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Trough Concentrations ◽  
Hiv Exposed ◽  
Hiv 1

Abstract Background Early antiretroviral therapy (ART) is recommended for infants with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. However, few antiretroviral options are available for neonates. Methods The Early Infant Treatment Study in Botswana tested HIV-exposed infants within 96 hours of birth, and HIV-infected infants started nevirapine (NVP) 6 mg/kg twice daily, zidovudine (ZDV), and lamivudine (3TC) at age < 7 days. NVP trough concentrations were tested at 1 and 2 weeks. NVP was switched to ritonavir-boosted lopinavir (LPV/r) at week 2, 3, 4, or 5 according to delivery gestational age. Results Forty HIV-infected infants started ART at median age 2 days (range, 1–5 days). NVP trough concentrations were highly variable and below therapeutic target (3000 ng/mL) for 50% of 2-week measurements; concentrations did not correlate with viral decline at weeks 2, 4, or 12. Two deaths unrelated to ART occurred through 24 weeks. Only 1 unscheduled treatment modification was required. Within 4 weeks of transition to LPV/r, 9 (22.5%) had transient HIV RNA increases, likely due to poor LPV/r palatability. At 12 weeks, 22 (55%) of 40 were <40 copies/mL (93% <400 copies/mL); by 24 weeks, 27 of 38 (71%) were < 40 copies/mL (84% < 400 copies/mL). HIV-1 RNA response at 12 and 24 weeks did not differ by baseline HIV RNA or other factors. Conclusions NVP/ZDV/3TC started in the first week of life was safe and effective, even when trough NVP levels were below target. Transient viral increases occurred following transition to LPV/r, but by 12 and 24 weeks most children achieved and maintained viral suppression. Clinical Trials Registration U01AII4235.

scholarly journals Relationship of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Viral Load in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Plasma in Patients Co-infected With Cryptococcal Meningitis

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina C. Chang ◽  
Richard Kangethe ◽  
Saleha Omarjee ◽  
Keshni Hiramen ◽  
Bernadett Gosnell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Cryptococcal Meningitis ◽  
Cd4 T Cell ◽  
Hiv Rna ◽  
Cell Percentage ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Inflammatory Syndrome

Abstract We measured human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ribonucleic acid (RNA) in paired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma samples in a prospective study of 91 HIV-infected, antiretroviral therapy-naive patients with cryptococcal meningitis. Cerebrospinal fluid HIV RNA was lower than in plasma (median 4.7 vs 5.2 log10 copies/mL, P < .0001) and positively correlated with plasma HIV RNA, peripheral CD4+ T-cell percentage, and CSF CXCL10. Plasma/CSF ratio of HIV RNA ranged widely from 0.2 to 265.5 with a median of 2.6. Cerebrospinal fluid quantitative cryptococcal culture positively correlated with CSF CCL2 and CCL3. CSF-plasma viral discordance was not associated with cryptococcal-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.

scholarly journals Effect of Intercurrent Infections and Vaccinations on Immune and Inflammatory Biomarkers Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Adults on Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Darrell H. S. Tan ◽  
Leah Szadkowski ◽  
Janet Raboud ◽  
Tae Joon Yi ◽  
Brett Shannon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Inflammatory Biomarkers ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Hiv Rna ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Impact

Abstract We used generalized estimating equations to quantify the impact of recent vaccination or intercurrent infections on immune and inflammatory biomarkers among 144 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults with HIV RNA < 50 copies/mL on antiretroviral therapy. These events were associated with a 2.244 µg/mL increase in high sensitivity C-reactive protein and should be routinely assessed in future studies.

scholarly journals Intact Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Reservoir Estimated by the Intact Proviral DNA Assay Correlates With Levels of Total and Integrated DNA in the Blood During Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanouil Papasavvas ◽  
Livio Azzoni ◽  
Brian N Ross ◽  
Matthew Fair ◽  
Zhe Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hiv Reservoir ◽  
Dna Assay ◽  
Proviral Dna ◽  
Hiv Rna ◽  
Hiv Dna ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Abstract Accurate characterization of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reservoir is imperative to develop an effective cure. HIV was measured in antiretroviral therapy-suppressed individuals using the intact proviral DNA assay (IPDA), along with assays for total or integrated HIV DNA, and inducible HIV RNA or p24. Intact provirus correlated with total and integrated HIV.

scholarly journals Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Clearance After Treatment With Direct-Acting Antivirals in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-HCV Coinfection Modulates Systemic Immune Activation and HIV Transcription on Antiretroviral Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanina Ghiglione ◽  
María Laura Polo ◽  
Alejandra Urioste ◽  
Ajantha Rhodes ◽  
Alejandro Czernikier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Direct Acting Antivirals ◽  
Hiv Persistence ◽  
Hiv Rna ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hcv Coinfection ◽  
Direct Acting

Abstract Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection among people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) might perturb immune function and HIV persistence. We aimed to evaluate the impact of HCV clearance with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) on immune activation and HIV persistence in HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Methods In a prospective observational study, ART-treated participants with HIV/HCV coinfection received sofosbuvir/daclatasvir ± ribavirin (n = 19). Blood samples were collected before DAA therapy, at the end of treatment, and 12 months after DAA termination (12MPT). T- and natural killer (NK)-cell phenotype, soluble plasma factors, cell-associated (CA)-HIV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) forms (total, integrated, 2LTR), CA-unspliced (US) and multiple-spliced ribonucleic acid (RNA), and plasma HIV RNA were evaluated. Results Hepatitis C virus clearance was associated with (1) a downmodulation of activation and exhaustion markers in CD4+, CD8+ T, and NK cells together with (2) decreased plasma levels of Interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP10), interleukin-8 (IL-8), soluble (s)CD163 and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM). Cell-associated US HIV RNA was significantly higher at 12MPT compared to baseline, with no change in HIV DNA or plasma RNA. Conclusions Elimination of HCV in HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals alters immune function and the transcriptional activity of latently infected cells. This report provides insights into the effects of HCV coinfection in HIV persistence and regards coinfected subjects as a population in which HIV remission might prove to be more challenging.

A Decontamination and Sterilization Protocol Employed During Reuse of Cardiac Electrophysiology Catheters Inactivates Human Immunodeficiency Virus

2003 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 184-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian D. Druce ◽  
Jessica S. Russell ◽  
Christopher J. Birch ◽  
Lynette A. Yates ◽  
Richard W. Harper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Ethylene Oxide ◽  
Cardiac Electrophysiology ◽  
High Titer ◽  
Hiv Rna ◽  
Detergent Enzyme ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Full Protocol ◽  
P24 Antigen ◽  
Rna Levels

AbstractObjective:To assess the effect of a standard decontamination and sterilization protocol employed during reuse of cardiac electrophysiology (EP) catheters on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).Setting:Public health viral research laboratory.Methods:Studies were performed on distal, electrode-containing segments of 40 EP catheters previously used in up to 10 clinical EP procedures. EP catheter segments were immersed for 1 hour in blood contaminated with a high titer of HIV. After air drying for 2 hours, subgroups of 8 EP catheters were subjected to either (1) no treatment, (2) washing in general purpose detergent, (3) washing in enzyme cleaner, (4) sterilization in ethylene oxide, or (5) the full protocol of sequential detergent-enzyme cleaner-ethylene oxide exposure. HIV infectivity after treatment was determined by measuring HIV RNA and, in cell culture studies, assessing HIV-induced cytopathic effects (CPEs) and supernatant HIV-specific p24 antigen content.Results:With no treatment, all catheters had high HIV RNA levels associated with CPEs and high p24 antigen levels. After washing in detergent, 5 of 8 catheters had HIV RNA detected, but without CPEs or p24 antigen. HIV RNA was detected in all catheters after washing in enzyme cleaner, with CPEs and a high p24 antigen level in 1 of 8 catheters. HIV RNA, CPEs, and p24 antigen were absent after ethylene oxide. After the full protocol, HIV RNA levels were undetectable (n = 7) or low (n = 1), without evidence of CPEs or p24 antigen.Conclusion:Appropriate decontamination and sterilization of EP catheters during reuse is highly effective in inactivating HIV.

scholarly journals Acute Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Syndrome After Nonadherence to Antiretroviral Therapy in a Patient With Chronic HIV Infection: A Case Report

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seong K. Choi ◽  
Christopher J. Graber
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
Acute Illness ◽  
Hiv Rna ◽  
Acute Retroviral Syndrome ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acute Hiv ◽  
Chronic Hiv Infection

Abstract We report a rare case of acute human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) syndrome in a patient with chronic HIV infection with acute illness indistinguishable from acute retroviral syndrome. The patient presented with an acute febrile mononucleosis-like illness after increasing nonadherence to antiretroviral therapy. A marked increase in HIV RNA level of 1 220 000 copies/mL from less than 20 copies/mL occurred within 3 weeks. The diagnosis of acute HIV syndrome was made after alternative causes of illness were ruled out.

scholarly journals High-Density Lipoprotein-Mediated Cholesterol Efflux Capacity Is Improved by Treatment With Antiretroviral Therapy in Acute Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Lo ◽  
Eric S. Rosenberg ◽  
Michael L. Fitzgerald ◽  
Suzane B. Bazner ◽  
Ezinne J. Ihenachor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
High Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Apolipoprotein B ◽  
Cholesterol Efflux ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Cholesterol Efflux Capacity ◽  
Hiv Rna ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Abstract Background.  Individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and increased cardiovascular disease (CVD). Reverse cholesterol transport from macrophages may be inhibited by HIV and contribute to increased CVD. Human studies have not investigated longitudinal effects of HIV and antiretroviral therapy (ART) on cholesterol efflux. Methods.  Subjects with acute HIV infection were randomized to ART or not. Cholesterol efflux capacity was determined ex vivo after exposure of murine macrophages to apolipoprotein B-depleted patient sera obtained at baseline and after 12 weeks. Results.  After 12 weeks, HIV RNA decreased most in subjects randomized to ART. Available data on cholesterol demonstrated that efflux capacity from Abca1+/+ macrophages was increased most by sera obtained from ART-treated subjects (20.5% ± 5.0% to 24.3 % ± 6.9%, baseline to 12 weeks, P = .007; ART group [n = 6] vs 18.0 % ± 3.9% to 19.1 % ± 2.9%, baseline to 12 weeks, P = .30; untreated group [n = 6] [P = .04 ART vs untreated group]). Change in HIV RNA was negatively associated with change in Abca1+/+ macrophage cholesterol efflux (r = − 0.62, P = .03), and this finding remained significant (P = .03) after controlling for changes in HDL-cholesterol, CD4+ cells, and markers of monocyte or macrophage activation. Conclusions.  In subjects acutely infected with HIV, ATP-binding cassette transporter A1-mediated cholesterol efflux was stimulated to a greater degree over time by apolipoprotein B-depleted serum from subjects randomized to ART. The improvement in cholesterol efflux capacity is independently related to reduction in viral load.

scholarly journals CD4 Recovery on Antiretroviral Therapy Is Associated With Decreased Progression to Liver Disease Among Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Injecting Drug Users

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey P. Anderson ◽  
C. Robert Horsburgh ◽  
Paige L. Williams ◽  
Eric J. Tchetgen Tchetgen ◽  
David Nunes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Hiv Rna ◽  
Liver Disease Progression ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Abstract Background.  Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection accelerates liver disease progression in individuals with chronic hepatitis C. We evaluated the associations of CD4, HIV RNA, and antiretroviral therapy (ART)-induced CD4 recovery with liver diagnoses in a prospective cohort of injecting drug users (IDUs). Methods.  We evaluated 383 coinfected IDUs in the Boston area, prospectively observed for a median of 1.8 years. Liver disease progression included the first occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma, variceal bleeding, ascites, encephalopathy, or death due to hepatic failure. Multivariable-adjusted extended Cox models were specified to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for comparisons of CD4, change in CD4 (from nadir), and HIV RNA with respect to liver disease progression events. Results.  Twenty-four persons experienced a liver disease progression event over 1155 person-years (2.1 per 100 person-years), including 20 deaths attributed to end-stage liver disease (1.7 per 100 person-years). CD4 at baseline and over follow-up strongly predicted liver disease progression (baseline CD4 <200 vs ≥200: HR = 5.23, 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.30–11.92; time-updated CD4 <200 vs ≥200: HR = 11.79, 95% CI, 4.47–31.07). Nadir CD4 was also a strong indicator (<100 vs ≥100: HR = 3.52, 95% CI, 1.54–8.06). A lack of CD4 recovery (failure to increase 100 cells over nadir) among ART initiators was associated with increased risk (HR = 7.69; 95% CI, 2.60–22.69). Human immunodeficiency virus RNA was not significantly associated with liver disease progression. Conclusions.  Impaired immune function was highly predictive of liver disease progression in this cohort of IDUs, and a lack of CD4 recovery on ART was associated with increased risk of progression to HCV-associated liver disease.

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