Increased Immunogenicity of Oral Poliovirus Vaccine Administered in Mass Vaccination Campaigns Compared with the Routine Vaccination Program in Jordan

Low vaccination coverage of livestock is one of the major challenges to control anthrax in Bangladesh. This study was conducted to assess an alternate approach to maximize vaccination coverage. The method included traditional vaccination campaigns, livestock census, interviews, focus group discussions of cattle farmers, vaccination and livestock personnel, and validation workshops. It was observed that a mass vaccination program covered only 44% of the cattle population. It was found that 54.1% of the respondents did not bring their cattle to mass vaccination programs due to the difficulties of handling cattle and that there was no male member in the household. Only 12.5% of respondents acknowledged that they were not aware of the vaccine, and 3% of the respondents claimed that they ignored vaccination due to cost. All of the respondents from livestock personnel agreed that manpower was not enough to cover the total area. Further, 20% of vaccinators mentioned that they did not get enough vaccines. For an effective vaccination program, 58.33% of respondents recommended door-to-door service, and 54.16% of respondents suggested to arrange regular vaccination campaigns in six-month intervals. Thus, regular campaigns with door-to-door vaccination services are suggested to control anthrax outbreaks in Bangladesh.

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Mass vaccination campaigns to eradicate poliomyelitis in Madagascar: oral poliovirus vaccine increased immunity of children who missed routine programme

Tropical Medicine & International Health ◽

10.1046/j.1365-3156.2001.00812.x ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 6 (12) ◽

pp. 1032-1039 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

M. Rakoto Andrianarivelo ◽

P. Boisier ◽

L. Rabarijaona ◽

M. Ratsitorahina ◽

R. Migliani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Poliovirus Vaccine ◽

Mass Vaccination ◽

Vaccination Campaigns

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A New Method for Estimating the Coverage of Mass Vaccination Campaigns Against Poliomyelitis From Surveillance Data

American Journal of Epidemiology ◽

10.1093/aje/kwv199 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 182 (11) ◽

pp. 961-970 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

K. M. O'Reilly ◽

A. Cori ◽

E. Durry ◽

M. Z. Wadood ◽

A. Bosan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mass Vaccination ◽

Surveillance Data ◽

New Method ◽

Vaccination Campaigns

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Epidemiology of meningococcal meningitis in Angola, 1994–2000

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268801006318 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 127 (3) ◽

pp. 421-424 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

M. GASPAR ◽

F. LEITE ◽

L. BRUMANA ◽

B. FÉLIX ◽

A. A. STELLA

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Meningococcal Disease ◽

Age Groups ◽

Disease Outbreaks ◽

Civil Conflict ◽

Polysaccharide Vaccine ◽

Meningococcal Meningitis ◽

Mass Vaccination ◽

Meningitis Belt ◽

Vaccination Campaigns

We describe six meningococcal disease outbreaks that occurred in Angola during the period 1994–2000. In total, 7140 cases were documented. The age groups most affected were 15–29 years and 5–14 years; there were no differences in incidence between the sexes. Circulation of both serogroup A and sporadic serogroup B strains was demonstrated. Mass vaccination campaigns with A+C meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine were implemented, except in Yambala province in 1999 where insecure conditions precluded this intervention.Outbreaks of serogroup A meningococcal disease in Angola may indicate an extension of these epidemics outside the meningitis belt. Mass vaccination campaigns stopped the Angolan epidemics within weeks. Civil conflict and displaced persons living in crowded areas created serious difficulties for surveillance and impeded timely public health responses.

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Measles Outbreak Associated With Low Vaccine Effectiveness Among Adults in Pohnpei State, Federated States of Micronesia, 2014

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofw064 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Craig M. Hales ◽

Eliaser Johnson ◽

Louisa Helgenberger ◽

Mark J. Papania ◽

Maribeth Larzelere ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Confidence Interval ◽

Vaccination Campaign ◽

Vaccine Effectiveness ◽

Mass Vaccination ◽

Cold Chain ◽

Primary Case ◽

Federated States Of Micronesia ◽

Measles Outbreak ◽

Mass Vaccination Campaign ◽

Vaccination Campaigns

Abstract Background. A measles outbreak in Pohnpei State, Federated States of Micronesia in 2014 affected many persons who had received ≥1 dose of measles-containing vaccine (MCV). A mass vaccination campaign targeted persons aged 6 months to 49 years, regardless of prior vaccination. Methods. We evaluated vaccine effectiveness (VE) of MCV by comparing secondary attack rates among vaccinated and unvaccinated contacts after household exposure to measles. Results. Among 318 contacts, VE for precampaign MCV was 23.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], −425 to 87.3) for 1 dose, 63.4% (95% CI, −103 to 90.6) for 2 doses, and 95.9% (95% CI, 45.0 to 100) for 3 doses. Vaccine effectiveness was 78.7% (95% CI, 10.1 to 97.7) for campaign doses received ≥5 days before rash onset in the primary case and 50.4% (95% CI, −52.1 to 87.9) for doses received 4 days before to 3 days after rash onset in the primary case. Vaccine effectiveness for most recent doses received before 2010 ranged from 51% to 57%, but it increased to 84% for second doses received in 2010 or later. Conclusions. Low VE was a major source of measles susceptibility in this outbreak; potential reasons include historical cold chain inadequacies or waning of immunity. Vaccine effectiveness of campaign doses supports rapid implementation of vaccination campaigns in outbreak settings.

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The resurgence risk of COVID-19 in the presence of immunity waning and ADE effect: a mathematical modelling study

10.1101/2021.08.25.21262601 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Weike Zhou ◽

Biao Tang ◽

Yao Bai ◽

Yiming Shao ◽

Yanni Xiao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mainland China ◽

Population Level ◽

Mass Vaccination ◽

Low Risk ◽

Vaccination Program ◽

Post Vaccination ◽

Catching Up ◽

Vaccination Period ◽

Transmission Ability

Since the end of 2020, the mass vaccination has been actively promoted and seemed to be effective to bring the COVID-19 pandemic under control. However, the fact of immunity waning and the possible existence of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) make the situation uncertain. We developed a dynamic model of COVID-19 incorporating vaccination and immunity waning, which was calibrated by using the data of accumulative vaccine doses administered and the COVID-19 epidemic in 2020 in mainland China. We explored how long the current vaccination program can prevent China in a low risk of resurgence, and how ADE affects the long-term trajectory of COVID-19 epidemics. The prediction suggests that the vaccination coverage with at least one dose reach 95.87%, and with two-doses reach 77.92% on August 31, 2021. However, even with the mass vaccination, randomly introducing infected cases in the post-vaccination period can result in large outbreaks quickly in the presence of immunity waning, particularly for SARS-CoV-2 variants with higher transmission ability. The results showed that with the current vaccination program and a proportion of 50% population wearing masks, mainland China can be protected in a low risk of resurgence till 2023/01/18. However, ADE effect and higher transmission ability for variants would significantly shorten the protective period for more than 1 year. Furthermore, intermittent outbreaks can occur while the peak values of the subsequential outbreaks are decreasing, meaning that subsequential outbreaks boosted the immunity in the population level, which further indicating that catching-up vaccination program can help to mitigate the possible outbreaks, even avoid the outbreaks. The findings reveal that integrated effects of multiple factors, including immunity waning, ADE, relaxed interventions, and higher transmission ability of variants, make the control of COVID-19 much more difficult. We should get ready for a long struggle with COVID-19, and should not totally rely on COVID-19 vaccine.

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Routine immunization services in the light of COVID-19 pandemic

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20203029 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (7) ◽

pp. 2867

Author(s):

Chinnu Sara Varughese ◽

Anuradha Kunal Shah

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

Mass Vaccination ◽

Routine Immunization ◽

Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽

The World ◽

Form Part ◽

Immunization Services ◽

Catch Up ◽

Delivery Strategies ◽

Vaccination Campaigns

World immunisation week is observed every year in the last week of 24th April to 30th April. Many parts of the world are still reeling under the threats of vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) and the importance of vaccination cannot be understated even in times of any other crisis. Worldwide, millions of children are saved from the grip of infectious diseases like polio and measles, and annually, around 2 to 3 million deaths are being averted. Routine immunization services, mass vaccination campaigns, catch up, and mop up sessions through outreach activities form part of the vaccine delivery strategies.

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COVID-19 Vaccination of HCWs in the First Phase of a Large-Scale Mass Vaccination Program within a Healthcare System

Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology ◽

10.1017/ash.2021.20 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (S1) ◽

pp. s11-s11

Author(s):

Kimberly Korwek ◽

E. Jackie Blanchard ◽

Julia Moody ◽

Katherine Lange ◽

Ryan Sledge ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Resources ◽

Healthcare Workers ◽

Large Scale ◽

Rapid Development ◽

Vaccination Strategy ◽

State Level ◽

Mass Vaccination ◽

Vaccine Uptake ◽

Vaccination Program ◽

Vaccination Rates

Background: The approval of the first SARS-COV-2 vaccines for COVID-19 were accompanied by unprecedented efforts to provide vaccination to healthcare workers and first responders. More information about vaccine uptake in this group is needed to better refine and target educational messaging. Methods: HCA Healthcare used federal guidance and internal experience to create a systemwide mass vaccination strategy. A closed point-of-dispensing (POD) model was developed and implemented. The previously developed enterprise-wide emergency operations strategy was adapted and implemented, which allowed for rapid development of communications and operational processes. A tiering strategy based on recommendations from the National Academies was used in conjunction with human resources data to determine vaccine eligibility for the first phase of vaccination. A comprehensive data and reporting strategy was built to connect human resources and vaccine consent data for tracking vaccination rates across the system. Results: Vaccination of employed and affiliated colleagues began December 15, 2020, and was made available based on state-level release of tiers. Within the first 6 weeks, in total, 203,544 individuals were eligible for vaccine based on these criteria. Of these, 181,282 (89.1%) consented to and received vaccine, 19,788 (9.7%) declined, and 2,474 (1.2%) indicated that they had already been vaccinated. Of those eligible, the highest acceptance of vaccine was among the job codes of specialists and professionals (n = 7,914 total, 100% consent), providers (n = 23,335, 99.6%,), and physicians (n = 3,218, 98.4%). Vaccine was most likely to be declined among job codes of clerical and other administrative (n = 12,889 total, 80.1% consent), clinical specialists and professionals (n = 22,853, 81.0%,) and aides, orderlies and technicians (n = 17,803, 82.6%,). Registered nurses made up the largest eligible population (n = 56,793), and 89.5% of those eligible consented to receive vaccination. Average age among those who consented was slightly older (48.3 years) than those that declined (44.7 years), as was length of employment tenure (6.9 vs 5.0 years). Conclusion: A large-scale, closed POD, mass vaccination program was able to vaccinate nearly 200,000 healthcare workers for SARS-CoV-2 in 6 weeks. This program was implemented in acute-care sites across 20 different US states, and it was able to meet the various state-level requirements for management of processes, product, and required reporting. The development of a standardized strategy and custom, centralized monitoring and reporting facilitated insight into the characteristics of early vaccine adopters versus those who decline vaccination. These data can aid in the refining and targeting of educational materials and messaging about the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.Funding: NoDisclosures: None

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Taiwan’s Annual Seasonal Influenza Mass Vaccination Program—Lessons for Pandemic Planning

American Journal of Public Health ◽

10.2105/ajph.2018.304527 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 108 (S3) ◽

pp. S188-S193 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Diane Meyer ◽

Matthew P. Shearer ◽

Yi-Chien Chih ◽

Yu-Chen Hsu ◽

Yung-Ching Lin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Seasonal Influenza ◽

Mass Vaccination ◽

Vaccination Program ◽

Pandemic Planning

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Insights on Population Structure and Within-Host Genetic Changes among Meningococcal Carriage Isolates from U.S. Universities

mSphere ◽

10.1128/msphere.00197-20 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Sandeep J. Joseph ◽

Nadav Topaz ◽

How-Yi Chang ◽

Melissa J. Whaley ◽

Jeni T. Vuong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

General Population ◽

Neisseria Meningitidis ◽

Meningococcal Disease ◽

Mass Vaccination ◽

Invasive Meningococcal Disease ◽

Whole Genome ◽

Genetic Changes ◽

Content Type ◽

Host Genetic ◽

Vaccination Campaigns

ABSTRACT In 2015 and 2016, meningococcal carriage evaluations were conducted at two universities in the United States following mass vaccination campaigns in response to Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B (NmB) disease outbreaks. A simultaneous carriage evaluation was also conducted at a university near one of the outbreaks, where no NmB cases were reported and no mass vaccination occurred. A total of ten cross-sectional carriage evaluation rounds were conducted, resulting in 1,514 meningococcal carriage isolates collected from 7,001 unique participants; 1,587 individuals were swabbed at multiple time points (repeat participants). All isolates underwent whole-genome sequencing. The most frequently observed clonal complexes (CC) were CC198 (27.3%), followed by CC1157 (17.4%), CC41/44 (9.8%), CC35 (7.4%), and CC32 (5.6%). Phylogenetic analysis identified carriage isolates that were highly similar to the NmB outbreak strains; comparative genomics between these outbreak and carriage isolates revealed genetic changes in virulence genes. Among repeat participants, 348 individuals carried meningococcal bacteria during at least one carriage evaluation round; 50.3% retained N. meningitidis carriage of a strain with the same sequence type (ST) and CC across rounds, 44.3% only carried N. meningitidis in one round, and 5.4% acquired a new N. meningitidis strain between rounds. Recombination, point mutations, deletions, and simple sequence repeats were the most frequent genetic mechanisms found in isolates collected from hosts carrying a strain of the same ST and CC across rounds. Our findings provide insight on the dynamics of meningococcal carriage among a population that is at higher risk for invasive meningococcal disease than the general population. IMPORTANCE U.S. university students are at a higher risk of invasive meningococcal disease than the general population. The responsible pathogen, Neisseria meningitidis, can be carried asymptomatically in the oropharynx; the dynamics of meningococcal carriage and the genetic features that distinguish carriage versus disease states are not completely understood. Through our analyses, we aimed to provide data to address these topics. We whole-genome sequenced 1,514 meningococcal carriage isolates from individuals at three U.S. universities, two of which underwent mass vaccination campaigns following recent meningococcal outbreaks. We describe the within-host genetic changes among individuals carrying a strain with the same molecular type over time, the primary strains being carried in this population, and the genetic differences between closely related outbreak and carriage strains. Our results provide detailed information on the dynamics of meningococcal carriage and the genetic differences in carriage and outbreak strains, which can inform future efforts to reduce the incidence of invasive meningococcal disease.

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