scholarly journals Evaluation of the Impact of Meningococcal Serogroup A Conjugate Vaccine Introduction on Second-Year-of-Life Vaccination Coverage in Burkina Faso

2019 ◽  
Vol 220 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. S233-S243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L Zoma ◽  
Jenny A Walldorf ◽  
Felix Tarbangdo ◽  
Jaymin C Patel ◽  
Alpha Oumar Diallo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Vaccine Introduction ◽  
Second Year Of Life ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Household Cluster ◽  
Vaccine Availability ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background After successful meningococcal serogroup A conjugate vaccine (MACV) campaigns since 2010, Burkina Faso introduced MACV in March 2017 into the routine Expanded Programme for Immunization schedule at age 15–18 months, concomitantly with second-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV2). We examined MCV2 coverage in pre- and post-MACV introduction cohorts to describe observed changes regionally and nationally. Methods A nationwide household cluster survey of children 18–41 months of age was conducted 1 year after MACV introduction. Coverage was assessed by verification of vaccination cards or recall. Two age groups were included to compare MCV2 coverage pre-MACV introduction (30–41 months) versus post-MACV introduction (18–26 months). Results In total, 15 925 households were surveyed; 7796 children were enrolled, including 3684 30–41 months of age and 3091 18–26 months of age. Vaccination documentation was observed for 86% of children. The MACV routine coverage was 58% (95% confidence interval [CI], 56%–61%) with variation by region (41%–76%). The MCV2 coverage was 62% (95% CI, 59%–65%) pre-MACV introduction and 67% (95% CI, 64%–69%) post-MACV introduction, an increase of 4.5% (95% CI, 1.3%–7.7%). Among children who received routine MACV and MCV2, 93% (95% CI, 91%–94%) received both at the same visit. Lack of caregiver awareness about the 15- to 18-month visit and vaccine unavailability were common reported barriers to vaccination. Conclusions A small yet significant increase in national MCV2 coverage was observed 1 year post-MACV introduction. The MACV/MCV2 coadministration was common. Findings will help inform strategies to strengthen second-year-of-life immunization coverage, including to address the communication and vaccine availability barriers identified.

scholarly journals Impact of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Pneumococcal Meningitis, Burkina Faso, 2016–2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 220 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. S253-S262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi M Soeters ◽  
Dinanibè Kambiré ◽  
Guetawendé Sawadogo ◽  
Rasmata Ouédraogo-Traoré ◽  
Brice Bicaba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Meningitis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Clinical Information ◽  
Latex Agglutination ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Serotype 1 ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background In 2013, Burkina Faso introduced 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) into the routine childhood immunization program, to be administered to children at 8, 12, and 16 weeks of age. We evaluated the impact of PCV13 on pneumococcal meningitis. Methods Using nationwide surveillance, we gathered demographic/clinical information and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) results for meningitis cases. Pneumococcal cases were confirmed by culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or latex agglutination; strains were serotyped using PCR. We compared annual incidence (cases per 100 000) 4 years after PCV13’s introduction (2017) to average pre-PCV13 incidence (2011–2013). We adjusted incidence for age and proportion of cases with CSF tested at national laboratories. Results In 2017, pneumococcal meningitis incidence was 2.7 overall and 10.5 (<1 year), 3.8 (1–4 years), 3.5 (5–14 years), and 1.4 (≥15 years) by age group. Compared to 2011–2013, PCV13-serotype incidence was significantly lower among all age groups, with the greatest decline among children aged <1 year (77%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 65%–84%). Among all ages, the drop in incidence was larger for PCV13 serotypes excluding serotype 1 (79%; 95% CI, 72%–84%) than for serotype 1 (52%; 95% CI, 44%–59%); incidence of non-PCV13 serotypes also declined (53%; 95% CI, 37%–65%). In 2017, 45% of serotyped cases among all ages were serotype 1 and 12% were other PCV13 serotypes. Conclusions In Burkina Faso, meningitis caused by PCV13 serotypes continues to decrease, especially among young children. However, the concurrent decline in non-PCV13 serotypes and short pre-PCV13 observation period complicate evaluation of PCV13’s impact. Efforts to improve control of serotype 1, such as switching from a 3 + 0 schedule to a 2 + 1 schedule, may improve overall control of pneumococcal meningitis in this setting.

Immunogenicity and Reactogenicity of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Among Infants, Toddlers, and Children in Western Burkina Faso: Results From a Clinical Trial of Alternative Immunization Schedules

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 422-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer C Moïsi ◽  
Seydou Yaro ◽  
Sita S Kroman ◽  
Clarisse Gouem ◽  
Dramane Bayane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Primary Immune Response ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Bobo Dioulasso ◽  
Western Burkina Faso

Abstract Background Many African countries have introduced pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) into their routine immunization program to reduce the burden of morbidity and death that results from Streptococcus pneumoniae infection, yet immunogenicity and reactogenicity data from the region are limited for the 2 available PCV products. Methods We conducted a randomized trial of 13-valent PCV (PCV13) in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Infants received 3 doses of PCV at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age or at 6 weeks, 14 weeks, and 9 months of age; toddlers received 2 doses 2 months apart or 1 dose beginning at 12 to 15 months of age; and children received 1 dose between 2 and 4 years of age. We measured each participant’s serotype-specific serum immunoglobulin G concentration and opsonophagocytic activity before and after vaccination. For each age group, we compared immune responses between study arms and between the standard schedule in our study and the PCV13-licensing trials. Results In total, 280 infants, 302 toddlers, and 81 children were assigned randomly and underwent vaccination; 268, 235, and 77 of them completed follow-up, respectively. PCV13 resulted in low reactogenicity in all the study arms. The vaccine elicited a strong primary immune response in infants after 2 or more doses and in children aged 1 to 4 years after 1 dose. Infants who received a booster dose exhibited a robust memory response. Immunogenicity was higher than or comparable to that observed in the PCV13-licensing trials for a majority of serotypes in all 3 age groups. Conclusions PCV13 has a satisfactory immunogenicity and reactogenicity profile in this population. Our findings will help support decision making by countries regarding their infant and catch-up vaccination schedules.

scholarly journals Trends in Poliovirus Seroprevalence in Kano State, Northern Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S103-S109
Author(s):  
Harish Verma ◽  
Zubairu Iliyasu ◽  
Kehinde T Craig ◽  
Natalie A Molodecky ◽  
Utibeabasi Urua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Parental Consent ◽  
Population Immunity ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Kano state has been a protracted reservoir of poliovirus in Nigeria. Immunity trends have been monitored through seroprevalence surveys since 2011. The survey in 2015 was, in addition, intended to assess the impact of use of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV). Methods It was a health facility based seroprevalence survey. Eligible children aged 6-9, 12-15 and 19-22 months of age brought to the paediatrics outpatient department of Murtala Mohammad Specialist Hospital between 19 October and 6 November 2015, were screened for eligibility. Eligible children were enrolled after parental consent, history taken, physical examination conducted, and a blood sample collected to test for neutralizing antibody titres against the three poliovirus serotypes. Results Overall, 365 results were available in the three age groups. In the 6-9-month-old age group, the seroprevalence was 73% (95% confidence interval [CI] 64-80%), 83% (95% CI 75-88%), and 66% (95% CI 57-73%) for serotypes 1, 2, and 3, respectively. In the 12-15- and 19-22-month-old age groups, seroprevalence was higher but still remained <90% across serotypes. Seroprevalence to serotypes 1 and 3 in 2015 was similar to 2014; however, for serotype 2 there was a significant improvement. IPV received in supplemental immunization activities was found to be a significant predictor of seropositivity among 6-9-month-old infants for serotypes 1 and 2. Conclusions Seroprevalence for serotypes 1 and 3 remains low (<80%) in 6-9-month-olds. This poses a significant risk for poliovirus spread if reintroduced into the population. Efforts to strengthen immunization coverage are imperative to secure and sustain high population immunity.

scholarly journals Baseline Meningococcal Carriage in Burkina Faso before the Introduction of a Meningococcal Serogroup A Conjugate Vaccine

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A. Kristiansen ◽  
Fabien Diomandé ◽  
Stanley C. Wei ◽  
Rasmata Ouédraogo ◽  
Lassana Sangaré ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Carriage Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural Districts ◽  
Strain Characterization ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Carriage Prevalence

ABSTRACTThe serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccine MenAfriVac has the potential to confer herd immunity by reducing carriage prevalence of epidemic strains. To better understand this phenomenon, we initiated a meningococcal carriage study to determine the baseline carriage rate and serogroup distribution before vaccine introduction in the 1- to 29-year old population in Burkina Faso, the group chosen for the first introduction of the vaccine. A multiple cross-sectional carriage study was conducted in one urban and two rural districts in Burkina Faso in 2009. Every 3 months, oropharyngeal samples were collected from >5,000 randomly selected individuals within a 4-week period. Isolation and identification of the meningococci from 20,326 samples were performed by national laboratories in Burkina Faso. Confirmation and further strain characterization, including genogrouping, multilocus sequence typing, andporA-fetAsequencing, were performed in Norway. The overall carriage prevalence for meningococci was 3.98%; the highest prevalence was among the 15- to 19-year-olds for males and among the 10- to 14-year-olds for females. Serogroup Y dominated (2.28%), followed by serogroups X (0.44%), A (0.39%), and W135 (0.34%). Carriage prevalence was the highest in the rural districts and in the dry season, but serogroup distribution also varied by district. A total of 29 sequence types (STs) and 51porA-fetAcombinations were identified. The dominant clone was serogroup Y, ST-4375, P1.5-1,2-2/F5-8, belonging to the ST-23 complex (47%). All serogroup A isolates were ST-2859 of the ST-5 complex with P1.20,9/F3-1. This study forms a solid basis for evaluating the impact of MenAfriVac introduction on serogroup A carriage.

scholarly journals Sex differences in invasive pneumococcal disease and the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in the Netherlands, 2004 to 2015

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gertjan H J Wagenvoort ◽  
Elisabeth A M Sanders ◽  
Bart J Vlaminckx ◽  
Hester E de Melker ◽  
Arie van der Ende ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Temporary Increase ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Vaccine Introduction ◽  
Ongoing Surveillance ◽  
The Impact

Implementation of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in the Netherlands (PCV7 in 2006 and PCV10 in 2011) for infants caused a shift in serotypes in invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). We explored sex differences in serotype-specific IPD incidence before and after vaccine introduction. Incidences in the pre-PCV7 (June 2004–May 2006), post-PCV7 (June 2008–May 2011) and post-PCV10 period (June 2013–May 2015), stratified by age, were compared. Incidence was higher in men for all age groups (overall in men: 16.7, 15.5 and 14.4/100,000 and women: 15.4, 13.6 and 13.9/100,000 pre-PCV7, post-PCV7 and post-PCV10, respectively), except for 20–39 year-olds after PCV7 and 40–64 year-olds after PCV10 introduction. After PCV7 and PCV10 introduction, the overall IPD incidence decreased in men aged 20–39 years (from 5.3 pre-PCV7 to 4.7 and 2.6/100,000 post-PCV7 and post-PCV10, respectively), whereas it showed a temporary increase in women (from 3.9/100,000 pre-PCV7 to 5.0/100,000 post-PCV7 and back to 4.0/100,000 post-PCV10) due to replacement disease. PCV10 herd effects were observed throughout, but in women older than 40 years, a significant increase in non-PCV10 serotype offset a decrease in overall IPD incidence. Ongoing surveillance of IPD incidence by sex is important to evaluate the long-term effects of PCV implementation.

scholarly journals Impact and effectiveness of meningococcal vaccines: a review

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Lucia Helena De Oliveira ◽  
Barbara Jauregui ◽  
Ana Flavia Carvalho ◽  
Norberto Giglio
Keyword(s):  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Meningococcal Disease ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Protein Subunit ◽  
Conjugate Vaccines ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Impact

Objectives.To summarize and critically evaluate the evidence on the impact and effectiveness of meningococcal vaccination programs around the world in order to inform decisionmaking in Latin America and the Caribbean.Methods.A review of the literature was conducted following several components of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. PubMed Central® was searched for papers published in any language from January 1999 – March 2017.Results.In all, 32 studies were included, most of which evaluated the meningococcal C conjugate vaccine. Fourteen studies measured effectiveness and 30 measured impact. The effectiveness of polysaccharide vaccines was 65% – 83.7% (different age groups), while the effectiveness of the conjugate vaccines was 66% – 100%. Incidence decline of laboratory-confirmed meningococcal disease for the conjugate vaccine ranged from 77% – 100% among different ages groups. The only study that evaluated the protein subunit vaccine reported a vaccine effectiveness of 82.9%.Conclusions.The studies reviewed show impact and effectiveness of both polysaccharide vaccines and conjugate vaccines on vaccine-serogroup meningococcal disease. The conjugate vaccines, however, show higher impact and effectiveness with longer-lasting protection over the polysaccharide vaccines. Given the variance in potential use of a meningococcal vaccine, epidemiological surveillance systems should be strengthened to inform national decisions.

scholarly journals Impact of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Pediatric Tympanostomy Tube Insertion in Partial Immunized Population

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Mao-Che Wang ◽  
Ying-Piao Wang ◽  
Chia-Huei Chu ◽  
Tzong-Yang Tu ◽  
An-Suey Shiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Period Effect ◽  
Research Database ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Tube Insertion ◽  
Effect Analysis ◽  
The Impact

Objective. To investigate the impact of seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on tube insertions in a partial immunized pediatric population.Study Design. Retrospective ecological study.Methods. This study used Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database for the period 2000–2009. Every child under 17 years old who received tubes during this 10-year period was identified and analyzed. The tube insertion rates in different age groups and the risk to receive tubes in different birth cohorts before and after the release of the vaccine in 2005 were compared.Results. The tube insertion rates for children under 17 years of age ranged from 21.6 to 31.9 for 100,000 persons/year. The tube insertion rate of children under 2 years old decreased significantly after 2005 in period effect analysis (β= −0.074,P< 0.05, and the negativeβvalue means a downward trend) and increased in children 2 to 9 years old throughout the study period (positiveβvalues which mean upward trends,P< 0.05). The rate of tube insertion was lower in 2004-2005 and 2006-2007 birth cohorts than that of 2002-2003 birth cohort (RR = 0.90 and 0.21, 95% CI 0.83–0.97 and 0.19–0.23, resp.).Conclusion. The seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine may reduce the risk of tube insertion for children of later birth cohorts. The vaccine may have the protective effect on tube insertions in a partial immunized pediatric population.

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