scholarly journals The Influence of snow properties on speed and gait choice in the Svalbard rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta hyperborea)

Author(s):  
Andres Mármol-Guijarro ◽  
Robert Nudds ◽  
Lars Folkow ◽  
William Sellers ◽  
Peter Falkingham ◽  
...  

Abstract Substrate supportiveness is linked to the metabolic cost of locomotion, as it influences the depth to which the foot of a moving animal will sink. As track depth increases animals typically reduce their speed to minimise any potential energetic imbalance. Here we examine how self-selected speed in the Svalbard rock ptarmigan is affected by snow supportiveness and subsequent footprint depth measured using thin-blade penetrometry and 3D photogrammetry, respectively. Our findings indicate that snow supportiveness and footprint depth are poor predictors of speed (r2 = 0.149) and stride length (r2 = 0.106). The ptarmigan in our study rarely sunk to depths beyond the intertarsal joint, regardless of the speed, suggesting that at this relatively shallow depth any increased cost is manageable. 3D reconstructions also indicate that the ptarmigan may exploit the compressive nature of snow to generate thrust during stance, as a trend towards greater foot rotations in deeper footprints was found. It remains unclear if the Svalbard ptarmigan are deliberately avoiding unsupportive snowy substrates. However, if they do, these results would be consistent with the idea that animals should choose routes that minimise energy costs of locomotion. Resumen La firmeza del sustrato se asocial al costo metabólico de la locomoción ya que influencia cuán profundo las extremidades de un animal se hunden al moverse. A medida hundimiento aumenta, usualmente los animales reducen su velocidad para minimizar potenciales desbalances energéticos. En este estudio examinamos cómo la velocidad de la perdiz de la roca de Svalbard es afectada por la firmeza del sustrato y la profundidad de hundimiento de sus patas, usando penetrometría y fotogrametría 3D, respectivamente. Nuestros resultados indican que la firmeza de la nieve y la profundidad de hundimiento de las patas no son buenos predictores de la velocidad (r2 = 0.149) y de la longitud de la zancada (r2 = 0.106). La profundidad de las huellas de las perdices de nuestro estudio rara vez sobrepasó la altura de la articulación intertarsal, independientemente de la velocidad de locomoción, sugiriendo que a profundidades relativamente menores los costos energéticos son manejables. Las reconstrucciones 3D también indican que las perdices podrían aprovechar la naturaleza compresiva de la nieve para generar suficiente empuje durante la fase de soporte, ya que se encontró una tendencia hacia mayores rotaciones de la pata en huellas más profundas. Es incierto si las perdices de Svalbard deliberadamente evitan áreas con nieve más blanda. Sin embargo, si lo hacen, estos resultados serían consistentes con la idea de que los animales deberían seleccionar rutas que minimizan los gastos energéticos en locomoción.

PLoS ONE ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. e15490 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Lees ◽  
Robert Nudds ◽  
Karl-Arne Stokkan ◽  
Lars Folkow ◽  
Jonathan Codd

Author(s):  
Robert Montgomerie ◽  
Karen Holder
Keyword(s):  

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 4952
Author(s):  
Tobias Baumgartner ◽  
Steffen Held ◽  
Stefanie Klatt ◽  
Lars Donath

Running power as measured by foot-worn sensors is considered to be associated with the metabolic cost of running. In this study, we show that running economy needs to be taken into account when deriving metabolic cost from accelerometer data. We administered an experiment in which 32 experienced participants (age = 28 ± 7 years, weekly running distance = 51 ± 24 km) ran at a constant speed with modified spatiotemporal gait characteristics (stride length, ground contact time, use of arms). We recorded both their metabolic costs of transportation, as well as running power, as measured by a Stryd sensor. Purposely varying the running style impacts the running economy and leads to significant differences in the metabolic cost of running (p < 0.01). At the same time, the expected rise in running power does not follow this change, and there is a significant difference in the relation between metabolic cost and power (p < 0.001). These results stand in contrast to the previously reported link between metabolic and mechanical running characteristics estimated by foot-worn sensors. This casts doubt on the feasibility of measuring running power in the field, as well as using it as a training signal.


2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodger Kram ◽  
Christopher J. Arellano ◽  
Jason R. Franz

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather E. Ewart ◽  
Peter G. Tickle ◽  
William I. Sellers ◽  
Markus Lambertz ◽  
Dane A. Crossley ◽  
...  

AbstractArmoured, rigid bodied animals, such as Testudines, must self-right should they find themselves in an inverted position. The ability to self-right is an essential biomechanical and physiological process that influences survival and ultimately fitness. Traits that enhance righting ability may consequently offer an evolutionary advantage. However, the energetic requirements of self-righting are unknown. Using respirometry and kinematic video analysis, we examined the metabolic cost of self-righting in the terrestrial Mediterranean spur-thighed tortoise and compared this to the metabolic cost of locomotion at a moderate, easily sustainable speed. We found that self-righting is, relatively, metabolically expensive and costs around two times the mass-specific power required to walk. Rapid movements of the limbs and head facilitate successful righting however, combined with the constraints of breathing whilst upside down, contribute a significant metabolic cost. Consequently, in the wild, these animals should favour environments or behaviours where the risk of becoming inverted is reduced.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E. Pimentel ◽  
Noah L. Pieper ◽  
William H. Clark ◽  
Jason R. Franz

AbstractWe pose that an age-related increase in the metabolic cost of walking arises in part from a redistribution of joint power where muscles spanning the hip compensate for insufficient ankle push-off and smaller peak propulsive forces (FP). Young adults elicit a similar redistribution when walking with smaller FP via biofeedback. We used targeted FP biofeedback and musculoskeletal models to estimate the metabolic costs of operating lower limb muscles in young adults walking across a range of FP. Our simulations support the theory of distal-to-proximal redistribution of joint power as a determinant of increased metabolic cost in older adults during walking.


2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (66) ◽  
pp. 110-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic James Farris ◽  
Gregory S. Sawicki

Humans walk and run at a range of speeds. While steady locomotion at a given speed requires no net mechanical work, moving faster does demand both more positive and negative mechanical work per stride. Is this increased demand met by increasing power output at all lower limb joints or just some of them? Does running rely on different joints for power output than walking? How does this contribute to the metabolic cost of locomotion? This study examined the effects of walking and running speed on lower limb joint mechanics and metabolic cost of transport in humans. Kinematic and kinetic data for 10 participants were collected for a range of walking (0.75, 1.25, 1.75, 2.0 m s −1 ) and running (2.0, 2.25, 2.75, 3.25 m s −1 ) speeds. Net metabolic power was measured by indirect calorimetry. Within each gait, there was no difference in the proportion of power contributed by each joint (hip, knee, ankle) to total power across speeds. Changing from walking to running resulted in a significant ( p = 0.02) shift in power production from the hip to the ankle which may explain the higher efficiency of running at speeds above 2.0 m s −1 and shed light on a potential mechanism behind the walk–run transition.


2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynnette M. Jones ◽  
Debra L. Waters ◽  
Michael Legge

Background:Walking is usually undertaken at a speed that coincides with the lowest metabolic cost. Aging however, alters the speed–cost relationship, as preferred walking speeds decrease and energy costs increase. It is unclear to what extent this relationship is affected when older women undertake walking as an exercise modality. The aim of this study was to compare the energetic cost of walking at a self-selected exercise pace for 30 min in older and younger women.Methods:The energetic cost of walking was assessed using the energy equivalent of oxygen consumption measured in 18 young (25 to 49 y) and 20 older (50 to 79 y) women who were asked to walk at their “normal” exercise pace on a motorized treadmill for 30 min.Results:The mass-specific net cost of walking (Cw) was 15% higher and self-selected walking speed was 23% lower in the older women than in the younger group. When speed was held constant, the Cw was 0.30 (J · .kg−1 · m−1) higher in the older women.Conclusions:Preferred exercise pace incurs a higher metabolic cost in older women and needs be taken into consideration when recommending walking as an exercise modality.


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