scholarly journals PSV-7 Effects of drying and oxygenation of piglets at birth on rectal temperatures in the early post-natal period

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 154-155
Author(s):  
Katherine Vande Pol ◽  
Naomi Cooper ◽  
Andres Tolosa ◽  
Michael Ellis ◽  
Richard Gates ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Model ◽  
Birth Control ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
The Other ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Potential Treatment ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Oxygen Treatment ◽  
Birth Data

Abstract Piglets often experience hypothermia early after birth. Previous research has suggested that drying piglets and administration of oxygen (a potential treatment for asphyxiation) at birth may increase post-natal rectal temperatures. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of drying and administering oxygen at birth on piglet rectal temperature over the first 24 h after birth. The study, conducted at a commercial facility, used a CRD with 42 sows/litters randomly allotted at start of farrowing to 3 treatments (applied at birth): Control (no drying or oxygenation); Dried (using a cellulose-based desiccant); Dried+Oxygen [dried and placed in a chamber (40% oxygen) for 20 min]. At birth, piglets were weighed and uniquely identified. Rectal temperature was measured at 0, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120, and 1440 min after birth. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. Litter was the experimental unit; piglet was a subsample of litter. The statistical model included effects of treatment, time of measurement, and the interaction. Both the Dried and Dried+Oxygen treatments had greater (P < 0.05) rectal temperatures than the Control between 20 and 120 min. However, the Dried+Oxygen treatment had lower (P < 0.05) rectal temperatures than the Dried treatment between 20 and 60 minutes. Temperatures at 1440 min were lower (P < 0.05) for the Dried+Oxygen than the other treatments; however, differences were small. In conclusion, drying piglets at birth increased rectal temperatures over the first 2 h after birth. The combination of drying piglets at birth and placement in an oxygen chamber for 20 min was less effective at moderating post-natal temperature changes than drying alone. Further research on piglet oxygenation is necessary to understand the reason for these reduced temperatures, and whether this treatment affects pre-weaning mortality. This research was funded by the National Pork Board.

scholarly journals Effect of drying and/or warming piglets at birth on rectal temperature over the first 24 h after birth

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine D Vande Pol ◽  
Andres F Tolosa ◽  
Caleb M Shull ◽  
Catherine B Brown ◽  
Stephan A S Alencar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Birth Control ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
The Other ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Heat Lamp

Abstract Piglets experience a rapid decrease in body temperature immediately after birth, increasing the risk of mortality. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of drying and/or warming piglets at birth on rectal temperature over the first 24 h after birth. The study was carried out at a commercial sow facility using a completely randomized design with four treatments (applied to piglets at birth): Control (no drying or warming), Desiccant (dried using a desiccant), Warming Box (placed in a box under a heat lamp for 30 min), and Desiccant + Warming Box (both dried and warmed as above). Farrowing pens had one heat lamp, temperatures under which were similar to the warming box (35 °C). A total of 68 litters (866 piglets) were randomly allotted to a treatment at the birth of the first piglet. At birth, each piglet was identified with a numbered ear tag and weighed; rectal temperature was measured at 0, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120, and 1,440 min after birth. Data were analyzed using a repeated-measures model using PROC MIXED of SAS. Litter was the experimental unit, piglet was a subsample of the litter; and the model included the fixed effects of treatment, time (the repeated measure), and the interaction. Rectal temperatures at birth and 1,440 min after birth were similar (P > 0.05) for all treatments. At all times between 10 and 120 min after birth, Control piglets had lower (P ≤ 0.05) temperatures than the other three treatments. The Desiccant and Warming Box treatments had similar (P > 0.05) temperatures at most measurement times, but the Desiccant + Warming Box treatment had the highest (P ≤ 0.05) rectal temperatures at most times between 10 and 60 min. In addition, for all treatments, light (<1.0 kg) birth weight piglets had lower (P ≤ 0.05) temperatures than medium (1.0–1.5 kg) or heavy (>1.5 kg) piglets at all times between 10 and 120 min. In addition, at these measurement times, the deviation in temperature between the Control and the other three treatments was greater for light than medium or heavy piglets. In conclusion, both drying and warming piglets at birth significantly increased rectal temperatures between 10 and 120 min after birth, with the combination of the two interventions having the greatest effect, especially for low birth weight piglets.

scholarly journals Effect of drying and/or warming piglets at birth under warm farrowing room temperatures on piglet rectal temperature over the first 24 h after birth

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine D Vande Pol ◽  
Andres F Tolosa ◽  
Caleb M Shull ◽  
Catherine B Brown ◽  
Stephan A S Alencar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Birth Control ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

Abstract Piglets experience a decline in body temperature immediately after birth, and both drying and warming piglets at birth reduces this. However, these interventions may have less effective at higher farrowing room temperatures. This study was carried out at a commercial facility to compare the effect of drying and/or warming piglets at birth on postnatal rectal temperature (RT) under relatively warm farrowing room temperatures (26.6 ± 2.09°C). Forty-five sows/litters were used in a completely randomized design to compare three Intervention Treatments (applied at birth): Control (no treatment); Warming (piglets placed in a plastic box under a heat lamp for 30 min); Drying+Warming (piglets dried with desiccant and warmed as above). Temperatures in the warming boxes over the study period averaged 37.7 ± 2.75°C. At birth, piglets were weighed; RT temperature was measured at 0, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120, and 1440 min after birth. Blood samples were collected at 24 h after birth from a subsample of one piglet from each birth weight quartile within each litter to measure plasma immunocrit concentration. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS with litter as the experimental unit; and piglet a subsample of litter. The model for analysis of piglet rectal temperature included fixed effects of treatment, measurement time (repeated measure), the interaction, and the random effect of sow. Compared to the Control, piglet RT were higher (P ≤ 0.05) for the Warming treatment between 10 and 60 min, and higher (P ≤ 0.05) for the Drying+Warming treatment between 10 and 120 min after birth. Rectal temperatures were higher (P ≤ 0.05) for the Drying+Warming than the Warming treatment between 20 and 120 min. Responses to drying and/or warming were greater for low birth weight piglets (< 1.0 kg) than heavier littermates, but were generally less than observed in previous experiments with similar treatments carried out under cooler temperatures. Piglet immunocrit values were lower (P ≤ 0.05) for the Drying+Warming treatment compared to the other treatments, which were similar (P > 0.05). Immunocrit values tended (P = 0.10) to be lower for light (< 1.0 kg) compared to heavier birth weight piglets. In conclusion, drying and warming piglets at birth was more effective for reducing piglet RT decline after birth than warming alone, though the effect was less than observed in previous studies carried out under cooler farrowing room temperatures.

scholarly journals Effect of method of drying piglets at birth on rectal temperature over the first 24 h after birth1

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine D Vande Pol ◽  
Andres F Tolosa ◽  
Caleb M Shull ◽  
Catherine B Brown ◽  
Stephan A S Alencar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
The Other ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Weight Category ◽  
Paper Towel ◽  
Drying Treatment

Abstract Piglets are born wet, and evaporation of that moisture decreases body temperature, increasing the risk of mortality. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of two commercially applicable methods for drying piglets at birth on piglet rectal temperature over 24 h after birth. The study was carried out in standard commercial farrowing facilities with 52 litters, using a completely randomized design with three Drying Treatments: Control (not dried); Desiccant (dried at birth using a cellulose-based desiccant); Paper Towel (dried at birth using paper towels). Litters were randomly allotted to treatments at the birth of the first piglet. At birth, piglets were individually identified, and the treatment was applied. Rectal temperature was measured at 0, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120, and 1,440 min (24 h) after birth. Data were analyzed using a repeated measures model with PROC MIXED of SAS, with litter as the experimental unit and piglet a subsample of the litter. The model included the fixed effects of treatment and time (as a repeated measure), and the interaction. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of treatment on temperature at birth, or 10 or 1,440 min after birth. Piglet temperatures between 20 and 120 min after birth were similar (P > 0.05) for the Desiccant and Paper Towel treatments, but were greater (P ≤ 0.05) than the Control. The effect of birth weight on the response to Drying Treatment was evaluated by dividing the data into Light (<1.0 kg), Medium (1.0 to 1.5 kg), or Heavy (>1.5 kg) piglet Birth Weight Categories. Piglet rectal temperature data at each measurement time were analyzed using a model that included the fixed effects of Birth Weight Category, Drying Treatment, and the interaction. Temperatures of Light piglets were lower (P ≤ 0.05) than those of Heavy piglets between 20 and 120 min after birth, with Medium piglets being intermediate and generally different to the other two weight categories at these times. The difference in temperature between Light as compared with Medium or Heavy piglets was greater for the Control than the other two Drying Treatments at 60 min after birth. These results suggest that drying piglets at birth is an effective method to reduce rectal temperature decline in the early postnatal period, especially for low birth weight piglets.

PSIII-3 Effect of Type of Desiccant Used to Dry Piglets at Birth on Postnatal Changes in Rectal Temperature

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 156-156
Author(s):  
Alicia Olivo Espinal ◽  
Naomi C Willard ◽  
Katherine D Vande Pol ◽  
Nicole K Moest ◽  
Michael Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Birth Control ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Predisposing Factor ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Birth Data

Abstract All piglets experience hypothermia immediately after birth, which can be a predisposing factor for pre-weaning mortality. Drying piglets at birth with a desiccant reduces the extent and duration of postnatal temperature decline. This study compared the effectiveness of different types of commercially-available desiccant products using a CRD with four treatments (applied at birth): Control (piglets not dried) and 3 Desiccant Product treatments [dried with a Mineral-based, Cellulose-based, or Mixed (mineral and cellulose-based) desiccant]. Sows (40) and litters (546 piglets) were randomly allotted to a treatment at the birth of the first piglet. Sows were housed in individual farrowing crates within pens; a heat lamp was suspended over one side of each pen. Room temperature was set at 22.8°C throughout farrowing. Piglets were weighed at birth, those on the Desiccant Product treatments were coated with desiccant until completely dry, and then returned to the pen. Piglet rectal temperatures were measured at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 120 min after birth. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). The model included the fixed effects of treatment, measurement time (repeated measure), and the interaction. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of treatment on rectal temperatures at birth. At all other measurement times, piglets on the Control treatment had lower (P < 0.05) rectal temperatures than those on the 3 Desiccant Product treatments, which had similar (P > 0.05) rectal temperatures. These results suggest that the 3 commercial desiccant products evaluated were equally effective at minimizing the extent and duration of piglet rectal temperature decline in the early postnatal period.

scholarly journals PSV-9 The effect of warming and drying piglets at birth under cool or warm farrowing room temperatures on post-natal rectal temperatures

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 155-156
Author(s):  
Katherine Vande Pol ◽  
Andres Tolosa ◽  
Michael Ellis ◽  
Caleb M Shull ◽  
Katie Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Loss ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Management Control ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Cool Environment ◽  
Birth Data ◽  
Environmental Temperatures ◽  
Body Heat

Abstract Piglets are born into a relatively cool environment, resulting in body heat loss, especially at low environmental temperatures. Drying and warming reduces this heat loss, but may be less effective at the higher temperatures experienced in farrowing houses in summer. This study compared the effect of warming and drying piglets at birth on post-natal rectal temperature under winter vs. summer conditions. The study was carried out at a commercial facility using a CRD with 96 sows/litters in a 2×3 factorial arrangement of treatments (applied at birth): 1) Piglet Management: Control (no treatment); Warmed (in a heated box for 30 min); Dried+Warmed (dried with desiccant and warmed); 2) Season: Winter (January-March; farrowing room temperature 21.0 ± 1.65°C); Summer (August-September; 25.3 ± 1.67°C). At birth, piglets were weighed; rectal temperature was measured at 0, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120, and 1440 min after birth. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. Litter was the experimental unit; piglet was a subsample of litter. The model included Season, Piglet Management, and the interaction. There were treatment interactions (P < 0.05) for rectal temperatures at all measurement times except at birth. For both Seasons, the Dried+Warmed treatment resulted in greater (P < 0.05) temperatures than Warmed between 20 and 60 min; both treatments had greater (P < 0.05) temperatures than the Control between 10 and 120 min. Rectal temperatures were lower (P < 0.05) in Winter than Summer for the Control and Warmed treatments between 10 and 60 min. However, for the Dried+Warmed treatment, rectal temperatures were similar between Seasons at all times after 10 min. In conclusion, drying and warming piglets at birth was more effective for reducing rectal temperature decline than warming alone and this effect was greater in winter than summer. This research was funded by the National Pork Board.

scholarly journals Effects of drying and providing supplemental oxygen to piglets at birth on rectal temperature over the first 24 h after birth

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine D Vande Pol ◽  
Andres F Tolosa ◽  
Raphael O Bautista ◽  
Naomi C Willard ◽  
Richard S Gates ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Supplemental Oxygen ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Neonatal Piglets ◽  
Oxygen Treatment ◽  
Drying Treatment ◽  
Kg Medium

Abstract Neonatal piglets can experience both a decrease in body temperature and hypoxia, increasing risks for pre-weaning mortality. This research evaluated the effects of drying and providing supplemental oxygen to newborn piglets on rectal temperature (RT) over the first 24 h after birth. The study used a CRD with 3 Intervention Treatments (IT; applied at birth): Control (no intervention), Drying (dried using a desiccant), Oxygen [dried using a desiccant and placed in a chamber (at 40% oxygen concentration) for 20 min]. A total of 42 litters (485 piglets) were randomly allotted to treatments at the start of farrowing. At birth, each piglet was given a numbered ear tag, weighed, and the treatment was applied; RT was measured at 0, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120, and 1440 min after birth. Blood was collected from one piglet from each birth weight quartile within each litter at 24 h after birth to measure plasma immunocrit concentration. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of IT on piglet RT at 0 or 1440 min after birth. Between 20 and 60 min after birth, piglet RT was lower (P ≤ 0.05) for the Control than the Drying treatment, with the Oxygen treatment being intermediate and different (P ≤ 0.05) from the other two IT. The effect of piglet birth weight on responses to IT were evaluated by classifying piglets into Birth Weight Categories (BWC): Light (< 1.0 kg), Medium (1.0 to 1.5 kg), or Heavy (> 1.5 kg). There were IT by BWC interactions (P ≤ 0.05) for piglet RT at all measurement times between 20 and 120 min after birth. Relative to the Control, the effects of the Drying and Oxygen treatments on RT were greater (P ≤ 0.05) for Light than heavier piglets. Plasma immunocrit concentrations tended (P = 0.07) to be greater for piglets on the Control treatment compared to the other two IT and were lower (P ≤ 0.05) for Light than Heavy piglets, with Medium piglets being intermediate and different (P ≤ 0.05) to the other BWC. In conclusion, drying piglets at birth reduced the extent and duration of RT decline in piglets in the early postnatal period compared to undried piglets, especially for those of low birth weight. However, the combination of drying and placing piglets in an oxygen-rich environment provided no additional benefit over drying alone.

scholarly journals PSV-5 Effect of oxygen administration to piglets at birth on post-natal body temperatures

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 154-154
Author(s):  
Naomi Cooper ◽  
Katherine Vande Pol ◽  
Michael Ellis ◽  
Yijie Xiong ◽  
Richard Gates
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Oxygen Administration ◽  
Oxygen Treatment ◽  
Ambient Oxygen ◽  
Effect Of Oxygen

Abstract Newborn piglets are susceptible to hypothermia, and associated mortality. Previous research suggested exposing neo-natal piglets to elevated oxygen concentrations reduced post-natal body temperature decline. This study evaluated the effects of oxygen administration at birth on piglet temperatures over 24 h after birth. This study used 296 piglets (24 litters) and was carried out in a standard farrowing facility consisting of crates within pens with a heat lamp. A GRBD was used; sow was the blocking factor; piglet the experimental unit. A replicate was 3 littermates of similar BW; piglets were randomly allotted at birth within replicate to treatment: 1) Control [dried at birth (with a desiccant); returned to farrowing pen]; 2) Ambient Oxygen (dried; placed in a chamber at ambient temperature and oxygen concentration for 20 min); 3) 40% Oxygen (dried; placed in a chamber at ambient temperature and 40% oxygen concentration for 20 min). Piglets were weighed at birth. Rectal temperature was measured at 0, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 1440 min after birth. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. The model included fixed effects of treatment, time of measurement (repeated measure), and the interaction and random effects of block and replicate. There was no treatment effect (P > 0.05) on temperatures at birth and between 120 and 1440 min. Compared to the Control, temperatures were lower (P < 0.05) for the 40% Oxygen treatment between 20 and 90 min and for the Ambient Oxygen treatment between 20 and 45 min. Temperatures at 60 and 90 min for the Ambient Oxygen treatment were intermediate to and not different (P > 0.05) from the other treatments. Results suggest that exposing neo-natal piglets to an oxygen-rich environment in a chamber does not reduce post-natal temperature decline. This research was funded by the National Pork Board.

scholarly journals 85 The effect of drying and warming piglets at birth on pre-weaning mortality

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 2-3
Author(s):  
Katherine Vande Pol ◽  
Andres Tolosa ◽  
Michael Ellis ◽  
Caleb M Shull ◽  
Katie Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Birth Control ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Weaning Weight

Abstract Piglets are susceptible to chilling early after birth, which is a major pre-disposing factor for pre-weaning mortality (PWM). This study evaluated the effect of drying and warming piglets at birth on PWM at a commercial facility. A CRD was used with 802 sows (litters), allotted at start of farrowing to 2 treatments (applied at birth): Control (no treatment); Dried+Warmed (dried with a cellulose-based desiccant and warmed in a heated box for 30 min). Piglets were weighed at birth and weaning; PWM was recorded. The effects of farrowing room temperature on PWM were evaluated by classifying litters as being born under Cool or Warm conditions (< 25° C and ≥ 25°C, respectively). Similarly, effects of birth weight on PWM were evaluated by classifying piglets into 3 Birth Weight Categories (BWC; < 1.0 kg, 1.0-1.5 kg, or > 1.5 kg). PROC GLIMMIX and MIXED of SAS were used to analyze PWM and other data, respectively. Litter was the experimental unit; piglet a subsample of litter. The model included fixed effects of treatment, and farrowing room temperature or BWC as appropriate, and the random effect of piglet within litter. Rectal temperature at 30 min after birth, measured on a sub-sample of 10% of litters, was greater (P < 0.05) for the Dried+Warmed than the Control treatment. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of drying and warming piglets on weaning weight or overall PWM. Additionally, PWM was similar across treatments within each BWC. However, the Dried+Warmed treatment reduced (P < 0.05) PWM compared to the Control under Cool but not Warm farrowing room temperatures. In conclusion, this suggests that drying and warming piglets at birth increases rectal temperature and may be an effective method to reduce piglet PWM under cooler farrowing room temperatures. This research was funded by the National Pork Board.

Effect of behavioral variables on cooling rate of man in cold water

1975 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1073-1077 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Hayward ◽  
J. D. Eckerson ◽  
M. L. Collis
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Cooling Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ocean Water ◽  
Protective Behaviors ◽  
Control Behavior ◽  
Behavioral Variables

Five different behaviors of man while in cold ocean water (9–10 degrees C) were assessed for their effect on rate of progress into hypothermia. With subjects wearing lifejackets, two thermally protective behaviors were studied which reduce exposure to the water of areas of body surface with high relative heat loss potential. One was huddling of three persons and the other a self-huddle behavior (HELP or Heat Escape Lessening Posture). These two behaviors resulted in significant reductions of rectal temperature cooling rate of 66 per cent and 69 per cent, respectively, of that of a control behavior. With no flotation available, two survival swimming behaviors (treading water and drownproofing) were shown to result in significant increases in cooling rate to 134 per cent and 182 per cent, respectively, of the control behavior. Potential swimming distance of subjects wearing a life-jacket was 0.85 miles in water near 12 degrees C before predicted incapacitation by hypothermia. It was concluded that behavioral variables can be of major importance in determining survival time in cold water through modulation of cooling rate associated with other variables such as fatness, body size, and clothing.

Prognostic Factors in Early Glottic Carcinoma Implications for Treatment

2005 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Demiral Ayse Nur ◽  
Cetinayak Oguz ◽  
Erdag Taner Kemal ◽  
Eyiler Ferhat ◽  
Sarıoglu Sülen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prognostic Factors ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Salvage Surgery ◽  
Anterior Commissure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Second Primary ◽  
Partial Laryngectomy ◽  
Glottic Carcinoma ◽  
T Classification ◽  
Early Glottic Carcinoma

Aim In this study we aimed to determine the prognostic factors affecting local control (LC) in limited glottic carcinoma treated with definitive radiotherapy (RT). Material and methods Between June 1991 and December 2001, 114 patients with early squamous-cell carcinoma of the glottis were treated with definitive RT at our institution. Only four (3.5%) patients were women. The median age was 60 (27-79). Fifteen percent, 72% and 13% of the patients had Tis, T1 and T2 tumors, respectively. Forty-three (37.7%) patients had anterior commissure invasion. Prior to RT 35 (31%) patients had undergone vocal cord stripping and two (2%) cordectomy. A median dose of 66 Gy (50-70.2) was given over a median period of 46 days (20-60). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed for LC. The prognostic parameters analyzed for LC were T classification, anterior commissure involvement, total RT dose, and overall treatment time. Results Five-year local and regional control rates were 84.2% and 97.7%. RTOG grade 3-4 late side effects were observed only in one (0.9%) patient. In 15 patients with local failure, salvage treatment consisted of partial laryngectomy in eight patients and total laryngectomy in five. One of the remaining two patients was medically inoperable, and the other refused salvage surgery. In one of the three patients with regional failure, salvage surgery was applied and the other two were given palliative chemotherapy because of unresectable disease. Following salvage treatments, the ultimate five-year LC rate was 96.9% and the five-year larynx preservation rate was 91.1%. Second primary cancer was diagnosed in 17 (14.9%) patients. Only one patient developed distant metastases and two patients died of laryngeal cancer. While T2 disease and anterior commissure involvement were found to be unfavorable prognostic factors significantly influencing LC in univariate analyses, only T2 disease remained independent in multivariate analysis. Conclusion In patients with early glottic carcinoma, T classification proved to be the only independent prognostic factor affecting LC after primary radiotherapy according to the results of this study.

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