scholarly journals PSVI-3 Dietary supplementation with coated omega-3 fatty acids has positive effects on growth performance and nutrients digestibility in weaned pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 196-197
Author(s):  
Woo Jung Seok ◽  
Je min Ahn ◽  
Jing Hu ◽  
Dexin Dang ◽  
Yanjiao Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Weaning Pigs

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of coated omega-3 fatty acid (n-3 CFA) by corn cob power silica on performance of weaning pigs. A total of 200 weaned pigs [(Landrace x Yorkshire) x Duroc, average initial body weight at 6.97 ± 1.22 kg] were randomly assigned to four experimental treatments in a 6-week experiment in 3 phases as follows: CON, basal diet; 2) 0.3CFA, CON + phase 1(0.3% n-3CFA), phase 2(0.2% n-3CFA), phase 3(0.1% n-3CFA); 3) 0.6CFA, CON + phase 1(0.6% n-3CFA), phase 2(0.4% n-3CFA), phase 3(0.2% n-3CFA); 4) 0.9CFA, CON + phase 1(0.9% n-3CFA), phase 2(0.6% n-3CFA), phase 3 (0.3% n-3CFA). Each treatment had 10 replicates with 5 pigs (three gilts and two barrows) per replicate. The data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS as a randomized complete block design. Pen served as the experimental unit. Linear, quadratic and cubic polynomial contrasts were used to examine effect of dietary treatment with coated n-3FA in the basal diet. Variability in the data was expressed as the standard error of means and P< 0.05 was considered to statistically significant. Increasing the level of n-3CFA in the diet linearly increased ADG and G/F of pigs (Table 1). Increasing the level of n-3CFA showed a linear increment in the digestibility of DM (83.59, 84.38, 85.13, 85.89 %) whereas nitrogen digestibility (81.79, 82.38, 82.96, 83.64 %) showed a trend (linear effect, p=0.0594) at the end of experiment. The fecal lactobacillus count was increased (7.22, 7.27, 7.33, 7.35 log10cfu/g) with the increase in the supplemental level of n-3CFA (linear effect; p< 0.05). However, there were no differences in the concentration of serum haptoglobin, or fecal E. coli, Clostridium and Salmonella counts despite the increase in n-3CFA levels in the diet. Supplementation of the diet with coated n-3 fatty acids positively affected growth performance and digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen, and enhanced the count of lactobacillus in weaning pigs.

Growth performance and carcass quality are not different between pigs fed diets containing cold-fermented low-oil distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and pigs fed conventional DDGS, but pelleting improves gain to feed ratio regardless of source of DDGS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego A Rodriguez ◽  
Su A Lee ◽  
Hans H Stein
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Distillers Dried Grains ◽  
Physical Form ◽  
Weaning Pigs ◽  
Finisher Diets

Abstract The objective was to test the hypothesis that growth performance and carcass characteristics of pig fed diets containing cold-fermented, low oil distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is not different from that of pigs fed diets containing conventional DDGS regardless of the physical form of the diets. A total of 160 barrows and gilts were used. There were 4 diets, 10 pens per diet, and 4 pigs per pen. Pigs were weaned at 21 d of age and fed a common phase 1 diet that did not contain DDGS during the initial 7 d post-weaning. Pigs were then allotted to the 4 diets that were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design with 2 sources of DDGS (cold-fermented and conventional DDGS) and 2 diet forms (meal and pellets). Pigs were fed phase 2 diets from d 7 to 21 and phase 3 diets from d 21 to 43 post-weaning. All diets were based on corn and soybean meal, but phase 2 diets also contained 15% DDGS and phase 3 diets contained 30% DDGS. From d 43, pigs were fed grower diets for 38 d, early finisher diets for 38 d, and late finisher diets for 18 d and these diets also contained 30% DDGS. Feed was provided on an ad libitum basis and daily feed allotments were recorded. Pigs were weighed at the beginning of each phase and at the conclusion of the experiment. On the last day of the experiment, the pig in each pen with a body weight that was closest to the pen average was slaughtered and carcass measurements were determined. Combined results for the 2 nursery phases indicated that feeding meal diets instead of pelleted diets increased (P < 0.001) average daily feed intake and decreased (P < 0.05) gain to feed ratio. However, no differences between the 2 sources of DDGS were observed for the overall growth performance of weanling pigs. For the entire growing-finishing period, the source of DDGS did not affect growth performance, but pigs fed meal diets had reduced (P < 0.001) gain to feed ratio compared with pigs fed the pelleted diets. There were no differences between the 2 sources of DDGS for carcass characteristics. Back fat was greater (P < 0.05) for pigs fed pelleted diets than for pigs fed meal diets. In conclusion, no differences in growth performance or carcass characteristics between pigs fed cold-fermented DDGS and pigs fed conventional DDGS were observed. However, pigs fed pelleted diets had greater gain to feed ratio and greater back fat than pigs fed meal diets.

scholarly journals Effects of Lysine Cell Mass Supplementation as a Substitute for L-Lysine·HCl on Growth Performance, Diarrhea Incidence, and Blood Profiles in Weaning Pigs

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2092
Author(s):  
Jinsu Hong ◽  
Hee-Seong Kim ◽  
Sungho Do ◽  
Hong-Jun Kim ◽  
Sung-Won Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Serum Igg ◽  
Diarrhea Incidence ◽  
Weaning Pigs ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Blood Profiles

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of lysine cell mass (LCM) as an alternative lysine source in diets for weaning pigs on growth performance, diarrhea incidence, and blood profiles. In experiment 1, a total of 200 weaning pigs, with an average body weight (BW) of 6.89 ± 1.04 kg, were allotted into one of five treatments with four replicates of 10 pigs per pen in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). The dietary treatments were composed of LCM supplementation (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, or 1.0%) with partial replacement of L-lysine·HCl (0 to 0.8% for phase 1 diets and 0 to 0.07% for phase 2 diets). The BW and feed intake were recorded at the end of each phase (d 0 to 14 for phase 1, d 14 to 35 for phase 2), and diarrhea incidence was checked daily throughout the experimental period. Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein of pigs at 2 weeks and 5 weeks to determine the blood profiles of weaning pigs. In experiment 2, a total of 144 weaning pigs with an average BW of 6.44 ± 1.19 kg were allotted into one of six treatments with six replicates of four pigs per pen in RCBD. The dietary treatments were composed of LCM supplementation (0 to 3.5% for phase 1 diets and 0 to 2.2% for phase 2 diets) with replacement of L-lysine·HCl from 0 to 100%. In experiment 1, partial replacement of L-lysine·HCl with 0 to 1% LCM did not affect growth performance and diarrhea incidence of pigs. An increase in the LCM supplementation from 0 to 1% with partial replacement of L-lysine·HCl had no influence on the blood urea nitrogen concentrations, whereas it resulted in a linear decrease (p < 0.05) in the serum IgG concentrations for 5 weeks. In experiment 2, increasing the dietary level of LCM with replacement of L-lysine·HCl quadratically decreased (p < 0.05) ADG and G–F ratio for phase 2 and G–F ratio for the overall period such that 100% replacement of L-lysine·HCl with LCM decreased ADG and G–F ratio of weaning pigs. An increase in the LCM supplementation with replacement of L-lysine·HCl tended to decrease linearly (p < 0.10) the diarrhea incidence of weaning pigs for the overall period and linearly decrease (p < 0.05) the serum IgG concentrations for 2 weeks. In conclusion, partial replacement of L-lysine·HCl with LCM from 0 to 1% had no negative impacts on the growth performance, but 100% replacement of L-lysine·HCl with LCM decreased the growth performance of weaning pigs. Therefore, LCM could be included in the diets for weaning pigs up to 2.8% and 1.76% for phase 1 and phase 2, respectively, as a substitute for L-lysine·HCl without detrimental effects on the performance of weaning pigs.

scholarly journals Dietary Inclusion of Blood Plasma with Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Supplementation Enhanced the Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Lactobacillus Count, and Reduced Gas Emissions in Weaning Pigs

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 759
Author(s):  
Vetriselvi Sampath ◽  
Dong Heon Baek ◽  
Sureshkumar Shanmugam ◽  
In Ho Kim
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Yeast Phase ◽  
Weaning Pigs ◽  
Daily Gain

This experiment was performed to examine the hypothesis that blood plasma (BP) with yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) supplement in the diet of weaning pigs could provoke the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microbial, and reduce harmful gas excretion. A total of one hundred and eighty healthy piglets were taken and assigned (complete random blocks) to three dietary treatments as: Phase 1: Treatment (TRT) 1-6% BP; TRT 2-3% BP + 3% yeast; TRT 3-6% yeast. Phase 2: TRT 1-3%; BP., TRT 2-1.5% BP + 1.5% yeast; TRT 3- 3% yeast. Phase 3: TRT 1- Control (CON) (Basal diet); TRT 2- CON; TRT 3- CON for six- weeks. Each treatment had twelve replicates and five (three gilts and two barrows) pigs per pen. Dietary inclusion of BP with yeast supplementation significantly increased the body weight of piglets during phase 2 (p = 0.003) and phase 3 (p = 0.032). In addition, TRT2 group piglets had a significant improvement in average daily gain at the end of each phase and overall (p = 0.047, 0.025, 0.018 and 0.012, respectively). At phase 3, TRT2 group piglets showed a significant improvement on nutrient digestibility of dry matter (p = 0.012) and nitrogen (p = 0.040). The fecal microbiota of TRT2 group piglets showed a tendency to increase the number of Lactobacillus counts at phase 1 (p = 0.07) and phase 2 (p = 0.06) as well as, a significant improvement at phase 3 (p = 0.021). In addition, TRT2 group piglets had trend to decrease NH3 (p = 0.074) and H2S (p = 0.069) during phase 2, and significantly reduced NH3 (p = 0.038) and H2S (p = 0.046) at phase 3. However, the fecal score of piglets remains unaffected during the entire trial. At the end of phase 1 piglets’ IgG (p = 0.008) was significantly increased with the inclusion of BP with yeast supplementation. Based on the positive effects on body weight, average daily gain, nutrient digestibility, Lactobacillus count, and reduced gas emission, we suggest that dietary supplement with BP and yeast in the diet of weaned piglet could serve as an excellent alternative to antibiotics growth promoters.

scholarly journals Bioavailability of l-lysine sulfate relative to l-lysine HCl for growing–finishing pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1254-1262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingyun Li ◽  
Stacie A Gould ◽  
John Khun Kyaw Htoo ◽  
J Caroline González-Vega ◽  
John F Patience
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Ratio Method ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Commercial Diet

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the relative bioavailability (RBV) of l-Lys sulfate in comparison to l-Lys HCl based on the growth performance response from approximately 26 to 48 kg and from approximately 68 to 114 kg. The effect of Lys source on blood urea nitrogen (BUN), digestibility of dry matter (DM) and sulfur (S), as well as carcass characteristics was determined. A total of 280 growing pigs (25.9 ± 0.25 kg BW) were randomly assigned to one of seven dietary treatments in 56 pens, with five pigs per pen. The diets included a Lys-deficient basal diet (65% of requirement) and the basal diet supplemented with three graded levels of Lys (75%, 85%, and 95% of requirement), as either l-Lys HCl (78.8% Lys purity) or l-Lys sulfate (54.6% Lys purity). The experiment lasted for 112 d, with four dietary phases: Phase 1 lasted for 4 wk (BW: 25.9 to 47.5 kg), Phase 2 lasted for 3 wk (common commercial diet as washout period), Phase 3 lasted for 5 wk (BW: 67.5 to 98.2 kg), and Phase 4 lasted for 3 or 4 wk to reach an average market weight of 114.2 kg. Fresh fecal samples of pigs fed the highest levels of Lys (both Lys sources) were collected on 7 to 10 days after the beginning of Phase 3 for digestibility assay. Blood samples were collected on day 21 and day 81 to determine BUN. Carcass data were collected at a commercial packing plant. Data were analyzed using PROC GLM of SAS (9.4) according to a completely randomized design with pen as the experimental unit. The RBV of l-Lys sulfate was determined using the multiple regression slope-ratio method. Increasing levels of Lys, independent of source, increased (P &lt; 0.05) BW, ADG, and feed efficiency during Phases 1, 3, and 4; market BW increased linearly (P &lt; 0.01) and backfat and BUN decreased linearly (P &lt; 0.01). Lysine source had no impact on growth performance, carcass characteristics, BUN, or digestibility of S and DM. The RBV of l-Lys sulfate compared with l-Lys HCl was also not different based upon ADG or G:F during Phase 1, 3, or 4. These data suggest that the bioavailability of Lys in l-Lys sulfate and l-Lys HCl is at least equivalent for growing–finishing pigs.

Do varied dietary omega-6 to omega-3 ratios affect the performance, nutrient digestibility, immune status and faecal microbiota of weaner pigs?

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santi D. Upadhaya ◽  
Hyeok Min Yun ◽  
Kwang Young Lee ◽  
In Ho Kim
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Weaner Pigs

The present study tested the hypothesis that altering the ratio of omega-6 (n-6) to omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids (FAs) in the diet will improve growth performance, nutrient digestibility and blood parameters of weaner pigs. In total, 90 crossbred weaner pigs ((Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc, 28 days old), with an average bodyweight (BW) of 6.53 ± 0.71 kg were used in a 6-week experiment. Pigs were blocked on the basis of BW and sex and randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments (5 pigs per pen (2 barrows and 3 gilts); 6 pens per treatment). Treatments consisted of plant-derived n-6 and n-3 FAs (15:1, 10:1 and 5:1). The experimental period was divided into three phases: Phase 1; 28–35 days of age, Phase 2; 36- 49 days of age and Phase 3; 50–70 days of age. Supplementation of varied n-6:n-3 FA ratios in the diet of weaned pigs showed linear increases (P &lt; 0.05) in BW and average daily gain during Phases 1 and 2. The feed:gain ratios reduced linearly (P &lt; 0.05) during Phase 1 and tended to reduce (P = 0.08) during Phase 2 as the ratio of n-6:n-3 FA decreased from 15:1 to 5:1. However, the overall performance of weaners was not affected by the n-6:n-3 FA ratio. Dry matter and nitrogen (N) digestibility increased linearly (P &lt; 0.05) and energy digestibility tended (P = 0.089) to increase linearly with the reduction of n-6:n-3 FA ratio from 15:1 to 5:1 during Week 3 and, in Week 6, dry-matter digestibility increased (P &lt; 0.05) linearly, whereas energy digestibility tended to increase with a decreasing n-6:n-3 FA ratio in the diet. The high-density lipid cholesterol showed a significant (P &lt; 0.05) linear increase at Week 3 and a tendency to increase at Week 6, but no significant effects on other serum lipids were observed. The dietary n-6:n-3 FA ratio did not have a significant effect on white blood cell, lymphocyte, immunoglobulin G and tumour necrosis factor-α concentrations or faecal microbial counts. In conclusion, the reduction of n-6:n-3 FA ratio from 15:1 to 5:1 in the diet did not affect the overall performance of weaning pigs. However, it showed a positive effect on the growth performance of pigs during Phases 1 and 2.

scholarly journals 78 Evaluation of the growth performance of finishing pigs (Genesus genetics) to titrated levels of dietary lysine

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 58-59
Author(s):  
Russell W Fent ◽  
Jim D Hedges ◽  
Kelly M Peper ◽  
Dennis O Liptrap
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract A total of 1,000 Genesus (Oakville, Manitoba, Canada) genetics pigs (51.8 kg body weight) were used to estimate the standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine requirement by dietary phase. Pigs were penned by sex at 25 pigs per pen. Pens were allotted to one of five dietary treatments in a completely randomized design with eight replicate pens (four barrow, four gilt) per treatment. Growth performance was evaluated in four independent phases in which pens were re-allotted to dietary treatment between phases. Dietary SID Lys concentrations evaluated were 0.78, 0.88, 0.98, 1.08, and 1.18% for phase 1, 0.68, 0.77, 0.86, 0.95, and 1.04% for phase 2, 0.60, 0.67, 0.75, 0.83 and 0.90% for phase 3, and 0.53, 0.60, 0.67, 0.74, and 0.81% for phase 4. Diets were formulated to be isoenergetic within each phase. During phase 1 (52-64 kg), average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed ratio (G:F) increased (P &lt; 0.01) quadratically with increasing SID Lys. Breakpoint analysis estimated the SID Lys requirement for ADG and G:F for phase 1 at 0.99 and 1.02%, respectively. During phase 2 (64-82 kg), ADG increased (P &lt; 0.10) quadratically as dietary SID Lys increased with a plateau observed above 0.86% SID Lys. Gain:feed increased linearly (P &lt; 0.01) with increasing SID Lys. During phase 3 (82-97 kg) cost of gain was a quadratic response (P &lt; 0.10) with the breakpoint being at 0.76% SID Lys. During phase 4 (97-131 kg), a linear response (P &lt; 0.02) in G:F was observed with increasing SID Lys but with no improvement above 0.67% SID Lys. These data indicate the SID lysine requirement for Genesus finishing pigs to be approximately 0.99% (23.0 g/d) for 52-64 kg, 0.86% (21.9 g/d) for 64-82 kg, 0.76% (20.2 g/d) for 82-97 kg, and 0.67% (21.6 g/d) 97-131 kg.

scholarly journals PSIV-12 A fortified protein blend as a replacement for animal and fish proteins in nursery pig diets: Effects on growth performance, immune status, microbial metabolites, and fecal scoring

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 184-185
Author(s):  
Jorge Y P Palencia ◽  
Clayton S Chastain ◽  
Morgan T Thayer ◽  
Alan W Duttlinger ◽  
Kayla M Mills ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Microbial Metabolites ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Feeding Programs ◽  
Nursery Pig ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Fish Proteins

Abstract This experiment observed the effects of replacing animal and fish proteins with a fortified protein blend (PROPLEX MVP) on growth performance, immune status, microbial metabolites, and fecal scoring of nursery pigs. A total of 244 barrows and gilts [Duroc x (Landrace x Yorkshire), avg. 19 d age and BW 5.88 ± 1.38 kg] were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design (2 dietary treatments × 2 feeding programs). The dietary treatments were: 1) Control diet (CONT) with animal and fish proteins and 2) PROPLEX MVP (MVP100): CONT with MVP replacing 100% of the animal and fish proteins. The feeding programs for each feeding phase were: high budget (H): Phase 1: 2.3 kg/pig; Phase 2: 4.5 kg/pig; Phase 3: 6.8 kg/pig and low budget (L): Phase 1: 1.1 kg/pig; Phase 2: 2.3 kg/pig; Phase 3: 3.4 kg/pig). For d 0-7, pigs fed CONT had greater ADG, ADFI, and G:F (P < 0.001) compared to MVP100. From d 7 to 14, ADG and G:F were greater (P < 0.05) for pigs fed MVP100 compared to CONT pigs and greater for pigs fed the H budget compared to the L budget (P < 0.05). Overall, d 0 to 35, there were no differences (P > 0.05) in pig final BW, overall ADG, and G:F. For week two and most of the experimental period, pigs fed CONT had greater (P < 0.05) fecal scores, more soft and watery feces, and increased diarrhea incidence compared to MVP100 pigs. The total concentration of fecal volatile fatty acids was greater (P < 0.05) in CONT compared to MVP100 fed pigs. In conclusion, the MVP protein blend can be used as a cost effective alternative to animal and fish proteins in nursery pig diets without compromising overall growth performance, immune status, and post-weaning diarrhea.

scholarly journals Effects of Probiotics as Antibiotics Substitutes on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Parameters, Intestinal Morphology, and Barrier Function of Broilers

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tengfei He ◽  
Shenfei Long ◽  
Shad Mahfuz ◽  
Di Wu ◽  
Xi Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Serum Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Serum Biochemical

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the combination of probiotics replacing antibiotics on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, intestinal morphology, and expression of tight junction proteins in intestinal mucosa of broilers. A total of 168 Arbor Acres broilers (45.04 ± 0.92 g) were randomly divided into three treatments, with seven replicates per treatment, and eight broilers per replicate. The experiment included phases 1 (d 0 to 21) and 2 (d 21 to 42). The dietary treatments contained a corn soybean meal-based diet (control group; CON); an antibiotic group (basal diet + 75 mg/kg chlortetracycline; CTC), and a probiotics group (basal diet + probiotics (500 mg/kg in phase 1 and 300 mg/kg in phase 2; Bacillus subtilis 5 × 109 CFU/g, Bacillus licheniformis 2.5 × 1010 CFU/g and Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1 × 109 CFU/g; PB). The results showed broilers fed PB had improved (p < 0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) in phase 1 and increased (p < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) in phase 2, as well as improved (p < 0.05) ADG and FCR overall (d 0 to 42). The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter, organic matter, gross energy, and crude protein was increased (p < 0.05) in broilers fed PB, while the ATTD of dry matter and organic matter was enhanced in broilers fed CTC compared with CON. Broilers fed PB showed increased (p < 0.05) serum total antioxidant capacity concentrations and tended to have higher (p = 0.06) level of serum immunoglobulin M in phase 1 compared with CON. These broilers also had increased (p < 0.05) level of serum immunoglobulin A in phase 2 in comparison with CON and CTC. Moreover, broilers fed CTC and PB showed increased (p = 0.05) villus height to crypt depth ratio in duodenum, as well as higher (p < 0.05) mRNA expression of zonula occludens-1 in jejunum compared with CON. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with PB as chlortetracycline substitute could improve the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, serum antioxidant capacity, jejunal mucosal barrier function, and intestinal morphology of broilers.

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