scholarly journals Increasing the ratio of SID lysine to metabolizable energy improves pig performance during a viral challenge

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica E Jasper ◽  
Omarh F Mendoza ◽  
Caleb M Shull ◽  
Wesley P Schweer ◽  
Kent J Schwartz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Virus Challenge ◽  
Prrs Virus ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Pig Performance

Abstract Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) compromises pig performance. However, increasing standardized ileal digestible Lys per Mcal metabolizable energy (SID Lys:ME) above requirement has been shown to mitigate reduced performance seen during a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus challenge. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of increasing the dietary SID Lys:ME from 100% National Research Council (NRC) requirement to 120% of the requirement in vaccinated (vac+; modified live vaccine Ingelvac PRRS) and non-vaccinated (vac−; no PRRS vaccine) grower pigs subjected to a PRRSV challenge. In addition, the dietary formulation approach to achieve the 120% ratio by increasing Lys relative to energy (HL) or diluting energy in relation to Lys (LE) was evaluated. This allowed us to test the hypothesis that pigs undergoing a health challenge would have the ability to eat to their energy needs. Within vaccine status, 195 mixed-sex pigs, vac+ (35.2 ± 0.60 kg body weight [BW]) and vac− (35.2 ± 0.65 kg BW) were randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments (2.67, 3.23, or 3.22 g SID Lys:ME) for a 42-d PRRS virus challenge study representing 100%, 120%, and 120% of NRC requirement, respectively. Pigs were randomly allotted across two barns, each containing 24 pens with 7 to 10 pigs per pen (8 pens per diet per vaccine status). On day post-inoculation 0, both barns were inoculated with PRRSV and started on experimental diets. Within vaccine status, weekly and overall challenge period pig performance were assessed. In both vac+ (P < 0.05) and vac− (P < 0.05) pigs, the HL and LE diets increased end BW and overall average daily gain (ADG) ADG compared with pigs fed the control diet (P < 0.05). Overall, average daily feed intake (ADFI) during the challenge period was greater (P < 0.05) for pigs fed the LE diet compared with pigs fed control and HL treatments, regardless of vaccine status (20% and 17% higher ADFI than the control in vac+ and vac− pigs, respectively). The HL vac+ pigs had the greatest gain to feed (G:F) compared with the control and LE pigs (0.438 vs. 0.394 and 0.391 kg/kg, respectively; P < 0.01). Feed efficiency was not impacted (P > 0.10) by treatment in the vac− pigs. In summary, PRRSV-challenged grower pigs consumed feed to meet their energy needs as indicated by the increase in ADFI when energy was diluted in the (LE) diet, compared with control pigs. In both PRRS vac+ and vac− pigs subsequently challenged with PRRSV, regardless of formulation approach, fed 120% SID Lys:ME diets resulted in enhanced overall growth performance.

scholarly journals Increased lysine: metabolizable energy ratio improves grower pig performance during a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus challenge

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 393-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wesley P Schweer ◽  
Omarh F Mendoza ◽  
Caleb M Shull ◽  
James Lehman ◽  
Aaron M Gaines ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Energy Ratio ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Growth Study ◽  
Pig Performance

Abstract Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) reduces grower pig performance. The amino acid (AA) requirements and lysine:metabolizable energy ratio (Lys:ME) of health-challenged pigs for optimum performance are poorly understood. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of increasing standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys:ME (g SID Lys per Mcal ME) on growth performance during a PRRSV challenge. In Exp. 1, a total of 379 barrows (51.3 ± 0.3 kg body weight [BW]) were allotted to one of six diets (1.87 to 3.41 Lys:ME) for a 35-d growth study. In Exp. 2, a total of 389 barrows (29.2 ± 0.23 kg BW) were allotted to one of six diets (2.39 to 3.91 Lys:ME) for a 49-d growth study. These isocaloric diets represented 80% to 130% of National Research Council (NRC) SID Lys requirement. For each experiment, pigs were randomly allotted across two barns of 24 pens each with seven to nine pigs per pen (four pens per diet per health status). On day 0, one barn was inoculated with live PRRSV, one barn sham inoculated (control), and all pigs were started on experimental diets. Pen growth performance and feed intake were recorded weekly and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) was calculated. Breakpoint analysis was used to determine the Lys:ME that maximized average daily gain (ADG) and G:F over the 35 or 49-d test periods for Exp. 1 and 2, respectively. In Exp. 1, increasing Lys:ME increased ADG (quadratic P = 0.01) and G:F (linear and quadratic P = 0.04) in control pigs over 35 d. In PRRSV-infected pigs, ADG and G:F increased linearly with increasing Lys:ME (P < 0.01). The Lys:ME for optimum ADG and G:F during PRRSV challenge was 2.83 and 3.17, respectively, compared to 2.24 and 2.83, respectively, in control pigs using a one-slope broken-line model. In Exp. 2, pigs in the control barn became naturally infected after 21 days post inoculation. Before infection, ADG and G:F increased with increasing Lys:ME in control and PRRSV-infected pigs (linear and quadratic P < 0.05), and optimum ADG and G:F were achieved at 3.02 and 2.92 Lys:ME, respectively, in PRRSV-infected pigs compared to 2.82 and 3.22 Lys:ME, respectively, in control pigs. Over the 49-d period, increasing Lys:ME improved ADG (P < 0.01, linear and quadratic) and G:F (linear P < 0.01) in naturally infected pigs. The response was similar in experimental infection for ADG (P < 0.01, linear and quadratic) and G:F (linear P = 0.01). The optimum ratio for ADG (2.86 vs. 3.12 Lys:ME) and G:F (3.18 vs. 3.08 Lys:ME) were similar between natural and experimental infection. In summary, increasing Lys:ME by 10% to 20% above NRC requirements improved performance and feed efficiency during an experimental and natural PRRSV challenge.

scholarly journals 194 Performance and febrile response of nursery pigs to a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus challenge

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 113-114
Author(s):  
Jessica Jasper ◽  
Emma T Helm ◽  
Blaire Todd ◽  
Nicholas K Gabler
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Febrile Response ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Virus Challenge ◽  
Prrs Virus ◽  
Risk Of Mortality ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
And Performance

Abstract Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus is an economically significant pathogen that antagonizes production in all stages of the swine industry. In nursery pigs, it increases the risk of mortality and reduces growth performance parameters. Thus, the objective of this study was to further understand how PRRS virus infection and its associated viremia and serology levels related to febrile response and performance in nursery pigs. Over two replicates, 37 three-week post-weaned PRRS naïve gilts (11.2 ± 2.56 kg BW) were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: Control (CON, n = 16) or PRRS virus-inoculated (PRRS+, n = 21). All pigs were housed individually in a BSL2 facility for the 21 d test period. PRRS serology, BW, ADG, ADFI, and G:F were determined at 0, 7, 14 and 21 days post inoculation (dpi). Core body temperatures were collected daily using a biosensor microchip. Data was analyzed using mixed procedure of SAS with dpi as a repeated effect and CON or PRRS+ as a treatment effect. Treatment, dpi and their interactions were assessed. As expected, viremia and antibody titers in PRRS+ pigs were significantly different compared to CON pigs, which remained negative (P < 0.001). The lowest PRRS Ct was observed at dpi 7, while antibody titers were highest between dpi 14 to 21 (P < 0.001). Compared with the CON, PRRS+ reduced BW gains by 17, 33 and 42% at dpi 7, 14 and 21 respectively (P < 0.001). The PRRS challenge also reduced ADFI by 30, 67 and 68% at dpi 7, 14 and 21 respectively, compared to CON (P < 0.001). The febrile response in the PRRS+ pigs peaked between dpi 7 and 14 then returned to CON baseline level by dpi 21 (P < 0.001). Overall, PRRS virus challenge induced a sustained febrile response that contributes to the attenuated performance of nursery pigs.

scholarly journals 232 Reduced growth performance during viral challenge primarily results from disease hypophagia

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 118-118
Author(s):  
Blaire Todd ◽  
Larissa Becker ◽  
Nicholas Gabler
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Large White ◽  
Virus Challenge ◽  
Prrs Virus ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Pig Performance ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Reductions in voluntary feed intake during disease, or disease hypophagia, is a common phenotype observed in nearly all species. However, the extent to which disease hypophagia explains attenuated pig performance during disease is poorly defined. The objective of this study was to describe the extent to which hypophagia explains pig performance during a Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) virus challenge. Twenty-four PRRS naïve barrows (12.8 ± 0.73 kg BW; Landrace x Large White, PIC) were selected, blocked by body weight, and allotted across three treatments (n=8/trt): 1) PRRS-naïve, ad libitum fed (Ad), 2) PRRS-inoculated, ad libitum fed (PRRS), and 3) PRRS-naïve, pair-fed daily to the PRRS pigs (PF) to mimic disease feed intake. All pigs were individually penned and after a 4-day acclimation, on days post inoculation (dpi) 0, PRRS pigs were inoculated with PRRS virus. Over 7 dpi, daily feed intake and body temperatures (BT), and 7 day ADG, ADFI, and G:F were assessed. Over the 7-day challenge period, a treatment x time interaction (P &lt; 0.0001) was reported for ADFI in which PRRS and PF pigs’ ADFI was reduced by 51% compared with Ad pigs. Compared with Ad pigs, PRRS and PF pigs end BW was reduced by 23% (P = 0.004). The Ad pigs had greater ADG compared with PF and PRRS pigs (0.64, 0.12, -0.04 g/d, respectively, P &lt; 0.0001). Overall G:F was reduced by 112% and 53% in the PRRS and PF pigs, respectively, compared with Ad pigs (P &lt; 0.0001). A treatment x dpi effect was reported in core BT, in which PF pigs; BTs reduced over time compared with Ad and PRRS pigs (38.7, 39.4, 39.6 °C, respectively, P = 0.001). In summary, disease hypophagia explains much of the reduced growth observed during PRRS challenge.

scholarly journals 52 Alterations of fecal microbiome characteristics by dietary soy isoflavone ingestion in growing pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 30-31
Author(s):  
Brooke N Smith ◽  
Stephen A Fleming ◽  
Mei Wang ◽  
Ryan N Dilger
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Unifrac Distance ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Experimental Treatments

Abstract Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an economically-important disease and ingestion of soy isoflavones (ISF) may benefit PRRSV-infected pigs due to demonstrated anti-inflammatory and anti-viral properties. The objective of this study was to quantify long-term effects of ISF consumption on fecal microbiome characteristics under disease challenge. In total, 96 weaned barrows were group-housed in a BSL-2 containment facility and allotted to 1 of 3 experimental treatments that were maintained throughout the wean-to-finish study: non-infected pigs receiving an ISF-devoid control diet (NC, n=24), and infected pigs receiving either the control diet (PC, n=36) or that supplemented with total ISF in excess of 1,600 mg/kg (ISF, n=36) (Table 1). Following a 7-day adaptation, pigs were inoculated intranasally with either a sham-control (PBS) or live PRRSV (1×105 TCID50/mL, strain NADC20). Fecal samples were collected from 48 individual pigs at pre-infection (-2 days post-inoculation, DPI), peak-infection (10 DPI), and post-infection (144 DPI) time-points and extracted DNA was used for 16S bacterial rRNA sequencing. Differences in bacterial communities among diet groups were evaluated using UniFrac distance matrices (weighted and unweighted) in QIIME. All other data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA performed on transformed data using R. Across all time-points, only minimal differences were observed due to ISF alone. At 10 DPI, PRRSV infection reduced Prevotella 9 genera abundance from approximately 20% to less than 10%, but the specific function of this variety in pigs is unclear. The most notable finding was decreased relative abundance of Actinobacteria at 144 DPI between non-infected and infected treatments (P &lt; 0.05), which is consistent with various dysbioses observed in other disease models. Our findings indicate that differences present were mainly due to PRRSV infection and not strongly influenced by ISF ingestion, which implies previously observed performance benefits conferred by dietary ISF are not likely due to changes in microbiome composition.

Thyroid hormone suppression in feeder pigs following polymicrobial or porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-2 challenge

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Alex Pasternak ◽  
Daniel J MacPhee ◽  
Joan K Lunney ◽  
Raymond R R Rowland ◽  
PigGen Canada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract Thyroid hormones are powerful regulators of growth, development and basal metabolic rate and can be dysregulated under conditions of severe stress or illness. To understand the role of these hormones in porcine disease response, serum samples were obtained from 3 batches of nursery-aged pigs (n=208) exposed to a natural polymicrobial disease challenge with an array of bacterial and viral pathogens. Levels of total thyroxin (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) assessed in sera by radioimmunoassay (RIA), decreased significantly by 14 days post exposure (DPE). Levels of T3 partially rebounded by 48 DPE, while T4 levels remain depressed. Post-exposure T3 and T4 levels were positively correlated with acute and long-term average daily gain. Cross-sectional sampling of animals maintained at the high health source farms, showed no equivalent change in either hormone when managed under standard industry conditions. To further elucidate the effect of PRRSV-infection on thyroid hormone levels, archived sera over 42 days post inoculation (DPI) from nursery pigs (N=190) challenged with one of two PRRSV2 strains by the PRRS Host Genetics Consortium (PHGC) were similarly assessed, with animals selected in a two-by-two design, to investigate biological extremes in average daily gain (ADG) and viral load. All animals showed a similar decrease in both thyroid hormones reaching a minimum at 7 DPI and returning to near pre challenge levels by 42 DPI. Post challenge T3 and T4 levels were significantly greater in high ADG groups, with no significant association with viral load or strain. The results of this study demonstrate porcine susceptibility to thyroid disruption in response to disease challenge and demonstrate a relationship between this response and growth performance.

scholarly journals Alterations of fecal microbiome characteristics by dietary soy isoflavone ingestion in growing pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brooke N Smith ◽  
Stephen A Fleming ◽  
Mei Wang ◽  
Ryan N Dilger
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Unifrac Distance ◽  
Infectious Dose ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Experimental Treatments

Abstract Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an economically important disease, and the ingestion of soy isoflavones (ISF) may benefit PRRSV-infected pigs due to demonstrated anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of ISF consumption on fecal microbiome characteristics at different timepoints across a disease challenge and determine whether any changes, if present, elude to potential biological mechanisms for previously observed performance benefits. In total, 96 weaned barrows were group-housed in a Biosafety Level-2 containment facility and allotted to one of three experimental treatments that were maintained throughout the study: noninfected pigs receiving an ISF-devoid control diet (NEG, n = 24) and infected pigs receiving either the control diet (POS, n = 36) or that supplemented with total ISF in excess of 1,600 mg/kg (ISF, n = 36). Following a 7-d adaptation, pigs were inoculated intranasally with either a sham-control (phosphate-buffered saline) or live PRRSV (1 × 105 median tissue culture infectious dose[TCID]50/mL, strain NADC20). Fecal samples were collected from 48 individual pigs at pre-infection (−2 d post-inoculation [DPI]), peak-infection (10 DPI), and post-infection (144 DPI) timepoints. Extracted DNA was used to quantify fecal microbiota profiles via 16S bacterial rRNA sequencing. Differences in bacterial communities among diet groups were evaluated with principal coordinate analysis and permutational multivariate analysis of variance using UniFrac distance matrices based on both unweighted and weighted UniFrac distances using QIIME 2. All other data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA performed on square root transformations using R. Across all timepoints, only a few differences were observed due to ISF alone mainly in lowly abundant genera. The most notable differences observed were decreased relative abundance of Actinobacteria at 144 DPI between noninfected and infected treatments (P &lt; 0.05), which is consistent with various dysbioses observed in other disease models. Our findings indicate that the differences present were mainly due to PRRSV-infection alone and not strongly influenced by diet, which implies that previously observed performance benefits conferred by dietary ISF are not likely due to the changes in microbiome composition.

Evaluation of the National Research Council (NRC) nutrient requirements for beef cattle: Predicting feedlot performance

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 787-792
Author(s):  
E. K. Okine ◽  
D. H. McCartney ◽  
J. B. Basarab
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Feeder Cattle

The accuracy of predicted CowBytes® versus actual dry matter intake (DMI) and average daily gain (ADG) of 407 Hereford × Angus and Charolais × Maine Anjou (445.6 ± 36 kg) feeder cattle using digestable enery acid detergent fiber (DE) estimated from the (ADF) content [Laboratory analysis method (LAB)] and from values determined in vivo (INVIVO method) was examined. The diet consisted of a 73.3% concentrate diet, 22.0% barley silage, 1.6% molasses, and 3.1% feedlot supplement fed ad libitum (as-fed basis). The calculated DE values of the feed were used to predict the metabolizable energy (ME), net energy of maintenance (NEm), and net energy of gain (NEg) of the diet. These energy values were then used in CowBytes® to predict dry matter intake (DMI), ADG, and days on feed (DOF) necessary to meet targeted quality grade of AA and weights of 522 and 568 kg for the heifers and steers, respectively. There was no effect of gender and prediction method interaction (P > 0.10) on any of the variables measured. There were no (P > 0.05) differences in predicted DMI by either the INVIVO or LAB method but both methods underestimated DMI actually consumed by the cattle by 6.8 and 4.9% (P = 0.007), respectively. Indeed, regression values from these predictive methods and actual DMI were (P < 0.05) different from the one-to-one relationship expected by definition. In spite of the higher actual DMI, the actual ADG of the cattle was 14 and 11% (P = 0.0004) lower than was predicted by either the INVIVO or LAB methods. A possible reason for the lower ADG could be an overestimation of DE of the diet. Thus, if available, users of CowBytes® should use actual DMI from their experience in ration formulation. In addition, the effects of environmental temperature on digestibility of diets should be taken into consideration when using the DE of the diet as determined from in vivo digestibility trials or calculated from chemical analyses in determining the DMI of feedlot cattle. Key words: Beef cattle, performance, CowBytes®, National Research Council

Effects of low protein diets on growth performance, carcass traits and ammonia emission of barrows and gilts

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 146 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Madrid ◽  
S. Martínez ◽  
C. López ◽  
J. Orengo ◽  
M. J. López ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Ammonia Emission ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Pig Performance ◽  
Protein Diets

The aim of the present research was to determine the effect of low protein diets on growth performance, carcass traits and ammonia emission from barrows and gilts during the growing and finishing periods. For each period, three diets were formulated. A control diet (C) with 160 and 155 g crude protein (CP)/kg for the growing and finishing, respectively, a medium level diet (M) and a low level diet (L) with 10 and 20 g CP/kg less than the C, respectively. All the diets were supplemented with crystalline amino acids on an ideal protein basis. Barrows (90) and gilts (90) were sorted by bodyweight and sex and housed in three identical manually ventilated chambers. No significant effects of diet on pig performance were observed. In the finishing period, barrows were heavier (P < 0.001) and had higher average daily gain (P < 0.01) and average daily feed intake (P < 0.01) than gilts. Pigs fed the L diet had higher backfat thickness than those fed the other diets in the growing period (P < 0.05). Backfat thickness was higher (P < 0.01) in barrows than in gilts. Muscle depth decreased in pigs fed the L diet in the finishing period. Muscle depth was not affected (P > 0.05) by sex. Average ammonia emissions during the last 6 days were 117.7, 94.2 and 85.5 mg ammonia/kg pig.day for pigs fed the C, M and L diets, respectively. The results show that a reduction in dietary CP of 10 g/kg, accompanied by supplementation with crystalline amino acid reduced ammonia emission by 19.9% with no detrimental effects on growth performance and carcass characteristics, and a reduction of 20 g/kg reduced ammonia emission by 27.3% with no detrimental effects on growth performance but reduced muscle depth at slaughter.

The effect of cyadox supplementation on metabolic hormones and epidermal growth factor in pigs

2006 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. Zhu ◽  
Z. H. Yuan ◽  
Y. L. Wang ◽  
Y. S. Qiu ◽  
S. X. Fan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Epidermal Growth Factor ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Metabolic Hormones ◽  
Entire Experiment ◽  
Epidermal Growth ◽  
Pig Performance

AbstractThis study was conducted to evaluate the effect of cyadox on endocrine hormones and growth factor in pigs. Forty-eight crossbred pigs (35±7 days) were randomly allotted to one of four treatments, with six replicate pens per treatment and two pigs per pen. Pigs were offered one of four diets including a control diet or the control diet supplemented with cyadox at either 25, 50 or 100 mg/kg for 8 weeks. Growth performance data and serum were collected every 2 weeks. Serum epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin, thyroid hormones (tri-iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)), and cortisol concentrations were determined. Results indicated that average daily gain (ADG) and gain/food ratio increased linearly and quadratically with increasing cyadox levels. The treatment containing cyadox at 50 mg/kg improved ADG by proportionately 0·241 and food efficiency by 0·25 (P<0·05) during the entire experiment. In our study, EGF (during weeks 4 to 8), insulin (during weeks 4 to 6), thyroid hormones (in week 4) concentrations increased quadratrically (P<0·05) and the cortisol concentrations (in week 4) decreased linearly (P<0·01) with increasing supplementation of cyadox. Pigs given 50 mg/kg cyadox diet had greater (P<0·05) EGF concentrations than pigs on other diets throughout the experiment. An increase (proportionately 0·22) in serum insulin concentrations in cyadox group was also observed (P<0·05) in week 4. From week 2 to week 4, the T4concentrations of cyadox group increased by 50% (P<0·05). Moreover, feeding cyadox to pigs elevated their serum T3concentrations (P<0·05) in the 4th week and 8th week. The cortisol concentrations of cyadox group were decreased (P<0·05) in week 4. These results suggest that cyadox improve pig performance by altering concentrations of peripheral metabolic hormones and growth factor.

scholarly journals Effects of increasing copper from tri-basic copper chloride or a copper-methionine chelate on growth performance of nursery pigs1,2

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 369-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corey B Carpenter ◽  
Jason C Woodworth ◽  
Joel M DeRouchey ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Robert D Goodband ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Copper Chloride ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Nursery Pig ◽  
Source Level ◽  
Pig Performance ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Two Phases

Abstract A total of 2,117 pigs were used in two 35-d growth experiments to determine the effects of increasing added Cu from tri-basic copper chloride (TBCC) or a Cu-methionine chelate (Cu-chelate) on nursery pig growth performance. In experiment 1, 1,452 pigs (350 barrows [DNA 200 × 400; initially 5.9 ± 0.17 kg] in group 1 and 1,102 pigs [PIC 1050 × 280; initially 6.0 ± 0.26 kg] in group 2) were weaned at approximately 21 d of age. In experiment 2, 665 pigs (350 barrows, DNA 200 × 400; initially 6.4 ± 0.19 kg, in group 3 and 315 pigs, DNA 241 × 600; initially 5.2 ± 0.49 kg, in group 4) were weaned at approximately 21 d of age. Pigs in groups 1, 2, and 3 were fed a common starter diet for 7 d and pigs in group 4 were fed a common diet for 5 d after weaning before starting experiments. On d 0 of each experiment, pens of pigs were blocked by body weight (BW) and assigned to 1 of 7 dietary treatments. Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial plus one control diet, with main effects of Cu source (TBCC vs. Cu-chelate) and level. Copper levels were 50, 100, or 150 mg/kg in experiment 1 and 75, 150, or 225 mg/kg in experiment 2. Diets were corn-soybean meal-based and fed in meal form in two phases (d 0 to 14 and 14 to 35). In experiment 1 from d 0 to 35, there was a Cu source × level interaction (linear, P &lt; 0.05) for average daily gain (ADG) and d 35 BW where the magnitude of improvement with increasing Cu was greater in pigs fed Cu-chelate compared to those fed TBCC. Increasing added Cu increased (linear, P &lt; 0.01) average daily feed intake (ADFI) and gain:feed (G:F). Although Cu source did not influence G:F, pigs fed Cu from Cu-chelate had greater (P ≤ 0.01) ADG and ADFI than those fed Cu from TBCC. In experiment 2, from d 0 to 35, there were no evidence for Cu source × level interactions. Increasing Cu increased (linear, P &lt; 0.05) ADG and final BW. The increase in ADG combined with unaffected ADFI resulted in marginally increased G:F (linear, P = 0.052). In summary, these results suggest that increasing dietary Cu from TBCC or a Cu-chelate improved overall ADG, and d 35 BW in nursery pigs and Cu source has potential to influence nursery pig performance.

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