35 Effect of Late Gestational Heat Stress on Placental Characteristics in Dairy Cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 34-34
Author(s):  
Greer M Potadle ◽  
Geoff Dahl ◽  
Thaigo Fabris ◽  
Jennifer M Bundy ◽  
Howard Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Placental Weight ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Humidity Index ◽  
Placental Efficiency

Abstract To determine the effects of late gestation heat stress on placental development, dairy cows were exposed to heat stress (HT, shade) or cooled (CL, shade, fans and soakers) during the final 46 d pre-calving on the University of Florida dairy facility (temperature-humidity index; THI >68). We hypothesize heat stress (or lack of heat abatement) will reduce placental efficiency and in turn increase placental weight, surface area, and volume. At expulsion all placentae were collected and total placental weight was determined as well as individual cotyledonary weights, surface areas, and volume. In addition, the total number of total cotyledons was recorded and cotyledonary color and placental growth abnormalities (i.e. teratomas) were recorded and photographed. All data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS. In addition, associations between parameters were determined by calculating Pearson Correlation Coefficients using SAS. Placentae from HT cows had a higher total placental weight, higher non-vascular membrane weight, higher total cotyledonary weight, higher total cotyledonary volume, and a higher incidence of teratomas than those from CL cows (P < 0.05). HT cows also had placentae with a significantly greater average cotyledonary weight and volume (P < 0.05). HT cows tended to have a greater incidence of color abnormalities in the placenta (P < 0.075). In addition, HT cows had significantly lighter calves at birth (P < 0.05). These data demonstrate that heat stress (or lack of heat abatement) impacts placental growth during the final stages of gestation, resulting in heavier placentae, an increase in cotyledonary weight and volume, but not an increase in the total number of cotyledons or total cotyledonary surface area. These placental alterations ultimately resulted in lighter calves at birth.

scholarly journals Determination of relationships between placental characteristics and birth weight in Morkaraman sheep

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selçuk Özyürek ◽  
Doğan Türkyilmaz
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Placental Weight ◽  
Effective Parameters ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Average Birth Weight ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Birth Type

Abstract. The aim at this study was to determine the relationships among the lamb birth weight, the average cotyledon surface area (ACSA) and cotyledon size. Data were collected from 101 ewes. The general linear model and Pearson correlation coefficient were used for statistical comparison and determination of relationships between variables. Average birth weight (BW), placental weight (PW), cotyledon number (CN), placental efficiency (PE), cotyledon density (CD), cotyledon efficiency (CE) and ACSA were 4.175±.09, 448.8±13.4, 53.34±1.9, 9.65±.3, 0.125±.00, 10.66±.34 and 7.81±.19 cm2, respectively. There was no difference between BW and PE for parity; however, PW, CN, CD, CE and ACSA were affected (p<0.05) by parity. ACSA was found to be the lowest (7.33±.99) with a parity of 2 and the highest (8.61±1.5) with a parity of 4. Birth type affected significantly BW, CN, CD (p<0.05), PW (p<0.001) and ACSA (p<0.01). As the parity progressed, cotyledon depth (CDe) (0.74±.30) and cotyledon width (CWi) (2.64±.46) increased. ACSA, which is a new parameter for uterine capacity, had positive correlations with BW (0.498; p<0.01), PW (0.415; p<0.01), large cotyledon number (CNl) (0.685; p<0.01), cotyledon length (CL) (0.932; p<0.01), CWi (0.920; p<0.01) and cotyledon depth (0.388; p<0.01). The most important finding of this study was the positive correlation between the birth weight and the average cotyledon surface area. This study indicates that average cotyledon surface area and cotyledon size traits (CL and CWi) may be more effective parameters to produce heavier lambs. In conclusion, it is thought that lamb deaths will decrease as a result of triggering placental development with proper feeding during pregnancy. For this purpose, it is recommended to conduct new studies examining the relationship between pregnancy feeding and ACSA. Highlights. Cotyledon number and cotyledon density decrease with parity, while CE increases. The birth type has a significant effect on BW, PW, CN and CD. There are positive correlations between the placental weight and large cotyledon number, cotyledon length and cotyledon width. ACSA can be used as an important parameter to increase the weight of lambs. Especially in multiple birthing, ACSA has been found to be a more determinant index to express uterine capacity instead of PE or CE.

scholarly journals TMP-SSurface: A Deep Learning-Based Predictor for Surface Accessibility of Transmembrane Protein Residues

Crystals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Lu ◽  
Zhe Liu ◽  
Bowen Kan ◽  
Yingli Gong ◽  
Zhiqiang Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Transmembrane Protein ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Transmembrane Proteins ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Accessible Surface Area ◽  
Interaction Sites ◽  
Accessible Surface

Transmembrane proteins (TMPs) play vital and diverse roles in many biological processes, such as molecular transportation and immune response. Like other proteins, many major interactions with other molecules happen in TMPs’ surface area, which is important for function annotation and drug discovery. Under the condition that the structure of TMP is hard to derive from experiment and prediction, it is a practical way to predict the TMP residues’ surface area, measured by the relative accessible surface area (rASA), based on computational methods. In this study, we presented a novel deep learning-based predictor TMP-SSurface for both alpha-helical and beta-barrel transmembrane proteins (α-TMP and β-TMP), where convolutional neural network (CNN), inception blocks, and CapsuleNet were combined to construct a network framework, simply accepting one-hot code and position-specific score matrix (PSSM) of protein fragment as inputs. TMP-SSurface was tested against an independent dataset achieving appreciable performance with 0.584 Pearson correlation coefficients (CC) value. As the first TMP’s rASA predictor utilizing the deep neural network, our method provided a referenceable sample for the community, as well as a practical step to discover the interaction sites of TMPs based on their sequence.

126. IMPLICATIONS FOR FETAL AND PLACENTAL DEVELOPMENT FOLLOWING MITOCHONDRIAL PERTURBATION IN THE EMBRYO

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
S. Wakefield ◽  
M. Lane ◽  
M. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Function ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Threshold Effect ◽  
Blastocyst Stage ◽  
Placental Weight ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Crown Rump Length ◽  
Fetal Survival ◽  
Placental Efficiency

The environment an embryo is exposed to can profoundly influence peri- and post-natal development despite having some capacity to adapt. Whilst the mechanisms responsible remain largely unknown, mitochondria are a likely target. In this study we deliberately perturbed mitochondrial function in the mouse embryo, using a model we have established that shows step-wise changes in embryo metabolism and development. The aim of this study was to provide direct evidence implicating mitochondrial dysfunction in the embryo with perturbed fetal and placental development. Zygote stage embryos were recovered from superovulated female mice and cultured in control conditions to the 2-cell stage. Embryos were then allocated to one of three treatments; control media (0μM-AOA), 5μM or 50μM of the known mitochondrial inhibitor, Amino-Oxyacetate, in the absence of pyruvate (5μM-AOA, 50μM-AOA). Embryos were cultured to the blastocyst stage, then transferred to pseudopregnant recipients, with fetal and placental parameters measured on day 18 of pregnancy. Implantation rates and fetal survival for both 5μM-AOA and 50μM-AOA was comparable to control embryos. For 5μM-AOA there was a significant reduction in placental weight (P=0.02) but normal fetal weight, and a significant increase in fetal: placental weight ratio (P=0.002) relative to the control, suggesting increased placental efficiency. When mitochondria were further perturbed (50μM-AOA), the fetuses and placentas were both considerably compromised: that is, decreased fetal and placental weights (P=0.002), reduced placental diameter (P=0.03) and decreased fetal crown rump length (P=0.07). This study demonstrates that mitochondrial function in the embryo impacts on peri-natal development, providing compelling evidence for mitochondrial function involvement in the mechanisms underpinning “embryo programming”. This data suggests a threshold effect, whereby embryos can only adapt up until a point after which development is compromised. Further elucidating these mechanisms is important for understanding how maternal environments and embryo culture systems determine development of future offspring.

scholarly journals Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) Supplementation to Mouse Dams in Gestation Does Not Affect Fetal Weight Variation of Offspring or Placental Development (P09-003-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Clarke ◽  
Nathan Horn ◽  
Gerald Shurson ◽  
Christopher Faulk ◽  
Lee Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Placental Weight ◽  
Fetal Weight ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Weight Variation ◽  
Pulse Dose ◽  
Pregnant Mice ◽  
Placental Efficiency ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract Objectives The objective of this study was to determine if supplementing mouse dam diets with β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) calcium salt throughout gestation would improve pup fetal weight uniformity and placental development. Methods Data were collected from 27 genetically identical mouse dams and their offspring. Dams were assigned to one of 4 dietary treatments: Control (CON; n = 7), Low HMB (LHMB; 3.5 mg/g diet; n = 6), High HMB (HHMB; 35 mg/g diet; n = 7), and low HMB pulse dose (PUL; 3.5 mg/g diet; n = 7) from days 6 to 10 of gestation. All dams were fed a swine lactation derived corn-soy diet with HMB supplementation only during gestation. Dams were euthanized on day 18 of gestation. Results Dietary treatment did not affect total number of pups per litter, but fetal weight was greater (P < 0.05) for pups from PUL dams (1.05 ± 0.02 g) than LHMB (0.94 ± 0.02 g) or HHMB (0.95 ± 0.02 g) dams. Within-litter variation (standard deviation and coefficient of variation) and range of fetal weights was not different among treatments. Differences between the median fetal weight within litter and weight of the lowest weight fetal pup in each litter were similar among treatments. Supplementation with HMB did not influence weight of placentae or area of the placental labyrinth. Placental efficiency, measured as fetal weight/placental weight, was less (P < 0.05) for LHMB dams compared to CON dams. Conclusions In conclusion, dietary supplementation of HMB for pregnant mice had no effect on fetal weight variation within litter. Supplementing diets with β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate had no effect on placental weight or labyrinth area but reduced placental efficiency in dams fed LHMB. Funding Sources This research has been supported and funded by BioMatrix International, Princeton, MN.

scholarly journals Analysis of quality and prediction of external and internal egg traits in Mexican native turkey hens

2020 ◽  
pp. 647
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Portillo- Salgado ◽  
Benigno Ruiz- Sesma ◽  
Paula Mendoza- Nazar ◽  
José Guadalupe Herrera- Haro ◽  
Jaime Bautista- Ortega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Internal Quality ◽  
Unit Surface Area ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Shell Weight

This study aimed to evaluate external and internal quality traits and determine prediction equations for some of these traits in eggs of Mexican native turkey hens. A total of 72 eggs from native turkey hens in the laying stage raised in rural municipality of Villaflores, Chiapas were measured. The external traits evaluated were: egg weight (EW), polar diameter (PD), equatorial diameter (ED), egg shape index (SI), shell weight (SW), shell percentage (SP), egg surface area (ESA) and shell weight per unit surface area (SSA). The internal traits were: albumen height (AH), yolk height (YH), albumen weight (AW), yolk weight (YW), Haugh units (HU), albumen percentage (AP), yolk percentage (YP) and yolk color (YC). The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficients (r) and linear regression using the SAS program, ver. 9.4. The values obtained for the external egg quality traits showed greater variability. Pearson's correlation coefficients between external and internal traits were positive and moderately significant (P <0.05), as well as highly significant (P <0.0001), and ranged from r = 0.31 (EW vs PD) to r = 0.99 (ED vs ESA). All linear regression equations to predict EW, SW, AW and YW were found to be significant (<.0001). The best predictors of EW were PD, SI, SW and ESA (R2 = 76%). SW and YW traits can be adequately predicted using the EW and SI values together (R2 = 59% and R2 = 74%, respectively), while the AW can be predicted from the EW (R2 = 33%). Based on the results obtained, it is suggested to implement selection programs to improve the quality parameters of the native turkey hen egg in Mexico.

scholarly journals A área da superfície adesiva no ensaio de microtração afeta a resistência de união entre uma cerâmica feldspática e um cimento resinoso?

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Felipe Valandro ◽  
Mutlu Özcan ◽  
Regina Amaral ◽  
Sheila Pestana Passos ◽  
Marco Antonio Bottino
Keyword(s):  
Bond Strength ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Glass Ceramic ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Resin Cement ◽  
Microtensile Bond Strength ◽  
Correlation Test ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Pearson Correlation Test

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of the bonded surface area on the bond strength of a resin cement to a glass ceramic. Methods: Surfaces of 12 glass ceramic blocks (6x6x4mm3) were conditioned with 10% hydrofluoric acid and silanizated. The conditioned blocks were placed inside a silicone mold and the dual-cure resin cement was applied on the treated surface. Specimens were stored sectioned for obtaining samples with different bonded surface areas: Gr1 - 0.7mm x 0.7mm (0.5mm²), Gr2 - 1mm x 1mm (1mm²), Gr3 - 1.4mm x 1.4mm (2mm²). The non-trimmed beam samples were submitted to the microtensile bond strength test in a universal testing machine (cross-head speed: 1 mm/min). Data were statistically analyzed (ANOVA and Tukey’s test;; Pearson Correlation test). Results: The microtensile bond strength results were significantly affected by the bonded surface area (p<.0001). The highest bond strength (MPa) was of the Gr1 (26.3±8.2a), followed by Gr2 (20.8±6.5b) and Gr3 (16.1±5.7c). The Pearson correlation test revealed that there is an inverse correlation between bonded surface area and microtensile bond strength results (r=-0.5234; p<0.0001). Conclusion: The lowest bonded surface areas provided the highest values of bond strength.

scholarly journals Maternal nutrition during early and late gestation in gilts and sows under commercial conditions: impacts on maternal growth and litter traits1

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (12) ◽  
pp. 4957-4964 ◽  
Author(s):  
André L Mallmann ◽  
Deivison P Fagundes ◽  
Carlos E Vier ◽  
Gabriela S Oliveira ◽  
Ana P G Mellagi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Placental Weight ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Body Measurements ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Litter Traits ◽  
Placental Efficiency ◽  
High Level

Abstract The effects of two different feeding levels, offered in two phases during gestation, on body measurements and litter traits were evaluated in 152 gilts and 551 sows. The treatments consisted of the combination of two gestation phases (phase 1—days 22 to 42; phase 2—days 90 to 110) and two feed amounts (1.8 or 3.5 kg/d). Females were weighed on days 22, 42, 90, and 110 of gestation. Born alive and stillborn piglets were weighed within 12 h of birth. Total placental efficiency (ratio between litter weight and total placental weight) was measured in 518 females. Variables concerning body measurements at days 42 and 90 of gestation were analyzed considering the effects of feed amount, parity order (PO) and its interaction as a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Body measurements at day 110 of gestation and litter traits were analyzed considering the effects of feed amounts in phase 1, feed amounts in phase 2, PO and their interactions, as a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. As expected, BW, backfat, and caliper units were greater at days 42, 90, and 110 (P ≤ 0.006) for females fed 3.5 kg/d during the previous phase than those fed 1.8 kg. No differences were observed among feed levels in total number of piglets born, mummified fetuses, sum of born alive and stillborn piglets, and within-litter birth weight CV (P ≥ 0.118). The percentage of stillborn piglets was affected by a three-way interaction (feed level at phase 1 × feed level at phase 2 × PO). Gilts fed 1.8 kg/d at phase 1 and 3.5 kg/d at phase 2 had fewer stillborn piglets than the other females (P ≤ 0.004). Birth weight was not affected by feed levels (P ≥ 0.153); however, sows had heavier piglets than gilts (P &lt; 0.001). Females fed 3.5 kg/d during phase 2 tended to have heavier litters (P = 0.054) than those fed 1.8 kg/d. Feeding a high level at phase 2 reduced the occurrence of lightweight piglets in gilts, but not in sows (feed level phase 2 × PO; P = 0.031). Total placental weight, average placental weight, and total placental efficiency were not affected by feed level at phase 1, feed level at phase 2 or interactions (P &gt; 0.14). Sows had total placental weight and average placental weight greater (P ≤ 0.003) than gilts. In conclusion, increasing feed intake during phase 1, phase 2, or both phases resulted in increased maternal BW gain, without expressive effects on litter traits. Feeding 3.5 kg/d to gilts during phase 2 reduced the occurrence of lightweight piglets.

scholarly journals 70 Effects of copper, zinc, and manganese intake in late gestation on milk, cow plasma, and calf plasma trace mineral concentrations post-calving in beef cattle

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 45-45
Author(s):  
Emma L Stephenson ◽  
Abigail R Rathert ◽  
Heather Tucker ◽  
Allison M Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Beef Cow ◽  
Zn Concentration ◽  
Copper Zinc ◽  
Positive Correlations

Abstract Multiparous, fall-calving beef cows [n = 48; 649 ± 80 (SD) kg BW; 5.3 ± 0.5 BCS] were individually-fed tall fescue-based hay (12.2% CP, 61.5% NDF) and supplemented to meet/exceed nutrient recommendations except Cu, Zn, and Mn. From approximately 90 d pre-calving to 11 d post-calving, cows received: no additional Cu, Zn, or Mn (CON); Cu, Zn, and Mn sulfates (ITM) or metal methionine hydroxy analogue chelates (CTM, MINTREX®, Novus International) supplying 133% NASEM recommendations; or Cu, Zn, and Mn sulfates and chelates supplying 100% recommendations (reduce and replace, RR). Treatment, sampling day, their interaction, and breeding group were fixed effects with cow as the experimental unit. Colostrum and milk Cu and Mn and plasma Mn were generally not detectable. Colostrum Zn was greater (P ≤ 0.03) in CTM and ITM than CON and RR. All treatments had greater (P < 0.001) colostrum Zn than d 35 milk, which was greater (P ≤ 0.03) than d 60. Treatment did not affect (P ≥ 0.19) cow or calf plasma Cu or Zn post-calving. Calf plasma Zn decreased (P ≤ 0.02) from 0 to 35 d of age. Calf plasma Cu increased (P < 0.01) from 0 to 35 d, then decreased (P = 0.01) from 35 to 60 d. Cow plasma Zn and Cu were greater (P ≤ 0.02) at lactation d 35 and 60 than 1 h post-calving. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to determine relationships among cow and calf mineral status. There were weak positive correlations (P ≤ 0.06) between calf plasma and milk Zn at d 35 and 60. Cow and calf plasma Zn immediately post-calving had a weak negative correlation (P = 0.04). These results indicate greater Zn concentration in beef cow colostrum than milk, and suggest calf circulating Zn is partially dependent on milk Zn concentration.

Chronic maternal hypertension characterized by renal dysfunction is associated with reduced placental blood flow during late gestation in rabbits

2010 ◽  
Vol 298 (4) ◽  
pp. R1043-R1049 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adelle M. McArdle ◽  
Claire T. Roberts ◽  
Devaki Maduwegedera ◽  
Rebecca L. Flower ◽  
Kate M. Denton
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Sham Group ◽  
Moderate Hypertension ◽  
Mild Hypertension ◽  
Placental Weight ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Maternal Hypertension ◽  
Placental Blood ◽  
Placental Efficiency ◽  
Placental Blood Flow

Maternal hypertension associated with renal disease is a common pregnancy complication. Previously, we have shown in a rabbit model of mild hypertension that offspring from hypertensive mothers have increased blood pressure as adults. In human pregnancy, hypertension has been associated with decreased utero-placental blood flow. The aim of this study was to determine placental blood flow (PBF) in mild (2-kidney-1-wrapped; 2K-1W) and moderate (2-kidney-2-wrapped; 2K-2W) rabbit models of maternal hypertension. We hypothesized that PBF would be inversely related to the severity of the hypertension. PBF and renal blood flow (RBF) were measured using microspheres on day 28 of a 32-day gestation, in normotensive (sham), 2K-1W, and 2K-2W hypertensive groups. Mean arterial pressure (MAP, ∼7 mmHg, P < 0.05) was increased, and RBF (∼35%, P < 0.05) was reduced in the 2K-1W and 2K-2W (MAP ∼20 mmHg, P < 0.01; RBF ∼53%, P < 0.05) groups compared with the sham group. In the 2K-1W group, PBF fell by ∼12% ( P = 0.08) and fetal-to-placental weight ratio increased by ∼12% ( P < 0.01) compared with the sham group, reflecting an increase in the functional capacity of the placenta to deliver nutrients to the fetus. In the 2K-2W group, PBF decreased ∼51% ( P < 0.05) compared with the sham group, without changes in placental efficiency. Thus, in late gestation, placental blood flow was significantly reduced in the moderate hypertension group, without accompanying changes in fetal or placental weight or placental efficiency. In contrast, mild hypertension resulted in an increase in placental efficiency, without significant changes in placental blood flow. These findings suggest that mild and moderate hypertension may alter placental delivery of nutrients via differing mechanisms dependent upon the severity of the hypertension.

Cell morphology, volume, and surface area determinations from multilevel contouring within HVEM micrographs of serial sections and whole-cell mounts

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 588-589
Author(s):  
M. Marko ◽  
A. Leith ◽  
D. Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Electron Micrographs ◽  
Cell Morphology ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Serial Section ◽  
Stereo Pair ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Computer Based

The use of serial sections and computer-based 3-D reconstruction techniques affords an opportunity not only to visualize the shape and distribution of the structures being studied, but also to determine their volumes and surface areas. Up until now, this has been done using serial ultrathin sections.The serial-section approach differs from the stereo logical methods of Weibel in that it is based on the Information from a set of single, complete cells (or organelles) rather than on a random 2-dimensional sampling of a population of cells. Because of this, it can more easily provide absolute values of volume and surface area, especially for highly-complex structures. It also allows study of individual variation among the cells, and study of structures which occur only infrequently.We have developed a system for 3-D reconstruction of objects from stereo-pair electron micrographs of thick specimens.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document