PSIII-1 Influence of prenatal or postnatal exposure to gossypol from cottonseed meal on semen quality in commercial boars: a preliminary study on feral hog control

Abstract The objective was to examine the influence of prenatal (Experiment 1) or postnatal (Experiment 2) exposure to gossypol from cottonseed meal (CSM) on semen quality in commercial boars. In Experiment 1, pregnant sows (n = 5) were fed a diet containing 0% (n = 1), 0.04% (n = 2), or 0.08% (n = 2) gossypol between d 56 and 86 of gestation. Boars (n = 11) born to sows in each treatment group (0% gossypol n = 3; 0.04% gossypol n = 4; 0.08% gossypol n = 4) were fed a common diet without CSM, and semen was collected at 269±2 d of age using a live sow in estrus. In Experiment 2, boars (n = 21) were fed a diet containing 0%, 0.02%, or 0.04% gossypol between 63±1 and 105±1 d of age (Initial BW: 19.85±0.43 kg). After the treatment period, boars were fed a common diet without CSM, and semen was collected at 238±7 d of age using a breeding dummy. Sperm cell concentration, percentage of motile sperm cells, and percentage of progressively motile sperm cells were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with treatment as a fixed effect in Experiment 1 and 2 and dam as a random effect in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, semen was not successfully collected from every boar; therefore, chi-square analysis was used to assess semen collection status between treatment groups using the FREQ procedure of SAS. In Experiment 1, there was no difference in sperm concentration (P = 0.45), percent motility (P = 0.71), or percent progressive motility (P = 0.27) between treatment groups. In Experiment 2, there was no difference in sperm concentration (P = 0.72), percent motility (P = 0.17), or percent progressive motility (P = 0.87) between treatment groups. No difference was observed in boar collection status between treatment groups (P = 0.77). In conclusion, prenatal or postnatal exposure to gossypol from CSM did not influence semen quality in commercial boars.

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Dependence of the frequency of sperm defects and dimensions on sperm motility in ejaculates of Polish Landrace boars

Roczniki Naukowe Polskiego Towarzystwa Zootechnicznego ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0013.5067 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 33-45

Author(s):

Maria IWANINA ◽

Stanisław KONDRACKI

Keyword(s):

Sperm Motility ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Sperm Concentration ◽

Sperm Cells ◽

Motile Sperm ◽

Morphometric Measurements ◽

Progressive Motility ◽

Significant Dependence ◽

Normal Head

An attempt was made to determine the dependence of the frequency of sperm defects and dimensions on sperm motility in ejaculates of Polish Landrace boars. The study was conducted on 393 ejaculates collected from 33 Polish Landrace boars. Ejaculates were grouped according to the percentage of sperm with progressive motility, distinguishing ejaculates in which the percentage of motile sperm was 70% and 80%. In each ejaculate, the frequency of morphological changes in the sperm was determined and morphometric measurements of the sperm were made. Ejaculates with a higher proportion of sperm with progressive motility were found to contain more sperm. The ejaculate volume and sperm concentration in the ejaculate were not found to be directly associated with sperm motility. The frequency of primary defects was linked to sperm motility. Ejaculates with higher sperm motility contained fewer sperm with primary defects. The frequency of minor morphological changes, however, shows no significant dependence on sperm motility in the ejaculate. The primary morphological sperm defects most often found in ejaculates are a proximal droplet and the Dag defect. Both of these morphological forms are more common in ejaculates with lower sperm motility. The most common secondary sperm defects include sperm with a simple bent tail, sperm with a free normal head, and sperm with a distal droplet. These defects were not found to depend on sperm motility in the ejaculate. Sperm cells in ejaculates with greater sperm motility had slightly larger dimensions than sperm in ejaculates with lower sperm motility. Ejaculates with higher sperm motility are preferable for use in practice, not only because more insemination portions can be prepared from them, but also due to the lower frequency of primary defects.

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Comparison of semen characteristics between indigenous and Amo breeds cockerel of Gombe State, Nigeria

Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences ◽

10.11113/mjfas.v15n2-1.1540 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (2-1) ◽

pp. 303-306

Author(s):

Tijjani Haruna Usman ◽

Saleh Mohammed Sir ◽

Ma’aruf Bashir Sani

Keyword(s):

Semen Quality ◽

Sperm Concentration ◽

Progressive Motility ◽

Indigenous Breed ◽

Normal Sperm ◽

Abnormal Sperm ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Semen Characteristics ◽

Genetically Improved ◽

Abdominal Massage

The experiment was carried out to compare the semen characteristics of indigenous and Amo strains of cockerel at poultry unit of teaching and research farm of Federal University of Kashere, Gombe State, Nigeria. Semen samples were collected from nine indigenous and nine Amo breeds of cockerel at three days interval for two weeks using abdominal massage technique. Semen samples were examined macroscopically for semen colour, pH and ejaculation volume. Then, microscopic observation was carried for sperm concentration, mass motility, progressive motility, live and dead sperms percentage, normal and abnormal sperm, all for semen characteristics. The results showed a significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) between mass motility, progressive motility, sperm concentration and head defects of 4.85 ± 0.27 to 4.37 ± 0.19, 95.13 ± 0.43 to 81.63 ± 1.15%, 4.93 ± 1.84 to 3.40 ± 1.07×109/ml and 2.96 ± 0.17 to 3.44 ± 0.12% for indigenous and Amo breeds of cockerel, respectively. There were no significant differences observed as semen colour, ejaculate volume, semen pH, live / dead normal sperm neck (mid-piece), tail defects and sperm total abnormalities were found to be 2.85 ± 0.07 to 2.00 ± 0.090.21 ± 0.17 to 0.20 ± 0.02 /ml, 88.85 ± 0.58 to 72.70 ± 0.54% /ml, 11.14 ± 0.58 to 27.29 ± 0.54%, 81.00 ± 0.78 to 66.22 ± 0.61%,9.03 ± 0.42 to 13.96 ± 0.47%, 9.70 ± to 13.00 ± 0.30 and 21.70 ± 0.59 to 30.40 ± 0.53% for the indigenous and Amo breed groups of cockerel, respectively. It was concluded that semen quality characteristics could be differed between genetically improved (Amo strain) and indigenous breed of cockerels.

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Semen quality pattern and age threshold: a retrospective cross-sectional study of 71,623 infertile men in China, between 2011 and 2017

Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology ◽

10.1186/s12958-019-0551-2 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

W. N. Li ◽

M. M. Jia ◽

Y. Q. Peng ◽

R. Ding ◽

L. Q. Fan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Semen Quality ◽

Sperm Count ◽

Sperm Concentration ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Semen Parameters ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Joinpoint Regression ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Progressive Motility ◽

Infertile Men

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to provide information on the semen quality pattern of infertile men and age thresholds for semen parameters in China. Methods This was a retrospective cross-sectional study investigating 71,623 infertile men from the Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC Xiangya in Hunan, China, from 2011 to 2017. The Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Kendall test, linear regression model and joinpoint regression were used. Results Although erratic changes were observed in the median semen parameters (sperm concentration 40.1–52.1 × 106/ml, total sperm count 117.8–153.1 × 106, sperm progressive motility 33.4–38.1%) during the 7 years of observation, no significant decrease in semen quality was found, and 47.88% of infertile men showed normal semen parameters according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. According to the joinpoint regression analysis, sperm progressive motility appeared to decrease earlier than the sperm concentration and total sperm count (at 28, 58, and 42 years of age, respectively). Conclusions There is no evidence of a deterioration in semen quality among infertile men in Hunan, China. Semen parameters decreased with increasing age, with turning points noted at different ages. Semen parameters are not absolute evidence for the assessment of male fertility potential. Therefore, we believe that, among semen parameters, the sperm concentration is the best predictor of fertility for ART, followed by motility. Decreased sperm motility may affect natural pregnancy, but it is not necessary for successful IVF.

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EVALUATION OF SEMEN FROM YOUNG BEEF BULLS

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas68-046 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 347-352

Author(s):

H. B. Jeffery ◽

R. T. Berg ◽

R. M. Gratz

Keyword(s):

Volume Concentration ◽

Sperm Concentration ◽

Progeny Test ◽

Motile Sperm ◽

Progressive Motility ◽

Semen Volume ◽

Beef Bulls ◽

One Year

Semen was collected over a 30-day period from 18 yearling beef bulls, nine Herefords and nine hybrids. Average age at the start of the test was 380 ± 20 days. A total of 112 attempted collections resulted in 94 samples. Fifty percent of ejaculates were considered acceptable for freezing from Herefords and 79% from hybrids, respectively. The hybrid bulls produced significantly more semen per ejaculate (3.3 vs. 2.2 ml), higher sperm concentration (1092 × 106 vs. 657 × 106 per ml), higher sperm numbers per ejaculate (3,834 × 106 vs. 1,499 × 106) and higher total motile sperm per ejaculate (1,999 × 106 vs. 669 × 106). Bull-within-breed variance was significant for semen volume, concentration, initial motility and progressive motility. Progressive motility was in favor of semen from the hybrid bulls but was not statistically significant (48% vs. 36%). It is suggested that the superiority of the hybrid bulls was related to earlier onset of puberty. The trial also suggests that useable semen for progeny test purposes can be obtained soon after bulls reach one year of age.

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Comparative study on the semen quality characteristics of parthenotes and parent toms reared in Nsukka

Nigerian Journal of Animal Production ◽

10.51791/njap.v46i5.288 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 46 (5) ◽

Author(s):

F. U. Udeh ◽

I. J. Ohagenyi ◽

N. E. Ikeh ◽

M. O. Onodugo ◽

V. C. Udeh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sperm Cell ◽

Semen Quality ◽

Sperm Concentration ◽

Quality Characteristics ◽

Semen Parameters ◽

Motile Sperm ◽

Semen Collection ◽

Normal Sperm ◽

Abnormal Sperm ◽

Significant Difference

The study was conducted to evaluate the semen quality characteristics of turkey parthenotes and parent toms. A total of twenty-four turkeys were used for the study. These comprised of twelve parthenotes toms and twelve parent toms. Parthenotes are male turkeys produced through parthenogenesis. The toms were subjected to abdominal massage techniques for semen collection. Semen collection was done twice per week and analyzed for volume, motility, sperm concentration, like sperm, abnormal sperm, normal sperm, dead sperm, total sperm/ejaculates and total motile sperm cells. The results showed that there were significant differences (p<0.05) in semen volume, sperm concentration, normal sperm cell, abnormal sperm and total motile sperm with mean values being 0.35mL, 1.74x109/mL, 97.80%, 2.20%, 1.68x1012 and 0.41ml, 1.50x109/mL, 94.00%, 6.00% and 1.42x1012, respectively for both parthenotes and parent toms. However, semen parameters such as motility, live sperm cell, dead sperm cell and total sperm/ejaculate showed no significant difference (p>0.05) with values of 96.7%, 97.7%, 2.30% and 6.07x109 for parthenotes toms and 93.20%, 98.50%, 1.50% and 6.23x109 for parent toms. It was observed from the results that turkey parthenotes possess good quality semen characteristic and therefore, recommended for use in poultry industry for turkey production.

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Analysis of seasonal variability of sperm donors’ semen parameters

Urologicheskie vedomosti ◽

10.17816/uroved8328-35 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 28-35

Author(s):

Igor A. Korneyev ◽

Ruslan D. Zasseev ◽

Ol'ga B. Pashina ◽

Ali E. Mamedov ◽

Al'bert M. Dogov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Seasonal Variability ◽

Reproductive Medicine ◽

Sperm Concentration ◽

Sperm Parameters ◽

Semen Parameters ◽

Motile Sperm ◽

Sperm Number ◽

Progressive Motility ◽

Sperm Donors ◽

The Mean

Introduction. The concept of seasonal variability of sperm parameters is controversial. However, it should be considered during medical evaluation and solicitation of sperm donors. Aim. To evaluate seasonal variability of sperm parameters from anonymous sperm donors in a reproductive medicine center. Materials and methods. A retrospective study of 1252 semen samples from 39 sperm donors (mean age 27.1 ± 3.9 years) in a reproductive medicine center in Saint Petersburg during the period from October 1, 2015 to October 1, 2017 was performed according to WHO 2010 recommendations. Semen volume, sperm concentration, total sperm number, progressive motility, and number of progressively motile sperm were analyzed. Results. Individual variability in semen parameters was high. The mean ejaculate volume in the summer months was higher than in the autumn, winter, and spring (t = 3.65, p < 0.001; t = 4.18, p < 0.0001; t = 1.92, p = 0.056 respectively). The lowest volume (2.83 ± 1.32 ml) was registered in January. The mean sperm concentration in summer was lower than in autumn, winter, and spring (t = 3.65, p < 0.001; t = 4.18, p < 0.0001; t = 1.92, p = 0.056 respectively). It was higher in winter than in spring and autumn (t = 2.54, p = 0.012; t = 1.72, p = 0.082 respectively). The highest mean sperm concentration was registered in January and the lowest in July (157.2 ± 46.6 and 131.9 ± 44.0 million sperm per ml, respectively). No significant seasonal differences were found in total sperm number, progressive motility, or number of progressively motile sperm (p > 0.1). Conclusions. The study suggests there is both individual and seasonal variability in sperm donors’ semen parameters. As several semen samples are needed to rate semen quality, we recommend that semen analysis for a potential sperm donor be performed in the summer months.

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Application of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) to improve cryopreservation of young bull semen

Annals of Animal Science ◽

10.2478/aoas-2021-0059 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Barbara Szczęśniak-Fabiańczyk ◽

Piotr Gogol ◽

Lechosław Gajda ◽

Zdzisław Smorąg

Keyword(s):

Hydrostatic Pressure ◽

High Hydrostatic Pressure ◽

Sperm Concentration ◽

Membrane Integrity ◽

Computer Assisted ◽

Motile Sperm ◽

Cell Membrane Integrity ◽

Progressive Motility ◽

Bull Semen

Abstract The objective of the study was to determine the effect of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on quality of cryopreserved semen of young bulls. Semen for this study was collected from 8 bulls aged between 13 and 18 months at monthly intervals, from June to September. After collection, semen was diluted in a commercial Bioxcell® extender (one part at 1:1 and a second part to give a sperm concentration of 20 million/0.2 mL), filled into straws and treated with HHP at 30 MPa for 90 min. After HHP treatment, pre-diluted semen (1:1) was diluted to a sperm concentration 20 million/0.2 mL and filled into straws. In addition, part of the semen diluted to a concentration of 20 million/0.2 mL was not treated with HHP (control). All of it was held at +4°C and frozen in a freezer after 2.5-h equilibration. Semen was thawed in a water bath at 38°C and subjected to estimation of the percentage of motile sperm both subjectively and using a computer-assisted semen analyzer and cytometric assessment of sperm cell membrane integrity. Subjective motility and fast progressive motility were significantly higher with pre-diluted (1:1) and HHP treated semen compared to control (P<0.05). No significant differences were observed in percentage of membrane-intact spermatozoa between control and experimental groups. Additionally, the influence of HHP on the sperm of individual bulls was assessed. In bull number 2, the HHP treatment after semen pre-dilution significantly improved progressive motility from 54.1 to 63.4 percent (P <0.05). In bull number 4, the HHP treatment after semen pre-dilution significantly improved subjective motility, rapid motility and progressive motility by 12.5, 16.8 and 16.3 percent, respectively (P<0.05). No effect was seen for 6 bulls. It is concluded that for some bulls, the application of HHP before semen freezing may improve the cryopreservation outcome. However, this requires further research in this area, also to determine the fertilizing capacity of bull semen exposed to high hydrostatic pressure.

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Effects of Sperm Parameters on Pregnancy Rate in Patients Undergoing Intrauterine Insemination

Gynecology Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine ◽

10.21613/gorm.2020.1040 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Mehmet Solakhan ◽

Mustafa Demir

Keyword(s):

Intrauterine Insemination ◽

Sperm Count ◽

Sperm Concentration ◽

Sperm Parameters ◽

Motile Sperm ◽

Progressive Motility ◽

Age Related ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Sperm Volume ◽

Infertile Couples

OBJECTIVE: In this study, the effects of sperm parameters on the success of intrauterine insemination were investigated. STUDY DESIGN: The data from 309 infertile couples who were admitted between 2012-2018 without a female factor were analyzed retrospectively and included in the study. After the administration of gonadotropin and hCG (5000-10000 IU), single insemination was performed in 36-40 hours in all cycles. All couples underwent routine infertility screening. The relationship between sperm parameters (motility, morphology, sperm count), patient age, duration of infertility with intrauterine insemination success was evaluated.RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of mean age and age related-parity. There was no statistically significant difference between male ages, liquefaction, and sperm volumes between the two groups (p=0.898, p=0.448, p=0.651). Before washing; There was a statistically significant difference between the sperm concentration, percentage of total motile sperm, percentage of progressive motility sperm, percentage of normal sperm morphology, and total sperm count between the two groups (p=0.0001, p=0.0001, p=0.0001, p=0.0001, p=0.0001). After sperm washing; the results were similar to those obtained before washing. While statistically significant difference was observed between sperm volume and sperm concentrations (p=0.023, p=0.018), no significant difference was observed between the two groups in total sperm count (p=0.612).CONCLUSION: As a result, during the application of intrauterine insemination to infertile couples, total motile sperm count, progressive motility sperm count ratio and high sperm ratio with normal morphology used in order to increase pregnancy success can be considered as criteria that increase the chances of success.

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An age-based sperm nomogram: the McGill reference guide

Human Reproduction ◽

10.1093/humrep/deaa196 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (10) ◽

pp. 2213-2225

Author(s):

Mali Salmon-Divon ◽

Guy Shrem ◽

Jacques Balayla ◽

Tamar Nehushtan ◽

Alexander Volodarsky-Perel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Significant Influence ◽

Semen Quality ◽

Sperm Concentration ◽

Semen Parameters ◽

Progressive Motility ◽

Semen Volume ◽

Fourth Decade ◽

Reference Limits ◽

Age Dependent ◽

Entire Dataset

Abstract STUDY QUESTION How does age affect various semen parameters? SUMMARY ANSWER For most semen parameters, the nomogram of the entire population was biphasic, peaking around the fourth decade of life. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY In clinical practice, semen quality is examined by using the WHO 2010 reference limits but these limits do not account for male age. A percentile-based, large-scale nomogram describing how different semen parameters change throughout reproductive life has been lacking. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A retrospective study was conducted with 12 188 sperm samples, obtained from individuals who attended the McGill University Health Centre reproductive clinic between 2009 and 2018. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS One sample from each individual who attended the clinic during the study period was analysed by using computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA). The analysed parameters were human-verified and included sperm concentration, motility, progressive motility, total count, morphology and semen volume. Based on this analysis, the entire dataset (n = 12 188) was further divided into two groups of samples: samples that surpassed the WHO 2010 lower reference limits (‘above reference limits’ group, ARL; n = 6305), and samples that did not (‘below reference limit’ group, BRL; n = 5883). Regression quantiles were fitted as a function of age to generate age-dependent nomograms, and these quantiles were divided into 5th, 25th, 50th, 75th and 95th percentiles. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE In the entire dataset, age had a significant influence (P < 0.001) on all parameters (except morphology) which demonstrated a biphasic trend peaking in the fourth decade of life. In the ARL group, age had a significant influence (P < 0.01) on all semen parameters except sperm concentration and morphology. However, unlike in the entire dataset, only semen volume demonstrated a biphasic trend in the ARL group (peaking in the fourth decade of life), whereas other parameters either remained unchanged (concentration and morphology) or consistently declined with age (sperm motility, progressive motility and total sperm count). Percentile-based nomograms were generated for individuals between the ages of 20 and 60 years in the entire dataset and in the ARL group. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION First, the semen samples were obtained from individuals who were referred to a fertility clinic, such that the entire dataset does not necessarily represent the general population. Second, the cross-sectional sampling design increases variance, and the nomograms are less accurate in the 5th and 95th percentiles and at the extremes of the age distributions. Third, the observed age-dependent changes in semen parameters do not necessarily indicate changes in fertility, as not all factors that affect male fertility were analysed. Fourth, some of our semen analyses employed CASA, which can have variability issues. Finally, our models did not incorporate possible secular trends. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS We provide the first nomogram that correlates age with semen quality parameters in different population percentiles, thus complementing the current reference limits set by the WHO in 2010. Most examined semen parameters in our study changed non-linearly with age; therefore, age should be regularly employed as a factor in the clinical analysis of semen samples. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) The authors have not received any funding to support this study. There are no conflicts of interest to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.

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113 Effect of antioxidants on motility and fertility of liquid-stored bovine sperm

Reproduction Fertility and Development ◽

10.1071/rdv32n2ab113 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 183

Author(s):

Y. Honkawa ◽

T. Fujikawa ◽

N. Miura ◽

C. Kubota

Keyword(s):

Embryo Development ◽

Sperm Motility ◽

Sperm Concentration ◽

Frozen Storage ◽

Egg Yolk ◽

P Value ◽

Motile Sperm ◽

Progressive Motility ◽

Bovine Sperm ◽

Liquid Storage

It is difficult to maintain sperm in liquid storage for a long time, compared with permanent frozen storage in liquid nitrogen. Antioxidants have been reported to improve the quality and fertility of liquid-stored semen. In this study, we investigated whether antioxidants can extend the motility and fertility of frozen-thawed sperm in liquid storage. Frozen-thawed semen from one Japanese black bull (one ejaculate) was diluted in Tris-citrate-fructose (TCF) diluent with 10% (v/v) egg yolk to a sperm concentration of 1×107 spermmL−1. The antioxidants β-mercaptoethanol (βMe) and glutathione (GSH) were added independently, at various concentrations (0.1, 0.5, 1, and 5mM) to sperm suspensions, and these preparations were compared with Control (no added antioxidant). Sperm suspensions were packaged in centrifuge tubes and placed at 17°C in air and monitored daily until sperm motility had stopped (up to 14 days). Sperm motility was analysed by the Sperm Motility Analysis System (SMAS; Ditect Co. Ltd), and the percentage of progressively motile sperm (straight-line velocity (VSL) of >25μm s−1; Grade A classified by WHO manual), compared with that recorded on Day 0 (100%), was determined each day. For evaluation of fertilizing ability, after incubation in liquid storage for 0, 3, 5, and 7 days, sperm were used for IVF with invitro-matured oocytes (30 oocytes per treatment, three replicates). Embryo development was recorded as the proportion of embryos that reached blastocyst by 8 days after IVF. Data for motility were analysed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey test, and embryo development using chi-squared test. A P-value<0.05 was considered statistically significant. At 7 days, the percentage of progressively motile sperm was significantly higher for 0.5, 1, and 5mM βMe than for Control (30.8%, 48.1%, and 50.3%, vs. 0%, respectively). Treatments with 1 and 5mM βMe maintained some sperm progressive motility for 14 days (9.5% and 14.5%). Treatment with GSH showed the same trend at 7 days (32.2%, 36.3%, and 13.7% for 0.5, 1, and 5mM, vs. 0% for Control); 1 and 5mM GSH maintained sperm progressive motility over 10 days (24.8% and 4.4%). In both antioxidant treatments, embryo development was achieved with sperm stored for up to 5 days (Day 0 vs. Day 5 for 0.1mM βMe: 17.6% vs. 13.8%; for 1.0mM GSH: 26.0% vs. 6.7%; for Control: 17.6% vs. 0%). In this study, antioxidants extended both motility and fertility of frozen-thawed bovine sperm in liquid storage. This result suggests the possibility of application to AI using liquid-stored bovine semen.

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