PSXIII-6 Effects of cyclic monensin feeding on ruminally cannulated beef steers consuming low-quality forage

Abstract The loss of monensin efficacy when fed continuously requires further study for development of novel feeding strategies that may prolong its effectiveness. In the present study, effects of cyclic monensin feeding on utilization of low-quality forage (LQF; 4.9%CP) were evaluated using ruminally cannulated steers (12 Bos taurus; 260 kg BW). Steers were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: 1) CON (0 mg∙hd-1∙d-1 monensin; Rumensin® 90, Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN), 2) MON (200 mg∙hd-1∙d-1 monensin) or 3) CYC (200 mg∙hd-1∙d-1 monensin for 14 d and 0 mg∙hd-1∙d-1 monensin for subsequent 14 d). Dried distillers grains (1 kg∙hd-1∙d-1) were fed for monensin inclusion. Each of four periods were 28 days in length. Hay, ort, and fecal samples were collected d 10–14 of each period for measures of digestion. Rumen fluid was collected with a suction strainer 0, 2, 4, 8, and 12 h after feeding on d 14 for VFA analysis. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). A period × treatment interaction was not observed for any measure of digestion (DMD, OMD, NDFD; P ≥ 0.39). A period × treatment interaction (P < 0.01) was observed for acetate, propionate, and A:P. An hour effect was observed for all ruminal fermentation parameters (acetate, propionate, A:P ratio, total VFA; P ≤ 0.01). No treatment effects or interactions were observed for any ruminal fermentation parameters by period 4 (P ≥ 0.15), but an hour effect was observed for all parameters (P ≤ 0.03) in period 4. Exploration of novel feeding strategies results in knowledge beef cattle producers can apply in their operations. This data is particularly relevant in cow-calf operations where LQF is often consumed. Although cyclically feeding monensin was similar to continuous feeding, this research furthers our knowledge and understanding of monensin.

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PSII-36 Effect of cyclic monensin feeding on intake and ruminal fermentation parameters in steers consuming low-quality forage

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz258.445 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 217-217

Author(s):

Natasha L Bell ◽

Kayla Hook ◽

Kendrah De Leon ◽

Alicia Hernandez

Keyword(s):

Treatment Effect ◽

Bos Taurus ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Animal Health ◽

Analysis Data ◽

Current Data ◽

Period Effect ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Dried Distillers Grains ◽

Fermentation Parameters

Abstract Effects of cyclic monensin feeding on utilization of low-quality forage (LQF; 4.9%CP) were evaluated using ruminally cannulated steers (12 Bos taurus; 260 kg BW). Steers were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: 1) CON (0 mg∙hd-1∙d-1 monensin; Rumensin® 90, Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN), 2) MON (200 mg∙hd-1∙d-1 monensin) or 3) CYC (200 mg∙hd-1∙d-1 monensin for 14 d and 0 mg∙hd-1∙d-1 monensin for subsequent 14 d). Dried distillers grains (1 kg∙hd-1∙d-1) were fed for monensin inclusion. Each of the four periods were 28 days in length. Hay and ort samples were collected d 10–13 for determination of intake. Rumen fluid was collected with a suction strainer 0, 2, 4, 8, and 12 h after feeding on d 14 for pH analysis. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). Periods were analyzed separately for all measures because of a period effect (P ≤ 0.01). A treatment effect was not observed for forage OM intake (P ≥ 0.10) or total OM intake (P ≥ 0.10). A treatment effect was observed in period 1 for forage NDF intake (P = 0.10) and total NDF intake (P = 0.10), but these effects were not observed in periods 2, 3 or 4 (P ≥ 0.18). A treatment effect (P = 0.02) was observed for pH in period 1, but was not evident in periods 2, 3, or 4 (P ≥ 0.17). An hour effect was observed for pH during all four periods (P ≤ 0.01). In addition to measures of intake and pH, measures were taken for digestion, VFA and microbial sequencing. These measures are currently being evaluated for later reporting. Current data suggest the effects of monensin change over time. Further evaluation of digestion, VFA, and the microbiome are required to determine a clear effect of cyclic monensin feeding.

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PSVII-15 Effects of electrolyzed reduced water on intake, digestion and ruminal fermentation parameters in beef cattle

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab235.796 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 446-447

Author(s):

Natasha L Bell ◽

Daisy A Gonzalez ◽

Kendrah DeLeon

Keyword(s):

Transition Period ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Phase 1 ◽

Analysis Data ◽

Phase 2 ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Fermentation Parameters ◽

Reduced Water ◽

Electrolyzed Reduced Water

Abstract The effect of electrolyzed reduced water consumption by cattle is not well defined. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of electrolyzed reduced water on intake, in vitro true digestibility (IVTD), ORP and pH in four ruminally cannulated steers (4 Bos taurus; 317 kg BW). Steers were subjected to a two period (14 d), two treatment crossover design. Treatment included: 1) standard water (CON; pH = 7.0 ± 1.0) or 2) electrolyzed reduced water (ERW; pH = 9.0 ± 1.0). The project comprised of two studies where the effects of ERW were observed for steers consuming a roughage diet (phase 1) or concentrate diet (phase 2). During Phase 1, animals were provided bermudagrass hay ad libitum. A 14 d transition period followed phase 1 to allow transition of diets. In phase 2, animals were maintained on a concentrate diet. During each period, d 1–8 served as a treatment adaptation phase, d 9–13 allowed for measures of intake and digestion, and rumen fluid was collected at h 0, 2, 4, 8, and 12 after feeding on d 14 for VFA, pH and ORP analysis. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). Intake, digestion, and ruminal fermentation parameters were not different for CON vs ERW steers (P ≥ 0.06). Analysis of VFA data have not been finalized and will be reported later. Results indicate that ERW has no effect on intake, digestion or ruminal fermentation parameters of steers consuming roughage or concentrate diets.

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Effects of roughage type on particle separation, rumination, fiber mat characteristics, in situ degradation, and ruminal fermentation parameters in beef steers

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab214 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Catherine L Lockard ◽

Caleb G Lockard ◽

Wyatt N Smith ◽

Kendall J Karr ◽

Ben P Holland ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Fluid Collection ◽

Latin Square ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Beef Steers ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

In Situ Degradation ◽

Fermentation Parameters

Abstract Six ruminally cannulated steers (average BW = 791 + 71 kg) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square experiment to determine the effects of roughage type on rumination, fiber mat characteristics, and rumen fermentation variables. Three roughages were included at 7% (DM basis) in a steam flaked corn-based diet; cotton burrs (CB), wheat silage (WS), or corn stalks (CS). Steers were fitted with a sensory collar to record rumination behaviors in 2-h intervals at the beginning of the experiment. Each 30-d period consisted of a 7-d of recovery, 14-d of diet adaptation, 7-d of rumination data collection (daily and bi-hourly average rumination), 1-d of rumen fluid collection, and 1-d of rumen evacuations. In situ degradation of individual roughages was determined for 4-d after period 3 evacuations. During rumen evacuations, ruminal contents were removed; the rumen fiber mat (RF) was separated from the liquid portion with a 2 mm sieve, weighed, and a subsample was dried. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with steer as the experimental unit and roughage (CB, WS, and CS) as the main effect. Dry matter intake (DMI) was not different for CB and WS (P = 0.25) and greatest for steers consuming CS diet (P < 0.01). Roughage type did not influence the weight of the RF dry matter (%; DM; P = 0.92), RF weight (P = 0.69), or RF:DMI ratio (P = 0.29). Daily rumination (min/d) did not differ among roughages (P = 0.40), but min of rumination/kg of DMI was greatest for CS (18.0 min), min/kg of NDF was greatest for WS (89.8 min; P = 0.02), and min/kg of peNDF was greatest for CS (132.4 min; P < 0.01). Wheat silage had the greatest percentage of soluble DM and CB-R and CS-R (P < 0.01) had the greatest ruminal degraded DM fraction. Rumen fiber mat did not differ for roughages, although rumination min/kg of DMI and peNDF was greatest for steers consuming CS and WS. In situ degradation determined that CB-R and CS-R had the greatest percentage of ruminal degraded DM. Based on the objective of the experiment, roughage type did not influence daily rumination or fiber mat characteristics.

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537 Intake and ruminal fermentation parameters of beef steers consuming bahiagrass hay treated with calcium oxide

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.2527/asasann.2017.537 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 95 (suppl_4) ◽

pp. 263-263

Author(s):

F. M. Ciriaco ◽

D. D. Henry ◽

T. M. Schulmeister ◽

P. L. P. Fontes ◽

N. Oosthuizen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Calcium Oxide ◽

Beef Steers ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Fermentation Parameters

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PSXIV-41 Warm-season annual or perennial hay fed to growing beef steers with or without dried distillers grains supplementation: ruminal fermentation characteristics, digestion, and feeding behavior

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz258.868 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 438-439

Author(s):

Joel D Sugg ◽

Carly A Hoffmann ◽

Lucas B Kondratovich

Keyword(s):

Feeding Behavior ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Latin Square ◽

Protein Supplementation ◽

Eragrostis Tef ◽

Beef Steers ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Ruminal Ph ◽

Ruminal Digestion

Abstract The effects of hay type and protein supplementation on intake, feeding behavior, nutrient digestion, and ruminal digestion characteristics were evaluated. Ruminally cannulated Angus beef steers (n = 6; BW = 304 kg ± 11 kg) were randomly assigned within a sequence of treatments using a 4 × 6 unbalanced Latin square design (6 steers; and 4 diets; fed once-daily). A 2 x 2 factorial treatment arrangement was used as follows: 1) ‘WW-B. Dahl’ Old World bluestem [Bothriochloa bladhii (Retz) S.T. Blake; WWBD or Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter; TEFF); and 2) dried distillers grain (DDGS) at 0 or 0.5% BW. Each period consisted of a 14-d of adaptation and 7-d collection. Steers were observed (5-min intervals, 24 h) for behavioral assessment; while ruminal pH was continuously measured (wireless pH probe), and ruminal fluid collected at 0, 2, 4, 8, and 16 h after-feeding. Steers fed TEFF hay and those fed DDGS (both, P = 0.04) had greater DMI compared to WWBD and not supplemented. Chewing activity did not differ (P ≥ 0.54). Non-supplemented steers spent more time eating hay (P < 0.01) than supplemented steers. Average ruminal pH of TEFF (6.32) was lower (P > 0.01) than WWBD (6.56). Non-supplemented steers produced less in vitro total gas and methane (both, P = 0.02) per g rumen fluid DM. The VFA profile was not affected (P ≥ 0.45) by treatments. Apparent total-tract digestibility and ruminal degradation (P ≤ 0.01) were greater with TEFF fed steers than WWBD. Hemicellulose digestion was reduced by 6.95% (P = 0.03) with DDGS supplementation. An annual hay in place of a conventional perennial hay improved intake, ruminal digestion of nutrients, without affecting feeding behavior, while supplementation with DDGS reduced forage intake time and quantity, without negatively affecting ruminal fiber digestion.

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PSI-2 Evaluation of feed by-products on in vitro DMD, methane production and ruminal fermentation parameters

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz258.585 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 289-290

Author(s):

Sidonie P Robinson ◽

Kim Ominski ◽

Karin Wittenberg ◽

Emma McGeough

Keyword(s):

Rumen Fluid ◽

Block Design ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Mitigation Potential ◽

Ch4 Production ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Fermentation Parameters ◽

By Products ◽

Corn Ddgs

Abstract In-vitro batch culture assessment was used to examine DMD, ruminal fermentation parameters and CH4 production associated with a range of by-products feeds including pea hulls, pea screenings, soybean, soybean meal, wheat bran, wheat screenings, wheat DDGS, wheat corn DDGS, corn DDGS, coarse hemp powder, hemp hulls, flax screenings, nexera canola, commodity canola, sunflower screenings, quinoa and dogwood in a randomized complete block design. By-products were obtained from various locations across Manitoba at 3 monthly timepoints to account for sample variability. By-products (0.5g DM) were weighed individually into jars and incubated at 39°C in jars containing buffered medium and rumen fluid for 48 hrs. Gas samples were collected at 3,6,9,12,18,24,36 and 48 hr and CH4, DM disappearance, pH, VFA and ammonia concentrations were measured. Data were analysed using the MIXED procedure of SAS including treatment as a fixed effect and run, block, month and location as random effects. Methane output was regressed on CP and NDF to determine the effect of these constituents. Treatment had a significant effect (P < 0.0001) on CH4 (ml/g DMD) produced, with dogwood having the lowest cumulative CH4 (11.13 ml/g DMD) compared to all other treatments. Methane (ml/g DMD) decreased (P < 0.0005) as pH decreased. An inverse relationship between protein and CH4 was apparent, which explained 31% (R2= 0.31) of the CH4 (ml/g DMD) produced. Further, NDF (%) had a significant effect (P < 0.0001) on CH4 and explained 25% (R2=0.25) of the CH4 (ml/g DMD) produced. Overall, by-products higher in crude protein and lower in NDF produced lower (P < 0.001) CH4 ml/g DMD. Although the addition of dogwood to cattle diets is novel, it does show potential CH4 mitigation potential using in vitro assessment.

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196 Screening several phytogenic compounds for their effect on ruminal fermentation parameters in cattle fed high grain diet

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa278.286 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. 156-157

Author(s):

Sara Ricci ◽

Renee M Petri ◽

Ezequias Castillo-Lopez ◽

Raul Rivera-Chacon ◽

Nicole Reisinger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Low Dose ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Microbial Fermentation ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Ruminal Ph ◽

Ruminal Acidosis ◽

Garlic Oil ◽

Fermentation Parameters

Abstract Phytogenic compounds, e.g. secondary plant compounds and essential oils, are often used as supplements in ruminant nutrition to modulate microbial fermentation under ruminal dysbiosis associated with high grain feeding. The aim of this study was to evaluate the short-term effects of phytogenic compounds on volatile fatty acids (VFA) production and composition in cows affected by subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA). Nine substances were tested at low and high dosage (1x and 10x respectively) using nine non-lactating ruminally cannulated Holstein cows, adapted to a 65% concentrate and 35% silage (grass and corn) ration (DM basis). Feeding was restricted for nine hours before providing the substance mixed with five kg of TMR. Each substance and dosage was tested individually on four cows (n = 4/compound/dose) over a period of four hours. Rumen and reticulum fluid were collected before the treatment, and four hours after feeding. VFA were measured with gas chromatography. Ruminal pH was continuously recorded (eCow indwelling pH systems). Data were analyzed with the Proc Mixed procedure of SAS. Seven out of nine compounds showed an effect or a trend on VFA measured, both in rumen and reticulum. Acetic acid in rumen fluid decreased with garlic oil, while low dose mint oil increased its concentration (P = 0.06 and P = 0.01, respectively). Low dose mint oil (P < 0.01) and L-menthol (P = 0.03) both increased the A:P ratio, whereas garlic oil tended towards a decrease in the A:P ratio. Garlic oil and ginger showed negative correlations between total VFA and mean ruminal pH (P = 0.03 and P < 0.01, respectively). Our results suggest that phytogenic compounds can modulate microbial activity within four hours of feeding. The use of phytogenic compounds may have beneficial effects on microbial fermentation under low pH conditions associated with high grain feeding.

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Effect of initial time of forage supply on growth and rumen development in preweaning calves

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an16667 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 58 (12) ◽

pp. 2224 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

X. Y. Lin ◽

Y. Wang ◽

J. Wang ◽

Q. L. Hou ◽

Z. Y. Hu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Serum Glucose ◽

Dry Matter Intake ◽

Initial Time ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Rumen Development ◽

Epithelium Thickness ◽

Fermentation Parameters ◽

Dietary Treatments

To determine the effects of the initial timing of forage supply on growth, ruminal fermentation parameters and rumen development in preweaning calves, 18 7-day-old Holstein calves of 42 ± 3 kg were randomly divided into three treatment groups. The dietary treatments were (1) milk and commercial starter diet (MS) control, (2) milk and starter diet supplemented with oat hay at 2 weeks (MSO2), and (3) milk and starter diet supplemented with oat hay at 6 weeks (MSO6). Starter feed and oat hay were provided ad libitum, and 2 L of milk was provided twice daily. Samples were collected at 64 days of age. Supplementing with hay increased the dry-matter intake; P < 0.05). The height, body length, heart girth and cannon bone circumference were similar among the three treatments (P > 0.05). The concentrations of serum glucose (P = 0.07) and β-hydroxybutyric acid; P < 0.05) were lower in the MSO6 group than in the MS and MSO2 groups. Rumination time was longer, and time spent on non-nutritive oral behaviour (such as e.g. licking surfaces, tongue rolling, wood-shaving consumption) was lower for hay-supplemented calves than for the control (P < 0.05). Although ruminal pH of hay-supplemented calves was significantly higher than that of the control, total rumen fluid volatile fatty acid concentrations were not significantly different among treatments. Calves in the MSO2 group had a smaller ratio of empty weight to slaughter weight (P < 0.05) and a larger total digestive tract weight (P < 0.05); the empty gastrointestinal tract weights were similar among the three treatments, suggesting that MSO2 calf weight gain may have resulted from intestinal chyme accumulation. Compared with the control, hay-supplemented calves had reduced rumen papilla width and epithelium thickness (P < 0.05), and no discernable plaque formation. Hay supplementation in the diet of preweaning calves improved the overall dry-matter intake, improved rumination, reduced non-nutritive oral behaviours, improved rumen pH, and ensured healthy rumen development; furthermore, productivity and rumen development were better in calves supplemented with hay from the second week.

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PSXII-32 Effects flavomycin, narasin and salinomycin on ruminal fermentation of Nellore steers fed high forage diet

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz258.836 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 422-422

Author(s):

Arnaldo C Limede ◽

Daniel M Polizel ◽

Alexandre A Miszura ◽

André S Martins ◽

José P R Barroso ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rumen Fluid ◽

Block Design ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Analysis Data ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Feed Additive ◽

Energetic Efficiency ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

High Forage

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate three feed additives for rumen manipulation. Thirty-two rumen-fistulated animals were assigned to a completed randomized block design, according to their initial BW. Steers were fed with 99% of coastcross haylage and 1% of concentrate, used as vehicle for the additives. The forage and concentrate were offered separately, whereas the forage was offered after the entire consumption of the concentrate. The experimental diets consisted in: CON = Control (no feed additive); NAR = 13ppm of Narasin; SAL = 20ppm of Salinomycin; and FLA = 3ppm of Flavomycin. The experimental period lasted 140 d, divided on 5 periods of 28 d each. Rumen fluid was collected on d 0, 28, 56, 84, 112 and 140, at 0, 6 and 12 hours after feeding and combined as a pool for SCFA analysis. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Data obtained on d 0 were used as covariate. Tukey test 5% was used for comparisons. There was treatment effect on acetate (CON: 73.5ab; NAR: 73.0a; SAL: 73.9b and FLA: 73.6b mM/100mM, P = 0.01; SEM = 0.16), propionate (CON: 13.7b; NAR: 14.6a; SAL: 13.5b and FLA: 13.4b, P = 0.01; SEM = 0.11), butyrate (CON: 9.06a; NAR: 8.64b; SAL: 8.72ab and FLA: 8.96ab, P = 0.02; SEM = 0.10), isovalerate (CON: 1.51b; NAR: 1.61ab; SAL: 1.55ab and FLA: 1.67b, P = 0.03; SEM = 0.04) and ac:prop ratio (CON: 5.39a; NAR: 4.99b; SAL: 5.49a and FLA: 5.4a, P = 0.01; SEM = 0.05). Therefore, narasin improves energetic efficiency of ruminal fermentation compared to other additives.

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