scholarly journals 336 Effects of supplemental SoyPass in forage-based diets containing distillers grains on performance of growing steers

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 133-134
Author(s):  
Tyler J Spore ◽  
Zachary E Carlson ◽  
Galen E Erickson ◽  
Terry Klopfenstein ◽  
Andrea K Watson
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Model ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Wet Distillers Grains

Abstract One hundred twenty individually fed steers (initial BW 283 kg) were utilized in an 84-d growing trial to evaluate effects of increased metabolizable lysine from non-enzymatically browned soybean meal (SoyPass) in grass hay based diets containing wet distillers grains plus solubles (WDGS). Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial design with two levels of WDGS (20% or 35% of DM) and three levels of supplemental SoyPass replacing 0%, 30%, or 60% of WDGS. The statistical model included animal as the experimental unit and level of WDGS and SoyPass substitution were included as fixed effects. Covariate regression was used to test for linear and quadratic interactions between WDGS and SoyPass substitution. No interactions were detected for ADG between SoyPass supplementation and level of WDGS in the diet (P = 0.76). Additionally, SoyPass inclusion had no effect on ADG (P = 0.49). However, ADG was increased for steers consuming the 35% WDGS diet compared to steers offered the 20% WDGS diet (1.13 vs. 0.86 kg/d, respectively; P < 0.01). A SoyPass × WDGS interaction was detected for DMI (P = 0.01). As SoyPass replaced WDGS in the 35% diet, DMI increased linearly from 8.10 to 8.93 kg/d (P = 0.01). In the 20% WDGS diet, DMI decreased as SoyPass replaced 60% of the WDGS compared to 30% (7.68 vs. 8.36, P = 0.02). Therefore, G:F decreased linearly (P = 0.01) as SoyPass replaced WDGS in the 35% treatment and increased quadratically (P = 0.02) for the 20% WDGS treatment. Furthermore, BUN increased linearly as SoyPass replaced WDGS in the 20% diet (P = 0.01) but was not affected by SoyPass substitution in the 35% diet. Overall, results indicate forage-based growing diets formulated with low-levels of WDGS (< 20%) may be deficient in metabolizable lysine, which could be supplied with SoyPass.

scholarly journals Effects of replacing wet distillers grains with supplemental SoyPass in forage based growing cattle diets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
T J Spore ◽  
Z E Carlson ◽  
K H Wilke ◽  
G E Erickson ◽  
T J Klopfenstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Growing Cattle ◽  
Wet Distillers Grains

Abstract One hundred twenty individually fed steers (initial BW 283 kg ± 32) were utilized in an 84-d growing trial to evaluate effects of increased metabolizable lysine from non-enzymatically browned soybean meal (SoyPass) in grass hay-based diets containing wet distillers grains plus solubles (WDGS). The treatments were arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial with two levels of protein supplement as 20% (low; DL20) or 35% (high; DL35) of dietary DM using WDGS as the basal protein source, and three increments of SoyPass (SP) replacing 0%, 30%, or 60% of the WDGS DM in the protein supplement yielding six dietary treatments. Average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI), gain:feed (G:F), and plasma urea N (PUN) data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS as a 2 × 3 factorial. Animal was the experimental unit and fixed effects included body weight block, dietary inclusion of distillers grains (DL20, DL35), dietary inclusion of SoyPass (SP) (3 levels), and DL × SP inclusion interactions. Linear and quadratic interactions between DL and SP inclusion were analyzed using covariate regression . No interactions were detected for ADG between SP and DL (P = 0.76). Additionally, SP had no effect on ADG (P = 0.49). However, ADG was increased for steers consuming the DL35 diet compared to DL20 (1.13 vs. 0.86 kg/d, respectively; P &lt; 0.01). A DL × SP interaction was detected for dry-matter intake (DMI; P = 0.01). As SP replaced WDGS in the DL35 diet, DMI increased linearly from 8.10 to 8.93 kg/d (P = 0.02). In the DL20 diet, DMI was not different as SP replaced WDGS (P ≥ 0.11). Therefore, G:F tended to decrease linearly (P = 0.06) as SP replaced WDGS in the DL35 diet, while no difference (P ≥ 0.11) was detected in the DL20 diet, suggesting SP contained less energy than WDGS but did improve dietary lysine balance. Furthermore, plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) increased linearly as SP replaced WDGS in the DL20 diet (P &lt; 0.01) but was not affected by SP substitution in the DL35 diet (P ≥ 0.19). When WDGS is fed at a low (20% DM) or high (35% DM) inclusion rate in a forage based diet, replacing the distillers with a source of protected amino acids supplied through heat-treated soybean meal, did not improve performance. A more concentrated or energy dense form of amino acids may be beneficial in forage-based growing cattle diets containing 20% distillers grains, but is not needed in diets with 35% distillers grains.

scholarly journals 251 Evaluation of Condensed Algal Residue Solubles as an Ingredient in Cattle Finishing Diets

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 137-138
Author(s):  
Calvin Gibbons ◽  
Andrea K Watson ◽  
Galen E Erickson ◽  
Bradley M Boyd ◽  
Levi J McPhillips ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Finishing Diets ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Algae Oil

Abstract Algae oil production for Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation yields a byproduct called Condensed Algal Residue Solubles (CARS; 25.4% DM, 19.3% CP, 8.3% Fat, 9.96% Na on DM basis), de-oiled algae cells with residual fermentation substrates. This study evaluated the use of CARS in feedlot finishing diets. Crossbreed steers, (n=480) were blocked and stratified by initial body weight (BW) into 4 blocks, and assigned randomly to treatments. Treatments were designed as a 2 x 3 factorial with 3 inclusions of CARS (0, 2.5, 5% of diet DM) and 2 different base diets representing Northern and Southern Great Plains diets. The Southern diets contained steam flaked corn and dry distillers grains while the Northern diets had dry rolled and high moisture corn with wet distillers grains. CARS replaced corn in both diets. All blocks were harvested after 148 days on feed. Performance data were analyzed as a randomized block design with CARS inclusion, base diet, and interactions as fixed effects, BW block as a random effect and pen (n=48) as the experimental unit. Orthogonal contrasts were used to test linear and quadratic effects of CARS inclusion. There were no significant interactions between CARS inclusion and diet type (P ≥ 0.49). Main effects of CARS indicated positive quadratic responses for carcass adjusted ADG, G:F, 12th rib back fat, yield grade (P &lt; 0.01; increasing to 2.5% inclusion, decreasing at 5%) and hot carcass weight was both linear and quadratic (P ≤ 0.01 and P ≥ 0.06 respectively; 969, 977, 935 as CARS increased). Linear decrease in DMI, final adjusted BW and ribeye area (P ≤ 0.01) as CARS increased. Cattle fed the Southern diets had greater ADG and G:F compared to Northern diets (P &lt; 0.01). Including 2.5% CARS in the diet improved feed efficiency in both Northern and Southern based feedlot diets.

scholarly journals PSXII-7 In vitro ruminal and total tract digestibility of diets containing high inclusions of wet distillers grains for feedlot sheep

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 416-417
Author(s):  
Marco Túlio C Almeida ◽  
João Pedro A Bertoco ◽  
Maria Carolina G Arruda ◽  
Sérgio A G Pereira-Junior ◽  
Antonio A Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Wet Distillers Grains ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Quadratic Effects ◽  
Male Sheep

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the effects of increasing inclusion of wet distillers grains (WDG) on in vitro ruminal and total tract digestibility in feedlot sheep. Three crossbred ruminally-cannulated male sheep were used as rumen liquid donor. Treatments consisted of isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets, containing 0, 15, 30 or 45% WDG on DM basis (Control, 15WDG, 30WDG, and 45WDG, respectively). Diets were composed of sugarcane bagasse (20%) and the concentrate (80%) composed of soybean meal (except 45WDG), wheat meal, WDG (except Control), urea, limestone, and mineral-vitamin premix. In vitro digestibility of DM (IVDMD), NDF (IVNDFD), and CP (IVCPD) were performed using the Ankom-DaisyII fermenter. Ruminal digestibility was evaluated after 48h incubation (39°C) using twenty-five filter bags. After 48h, twelve filter bags remained into each jar to evaluate the total tract digestibility. For it, 40mL of 6N HCl and 8g of pepsin were added and incubated for another 24h. The post-ruminal digestibility was calculated by the difference between rumen and total tract digestibility. Data were analyzed using SAS software. Contrasts were used to determine the linear and quadratic effects of WDG inclusions, as well as the contrast Control × WDG treatments. The WDG inclusion linearly decreased the ruminal and total DM and CP digestibility and increased the post-rumen CP digestibility (P &lt; 0.05). When all treatments with WDG were evaluated against the Control, a significant effect was observed for IVDMD, with averages of 68.86 × 77.38%, 5.60 × 0.77% and 71.41 × 78.20%, and for IVCPD, with averages of 68.89 × 95.27%, 21.30 × 1.99% and 90.15 × 97.27%, respectively for rumen, post-rumen and total tract digestibility (P &lt; 0.05). The results indicate that inclusions of WDG at up to 45% in the diets for sheep reduce the ruminal and total DM utilization, however, promote a better post-rumen use of CP of diets.

scholarly journals 337 Effect of adding urea to finishing diets containing two different inclusions of distillers grains on steer performance and carcass characteristics

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 134-135
Author(s):  
Bradley M Boyd ◽  
James C MacDonald ◽  
Matthew Luebbe ◽  
Galen E Erickson
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Performance Measurements ◽  
Minimal Impact ◽  
Wet Distillers Grains ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Urea Inclusion

Abstract Crossbred beef steers (n = 384) were utilized to evaluate the effects of adding urea to a dry rolled corn based finishing diet containing low inclusions of wet distillers grains plus solubles (WDGS). Treatments were set up as a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement with factors consisting of WDGS inclusion at either 12 or 20% of diet dry matter (DM) and urea inclusion at either 0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2% of diet DM. Cattle were blocked and stratified by initial body weight (BW) and assigned randomly to treatment. The heavy block of cattle were harvested after 160 d on feed (DOF) and the middle and light blocks of cattle were harvested after 179 DOF. The model include the fixed effects of weight block, WDGS inclusion, urea inclusion, and their interactions. There were no significant interactions (P > 0.12) observed between WDGS inclusion and urea inclusion in the diet; therefore, only main effects are discussed. Increasing inclusion of WDGS improved (P < 0.04) carcass adjusted ADG and G:F. Dry matter intake was reduced (P = 0.04) with increasing WDGS inclusions. Fat thickness was increased (P = 0.04) with increased WDGS inclusion; however, no other carcass characteristics were significantly affected by WDGS inclusion. Cubic effects of urea inclusion were observed (P < 0.05) for HCW, final BW, ADG, and DMI on a carcass adjusted and live BW basis; however, cubic effects with increasing urea inclusion are of minimal biological relevance. There were no linear or quadratic responses (P > 0.11) for increasing urea inclusion in the diet for performance measurements or carcass characteristics. Increasing WDGS inclusion in the diet improved performance. Added urea in the diet had minimal impact on performance, regardless of wet distillers grains plus solubles inclusion.

scholarly journals PSIX-4 Concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy and digestibility of phosphorus in a new source of high-protein distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 187-188
Author(s):  
minoy A Cristobal Romero ◽  
Su A Lee ◽  
Hans H Stein
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Model ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Distillers Dried Grains ◽  
Microbial Phytase

Abstract Concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy and digestibility of phosphorus in a new source of high-protein distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs Minoy Cristobal, Su A Lee, and Hans H. Stein The objective of this research was to test the hypothesis that concentrations of DE and ME and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in high-protein distillers dried grains with solubles (HP-DDGS) are greater than in conventional distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS-CV). In Exp. 1, twenty-four growing barrows (initial BW: 32.7 ± 3.1 kg) were fed a corn diet or 2 diets containing corn and HP-DDGS or corn and DDGS-CV. The statistical model included ingredient as a fixed effects and replicate as the random effect and the pig was the experimental unit. Results from Exp. 1 indicated that the concentrations of DE and ME of HP-DDGS were greater (P &lt; 0.05) compared with DDGS-CV (Table 1). In Exp. 2, thirty-two growing barrows (initial BW: 20.2 ± 0.9 kg) were allotted to 4 diets with 8 pigs per diet. The DDGS-CV or HP-DDGS were included in a diet without microbial phytase and in a diet with microbial phytase (500 units/kg diet). The statistical model included ingredient, phytase, and the interaction as fixed effects and replicate as the random effect. Results from Exp. 2 indicated that inclusion of phytase in the diet containing HP-DDGS increased (P &lt; 0.05) the STTD of P, but addition of phytase to the DDGS-CV diet did not increase STTD of P (interaction, P &lt; 0.001; Table 2). The value for the STTD of P was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in DDGS-CV compared with HP-DDGS. In conclusion, HP-DDGS has greater concentrations of DE and ME, but less STTD of P compared with DDGS-CV.

scholarly journals PSII-16 Comparative digestibility of polysaccharide-complexed zinc and zinc sulfate in diets for gestating and lactating sows

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 171-171
Author(s):  
Julia P Holen ◽  
Lee Johnston ◽  
Pedro E Urriola ◽  
Jack E Garrett ◽  
Gerald C Shurson
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Zinc Sulfate ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
High Fiber ◽  
Distillers Grains With Solubles ◽  
Dried Distillers Grains ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lactating Sows ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract We hypothesized that digestibility of a zinc polysaccharide complex (PSZn) is greater than zinc sulfate when sows consume high fiber diets containing dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). Gilts and sows (n = 32) were blocked according to parity and randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments. Treatments were: 1) Control (ConZnSO4) – corn-soybean meal based diet + 100 ppm Zn from ZnSO4; 2) Control PSZn (ConPSZn) – corn-soybean meal based diet + 100 ppm Zn from PSZn; 3) DDGS/ZnSO4 – corn-soybean meal-40% DDGS gestation and 30% DDGS lactation diet, each containing 100 ppm Zn from ZnSO4; 4) DDGS/PSZn – corn-soybean meal-40% DDGS gestation and 30% DDGS lactation diet, each containing 100 ppm Zn from PSZn. Titanium dioxide was used as an indigestible marker to evaluate digestibility of nutrients and Zn. Quantitative urine collection was used to calculate retention of Zn in the four dietary treatments. The statistical model included fixed effects of diet, Zn source, and their interaction, and random effects of parity. Endogenous losses of Zn were estimated in sows fed a corn-soybean meal diet without added Zn. There were no differences in Zn concentrations of urine, plasma, colostrum, or milk samples among treatments at any time of the experiment (P &gt; 0.05; data not shown). Gestating sows fed DDGS/PSZn had improved (P &lt; 0.05) ATTD, TTTD, and overall retention of Zn compared to Control treatments (Table 1). Lactating sows consuming diets without DDGS and supplemented PSZn had the greatest (P &lt; 0.05) ATTD, TTTD, and retention of Zn, which were opposite to responses observed in gestation. Furthermore, ATTD, TTTD, and Zn retention for lactating sows consuming DDGS/PSZn were less (P &lt; 0.05) than all other treatments. Zinc digestibility of ZnSO4 and PSZn appears to be differentially influenced by stage of the reproductive cycle and presence of dietary fiber from DDGS.

scholarly journals PSIII-13 The Effects of Corn Gluten Feed and Corn Dried Distillers Grains as a Replacement for Soybean Meal on Boer Type Goat Diets

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 238-239
Author(s):  
Samantha Costigan ◽  
Alison Crane ◽  
James M Lattimer ◽  
Cassandra K Jones
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Boer Goat ◽  
Dried Distillers Grains ◽  
Corn Gluten ◽  
Corn Gluten Feed ◽  
Meat Goat ◽  
Gluten Feed

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of corn dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) or corn gluten feed (CGF) as a replacement for soybean meal (SBM) in a Boer goat diet. A total of 75 meat goat kids (26.9 0.2 kg) were placed in 25 pens (3 kids per pen and 5 pens per treatment) for a 35-day experimental period at the Kansas State University Sheep and Meat Goat Center. Kids were allotted to one of the following isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets that varied in protein source: 1) SBM; 2) 100% DDGS/0% CGF; 3) 66% DDGS/33% CGF; 4) 33% DDGS/66% CGF; and 5) 0% DDGS/100% CGF. Diets were pelleted and supplied the sole source of nutrition. Goats and feeders were weighed weekly to determine ADG, ADFI, G:F, cost per kg of diet, and cost per kg of gain. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (SAS Inst., Cary, NC) with pen serving as the experimental unit. Differences were considered significant if P0.05. Treatment did not impact BW (P = 0.999), ADG (P = 0.723), ADFI (P = 0.210), or G:F (P = 0.796; Table 2). While diet cost differed due to differences in price of soybean meal and the corn co-products, there was no evidence (P = 0.941) that cost per kg of gain was less for goats fed the corn co-products. However, feed cost per goat was less (P = 0.0008) with diets containing corn co-products, regardless of level. These data allow producers to make more informed feeding decisions with a broader understanding of potential implications of corn gluten feed use in goats.

scholarly journals 248 Evaluation of RUP Content of NexPro Dried Distillers Grains plus Solubles in Corn Silage Based Growing Calf Diets

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 137-137
Author(s):  
Aksel Wiseman ◽  
Zachary Carslon ◽  
Levi McPhillips ◽  
Scott Tilton ◽  
Andrea K Watson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Dried Distillers Grains ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Test Protein ◽  
Gate System ◽  
And Performance

Abstract An 85 d growing study was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementing NexPro, a high-protein dried distillers grains plus solubles from the FluidQuip MSC post-fermentation separation process, in a corn-silage based diet and to determine the RUP content of NexPro and performance of growing cattle fed this feedstuff. Crossbred steers (n = 120, initial BW = 250 ± 24kg) were individually fed using the Calan gate system and assigned randomly to treatment. Treatments were arranged as a 3×4 + 1 factorial with test protein type (Soybean meal [SBM]; non-enzymatically browned soybean meal [SoyPass]; high-protein DDGS [NexPro]) and supplemental protein concentration (4.5, 9.0, 13.5, or 18.0% diet DM) as factors. Crude protein content of NexPro, SoyPass and SBM were 51.4, 48.8, and 52.4%, respectively. All treatments were compared to a control with 0.0% inclusion of test protein and a corn-based, urea-containing RDP supplement. Diets contained 80% corn silage with test protein replacing RDP supplement as inclusion increased. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure as a completely randomized design with individual animal as experimental unit. By design, RUP intake increased linearly (P &lt; 0.01) across all treatments. Ending BW responded linearly (P &lt; 0.01) for all treatments. Steers fed SoyPass or NexPro had no change (P &gt; 0.18) in DMI, while SBM had a tendency for a quadratic increase (P = 0.07). Gains increased linearly (P &lt; 0.01) for SoyPass and increased quadratically (P = 0.01) for SBM and NexPro. This resulted in linear increases (P &lt; 0.01) in feed efficiency with increasing inclusions of test proteins. In situ mobile bag technique was used to determine RUP content of the supplemental proteins. The RUP content as a % of CP for NexPro, SoyPass and SBM were 50, 74, and 22%, respectively. Feeding DDGS from the FluidQuip process improved calf performance by increasing DMI, ADG, and efficiency in growing diets.

scholarly journals 80 Effects of dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine level in the nursery period and number of dietary phases in the grow-finish period on wean-to-finish growth performance of pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 69-70
Author(s):  
Andres F Tolosa Russi ◽  
Michael Ellis ◽  
Omarh Mendoza ◽  
Caleb M Shull ◽  
Clint Schwab
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Single Sex ◽  
Performance Response ◽  
Split Plot ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine ◽  
Plot Design

Abstract The objective was to determine if feeding differing levels of dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine (SID Lys) during the nursery phase influenced the growth performance response to the number of dietary phases fed in the grow-finish period. A split-plot design was used with a 3×2 factorial arrangement of the following treatments: 1) SID Lys level nursery period: Control (SID Lys at requirement) vs. Restricted (0.2 g/kg SID Lys below Control) vs. Excess (0.1 g/kg SID Lys above Control; 2) Number of Dietary Phases in grow-finish: 3 vs. 5. Diets were formulated to meet NRC (2012) requirements, except for SID Lys during the nursery period. The study was carried out over the nursery [weaning (21±2 d; 5.8 ± 0.05 kg BW) to wk 9 post-weaning] and grow-finish [wk 9 to 19 post-weaning (112 ± 3.7 kg BW)] periods using 4,356 pigs housed in single-sex groups of 44 pigs, at a floor space of 0.30 m2/pig and 0.62 m2/pig in nursery and grow-finish periods, respectively. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS; pen was the experimental unit. The model included fixed effects of SID Lys level (main plot), Number of Dietary Phases (split plot), their interaction, and random effects of block and block by SID Lys level interaction. There were no treatment interactions (P &gt; 0.05). The Restricted Lys treatment reduced (P &lt; 0.05) ADG and G:F in the nursery period compared to other treatments, but had no effect on these measurements in the grow-finish or wean-to-finish periods. There was no effect (P &gt; 0.05) of the number of dietary phases on growth performance in grow-finish. In conclusion, feeding low levels of Lys in the nursery reduced nursery but not wean-to-finish growth performance; reducing the number of dietary phases in grow-finish from 5 to 3 had no impact on growth performance.

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