Increasing the quality of anchovy (Stelophorus sp.) with additional concentration of chitosan

Anchovy is a main capture fishery commodity in North Maluku. Currently, the processing activity of anchovy is relatively simple and traditional, consequently, causing anchovy quality to be easily degraded. One solution to overcome the problem is through the addition of chitosan concentration. This study aimed to determine effect of concentration addition of chitosan on quality of water content, protein, fat, carbohydrates, organoleptic and Total Plate Count (TPC) test. Method used in this research was the analysis of water quality test, protein content, fat content, carbohydrate content, calorie content, organoleptic test and TPC test. The study results showed that the highest water content value was 13.65% at 0.1% concentration, the highest protein value was 61.16% at 0.5% concentration, the highest ash content value was 16.5% at 1% concentration, the highest fat value was 3.99% at 1% concentration, and the highest fat value was 3.99% at 1% concentration. The highest carbohydrate content found was 11.94% at 0.1% concentration, and the highest calorific value was 2.51% at 1% concentration. Meanwhile, average organoleptic value of the highest appearance was 6.87% at a 0.3% concentration, the highest odor was 7.55% at a 0.3% concentration, the highest texture was 7.45% at a 0.1% concentration and color was 6.25% at a 0.3% concentration. Results of the TPC tests showed that anchovy with chitosan treatment and without chitosan during storage changed for all treatments. The average TPC value at all concentrations (0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5%) had the lowest TPC value compared to the control.

BFG-PCA: tools and resources that expand the potential for binary protein interaction discovery

Barcode fusion genetics (BFG) utilizes deep sequencing to improve the throughput of protein-protein interaction (PPI) screening in pools. BFG has been implemented in Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screens (BFG-Y2H). While Y2H requires test protein pairs to localize in the nucleus for reporter reconstruction, Dihydrofolate Reductase Protein-Fragment Complementation Assay (DHFR-PCA) allows proteins to localize in broader subcellular contexts and proves to be largely orthogonal to Y2H. Here, we implemented BFG to DHFR-PCA (BFG-PCA). This plasmid-based system can leverage ORF collections across model organisms to perform comparative analysis, unlike the original DHFR-PCA that requires yeast genomic integration. The scalability and quality of BFG-PCA were demonstrated by screening human and yeast interactions of >11,000 protein pairs. BFG-PCA showed high-sensitivity and high-specificity for capturing known interactions for both species. BFG-Y2H and BFG-PCA capture distinct sets of PPIs, which can partially be explained based on the domain orientation of the reporter tags. BFG-PCA is a high-throughput protein interaction technology to interrogate binary PPIs that exploits clone collections from any species of interest, expanding the scope of PPI assays.

Curcumin sensitizes prolactinoma to bromocriptine by activating the ERK/EGR1 and inhibiting AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway

Background Although bromocriptine (BRC) as first-line drugs are recommended for treating patients with prolactinoma, a minority of patients with prolactinoma resistance to BRC. Curcumin (Cur) has been shown to inhibit proliferation of prolactinoma cell lines. The aim of this study is to investigate whether Cur could enhance the growth-inhibitory effect of BRC resistance on prolactinoma cell lines and its possible mechanism. Methods CCK-8 kit was used to test cell growth. Cell-cycle analysis and apoptosis was performed by flow cytometry. Electron microscopy was used to test autophagosome. The mRNA expression profiles were analysed using the Affymetrix Gene-Chip array. Western blotting was used to test protein expression. The SPSS version 17.0 software was applied for statistical analysis. Results Our data showed that Cur enhanced the growth-inhibitory effect of BRC on GH3 and MMQ cell proliferation. BRC and Cur both induced cell apoptosis, and Cur could significantly increase the apoptosis of BRC on pituitary adenoma cells through the ERK/EGR1 signaling pathway. Moreover, Cur could enhance the autophagic cell death (ACD) of BRC on tumor cell by inhibiting the AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway. The same results were confirmed in vivo study. Conclusion Cur sensitizes rat pituitary adenoma cell to BRC by activating the ERK/EGR1 and inhibiting AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway.

The Effect Of Oven Time On Physical Characteristics Of Cookies From Composite Flour (Rice Bran,Mocaf,Corn)

Cookies are one of nutritious food preparations made from wheat flour. As the need for wheat flour increases, alternative flour substitutes for wheat flour are needed, for example composite flour such as rice bran,mocaf,corn. The use of composite flour in manufacture of cookies can improve nutritional value of product. This research aims to make cookies products with composite flour substitution, to know the physical characteristics of the spread factors, and to know the proximate levels. The research method is in two stages: the first stage is making of cookies with all-in method with variations in time of oven 10,13,15,17, 20 minutes on the physical analysis of spread factors. While the second stage is the proximate test (protein,fat,carbohydrate,moisture content,ash content) from the best oven time. The results showed that the spread factor was strongly influenced by the oven time. The best spread factor of 40.44 resulted in a more nutritious and healthier product at 20 minutes of oven time. Provide information on the utilization of composite flour (rice bran flour- mocaf flour- corn flour), Increase the nutritional content of cookies, Increase the added value of (rice bran, mocaf, and corn).

Correlation Between Consumption of Protein and Vitamin C Among Children Aged 12-24 Months with Anemia in the South Sumedang District

Anemia commonly occurs in infants aged 12-24 months. One of the causes of anemia in infants is a lack of vitamin C and protein. This study aimed to determine the correlation between protein intake and vitamin C on the incidence of anemia in children under 12-24 months. This research uses an analytic study design with a cross-sectional design. Randomization was conducted to obtain a study sample consisting of 96 toddlers aged 12-24 months. The instrument uses FFQ (Food Frequency Questionnaire) with bivariate (chi-square) and multivariate (multiple logistic regression) analysis. The univariate study results showed that out of 96 toddlers, 42 had anemia 42 (43.8%) and 54 did not (56.3%). Based on the bivariate test results, it was found that protein intake of the fulfilled hemoglobin levels had anemia 14.8% and those that were fulfilled did not experience anemia 85.2% with the result p = 0.000. Based on the fulfilled vitamin C intake, 18.9% anemia was fulfilled but 81.1% did not experience anemia with the result p = 0.001. Based on the multivariate test, protein intake was not fulfilled and had anemia p = 0.001, OR = 15.01. This study concludes that there is a relationship between protein and vitamin C intake on the incidence of anemia in infants, and protein intake that is not met will experience a 15x more significant influence on the incidence of anemia in infants Keywords: Children under five, Anemia, Protein intake, Vitamin C intake

An Improved Computational Prediction Model for Lysine Succinylation Sites Mapping on Homo sapiens by Fusing Two Sequence Encoding Schemes with the Random Forest Classifier

Background: Lysine succinylation is one of the reversible protein post-translational modifications (PTMs), which regulate the structure and function of proteins. It plays a significant role in various cellular physiologies including some diseases of human as well as many other organisms. The accurate identification of succinylation site is essential to understand the various biological functions and drug development. In this study, we developed an improved method to predict lysine succinylation sites mapping on Homo sapiens by the fusion of three encoding schemes such as binary, composition of k-spaced amino acid pairs (CKSAAP) and Amino acid composition (AAC) with the random forest (RF) classifier. The prediction performance of the proposed random forest (RF) based fusion model in a comparison of the other candidates was investigated by using 20-fold cross-validation (CV) and two independent test datasets that were collected from two different sources. The CV results showed that the proposed predictor achieves the highest scores of sensitivity (SN) as 0.800, specificity (SP) as 0.902, accuracy (ACC) as 0.919, Mathew correlation coefficient (MCC) as 0.766 and partial AUC (pAUC) as 0.163 at false positive rate (FPR) = 0.10 and area under the ROC curve (AUC) as 0.958. It achieved the highest performance scores of SN as 0.811, SP as 0.902, ACC as 0.891, MCC as 0.629 and pAUC as 0.139 and AUC as 0.921 for the independent test protein set-1 and SN as 0.772, SP as 0.901, ACC as 0.836, MCC as 0.677 and pAUC as 0.141 at FPR = 0.10 and AUC as 0.923 for the independent test protein set-2. It also outperformed all the other existing prediction models. Conclusion: The prediction performances as discussed in this article recommend that the proposed method might be a useful and encouraging computational resource for lysine succinylation site prediction in the case of human population.

Nutritional evaluation of cassava root meal fermented with rumen filtrate in rats.

The study reported herein evaluates with rats the nutritional quality of cassava root meal (CRM) fermented with rumen filtrate using caged layer waste (CLW), pig excreta (PE) and a 1:1 mix of CLW and PE respectively as sources of nitrogen. Some safety aspects regarding possible feed use were also investigated. Wistar rats were fed five purified diets viz; a basal diet (nitrogen free), a reference diet that contained casein and three test diets made of the enhanced CRM. Dietary treatments significantly influenced performance, biological indices and blood parameters (P<0.05). The performances of rats on the enhanced cassava diets were inferior 10 that of rats on casein diet. The level of serum urea and thiocyanate were significantly elevated for rats on the cassava root-based diets compared to the casein diet. Among the enhanced cassava test protein, Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) values of 0.88, 0.57 and 0.62; Net Protein Ratio (NPR) values of 0.27, -0.15 and -0.03 and Biological Value (BV) of 55.04, 39.96 and 52.27 were obtained respectively for cassava enhanced with caged layer waste (CCLW), cassava enhanced with pig excreta (CPE) and cassava with 1.1 mix of caged layer waste and pig excreta (CCLPE). The result obtained from rats on CCLW was significantly better than the other enhanced cassava products.

Metabolizable Energy of Soybean Meal and Canola Meal as Influenced by the Reference Diet Used and Assay Method

A 21-day experiment was conducted to study the effect of reference diet type and assay method on apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and nitrogen-corrected (AMEn) of soybean meal (SBM) and canola meal (CM). Broilers (n = 240) were allocated to 10 treatments with eight replicates/treatment and three birds/replicate. Treatments included corn-SBM or corn-CM reference diets (RD). To each RD, 300 or 450 g/kg of SBM or CM were added to make a total of eight test diets. For the difference method, AME of SBM and CM substituted at 300 g/kg in corn-CM RD gave greater AME values compared to inclusion in the corn-SBM RD. The AMEn of SBM increased with increase in inclusion level in the corn-CM RD but AMEn of CM decreased with increased inclusion level of CM in the corn-SBM RD. For the regression method, AME and AMEn of the test feedstuffs were greater with corn-CM RD compared with corn-SBM RD. The AME of SBM was not affected by assay method, whereas AME of CM was lower when determined using the regression method. In conclusion, both the reference diet type and assay method influenced assayed AME and AMEn value of test protein feedstuffs and should be considered in cross-studies comparisons.

248 Evaluation of RUP Content of NexPro Dried Distillers Grains plus Solubles in Corn Silage Based Growing Calf Diets

An 85 d growing study was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementing NexPro, a high-protein dried distillers grains plus solubles from the FluidQuip MSC post-fermentation separation process, in a corn-silage based diet and to determine the RUP content of NexPro and performance of growing cattle fed this feedstuff. Crossbred steers (n = 120, initial BW = 250 ± 24kg) were individually fed using the Calan gate system and assigned randomly to treatment. Treatments were arranged as a 3×4 + 1 factorial with test protein type (Soybean meal [SBM]; non-enzymatically browned soybean meal [SoyPass]; high-protein DDGS [NexPro]) and supplemental protein concentration (4.5, 9.0, 13.5, or 18.0% diet DM) as factors. Crude protein content of NexPro, SoyPass and SBM were 51.4, 48.8, and 52.4%, respectively. All treatments were compared to a control with 0.0% inclusion of test protein and a corn-based, urea-containing RDP supplement. Diets contained 80% corn silage with test protein replacing RDP supplement as inclusion increased. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure as a completely randomized design with individual animal as experimental unit. By design, RUP intake increased linearly (P &lt; 0.01) across all treatments. Ending BW responded linearly (P &lt; 0.01) for all treatments. Steers fed SoyPass or NexPro had no change (P &gt; 0.18) in DMI, while SBM had a tendency for a quadratic increase (P = 0.07). Gains increased linearly (P &lt; 0.01) for SoyPass and increased quadratically (P = 0.01) for SBM and NexPro. This resulted in linear increases (P &lt; 0.01) in feed efficiency with increasing inclusions of test proteins. In situ mobile bag technique was used to determine RUP content of the supplemental proteins. The RUP content as a % of CP for NexPro, SoyPass and SBM were 50, 74, and 22%, respectively. Feeding DDGS from the FluidQuip process improved calf performance by increasing DMI, ADG, and efficiency in growing diets.

Dynamic High-Sensitivity Quantitation of Procollagen-I by Endogenous CRISPR-Cas9 NanoLuciferase Tagging

The ability to quantitate a protein of interest temporally and spatially at subcellular resolution in living cells would generate new opportunities for research and drug discovery, but remains a major technical challenge. Here, we describe dynamic, high-sensitivity protein quantitation technique using NanoLuciferase (NLuc) tagging, which is effective across microscopy and multiwell platforms. Using collagen as a test protein, the CRISPR-Cas9-mediated introduction of nluc (encoding NLuc) into the Col1a2 locus enabled the simplification and miniaturisation of procollagen-I (PC-I) quantitation. Collagen was chosen because of the clinical interest in its dysregulation in cardiovascular and musculoskeletal disorders, and in fibrosis, which is a confounding factor in 45% of deaths, including those brought about by cancer. Collagen is also the cargo protein of choice for studying protein secretion because of its unusual shape and size. However, the use of overexpression promoters (which drowns out endogenous regulatory mechanisms) is often needed to achieve good signal/noise ratios in fluorescence microscopy of tagged collagen. We show that endogenous knock-in of NLuc, combined with its high brightness, negates the need to use exogenous promoters, preserves the circadian regulation of collagen synthesis and the responsiveness to TGF-β, and enables time-lapse microscopy of intracellular transport compartments containing procollagen cargo. In conclusion, we demonstrate the utility of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated endogenous NLuc tagging to robustly quantitate extracellular, intracellular, and subcellular protein levels and localisation.