scholarly journals 32 Nutritional management of forage-based cow-calf operations

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 36-36
Author(s):  
Philipe Moriel
Keyword(s):  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Sugarcane Molasses ◽  
Performance Study ◽  
Offspring Performance ◽  
Cattle Industry ◽  
Dried Distillers Grains ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The beef cattle industry in the Southeastern United States relies primarily on forages that not always meet the cowherd nutritional requirements, resulting in reduced performance if supplemental nutrients are not provided. Although precalving nutrition modulates postnatal offspring performance, most studies did not utilize Bos indicus-influenced cows consuming low-quality, warm-season forages. Hence, 3 studies evaluated the impact of different supplementation strategies during gestation on subsequent cow and calf performance.Study 1focused on timing of dried distillers grains (DDG) supplementation during late-gestation. Treatments initiated 84 d before calving and consisted of no supplementation, 1 kg/d of DDG from d 0 to 84, or 2 kg/d of DDG from d 0 to 42. Timing of prepartum DDG supplementation did not impact cow reproduction, but calf pre-weaning growth was enhanced only when cows received longer vs. shorter or no periods of prepartum supplementation. Study 2evaluated the use of prepartum supplementation of sugarcane molasses/urea added or not with DL-methionine hydroxyl analog. At 56 d before calving, Brangus heifers received no supplementation or molasses/urea (7.2 kg DM/wk) with or without methionine (105 g/wk; Alimet, Novus) until calving. Sugarcane molasses/urea supplementation improved cow BCS at calving and calf postnatal growth compared to no supplementation. However, supplemental methionine did not further enhance cow and calf growth performance. Study 3 compared winter vs. annual supplementation of sugarcane molasses/urea or range cubes. Starting on d 0 (pregnancy diagnosis; May), Brangus cows were assigned to receive molasses/urea supplementation during winter only (calving until end of breeding season) or year-round supplementation of molasses/urea or range cubes. Treatments had similar annual supplement DM amount (272 kg/yr). Year-round supplementation of molasses/urea and range cubes enhanced cow BCS at calving but did not impact pregnancy rate of cows and calf weaning weights than winter molasses/urea supplementation.

Timing of Protein/energy Supplementation in Late Gestating Bos Indicus-influenced Beef Cows Influences Postnatal Growth, Immunity and Carcass Characteristics of Their Offspring

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 31-31
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A Palmer ◽  
Marcelo Vedovatto ◽  
Rhaiza A Oliveira ◽  
Juliana Ranches ◽  
Joao Vendramini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Offspring Performance ◽  
Dried Distillers Grains ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Calving Season ◽  
Energy Supplementation

Abstract This 2-yr study investigated the timing of dried distillers grains (DDG) supplementation of Bos indicus-influenced cows during late gestation and its impacts on offspring performance. On d 0, 84 Brangus cows/yr were stratified by BW (482 ± 75 kg) and BCS (5.3 ± 0.8) and randomly assigned to bahiagrass pastures (14 cows/pasture). Treatments were randomly assigned to pastures (2 pastures/treatment/yr) and consisted of no prepartum supplementation (CON), 2 kg/d of DDG from d 0 to 42 (LATE42), or 1 kg/d of DDG from d 0 to 84 (LATE84). At weaning (d 347), 38 steers/yr were vaccinated against bovine respiratory disease, transported for 720 mi to the feedlot, penned according to prepartum pasture distribution, and fed the same corn silage-based diet until harvest. Data were analyzed using SAS GLIMMIX procedure. Cow BCS at calving was greater (P ≤ 0.05) for LATE84 and LATE42 vs. CON cows and did not differ (P = 0.16) between LATE84 and LATE 42 cows. Cows offered LATE42 supplementation had greater (P ≤ 0.05) calving percentage from wk 2 to 6 of the subsequent calving season than CON and LATE84 cows. Calf BW at weaning was greater (P ≤ 0.05) for LATE 84 vs. LATE42 calves, and the latter greater than CON calves (269, 261, and 255 ± 2.6 kg, respectively). Seroconversion against parainfluenza-3 virus at weaning was greater (P ≤ 0.05) for LATE42 vs. CON steers, with LATE84 being intermediate. Feedlot BW and carcass weight did not differ (P ≥ 0.36) among treatments, but marbling scores and carcasses grading choice tended (P ≤ 0.10) to be greater for LATE42 vs. CON steers, with LATE84 being intermediate. Therefore, timing of DDG supplementation during late gestation in Bos indicus-influenced cows enhanced calf weaning weight, humoral immunity, and carcass characteristics at different magnitudes than cohorts born from non-supplemented cows.

scholarly journals The impact of dietary supplementation of arginine during gestation in a commercial swine herd: II. Offspring performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (9) ◽  
pp. 3626-3635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A Hines ◽  
Matthew R Romoser ◽  
Zoë E Kiefer ◽  
Aileen F Keating ◽  
Lance H Baumgard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Swine Herd ◽  
Offspring Performance ◽  
Important Amino Acid ◽  
Carcass Performance ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Arginine (Arg) is an important amino acid of pig fetal development; however, whether Arg improves postnatal performance is ill-defined. Therefore, the influence of Arg supplementation at different gestational stages on offspring performance was evaluated in a commercial swine herd. Sows (n = 548) were allocated into 4, diet by stage of gestation treatments: Control (n = 143; 0% suppl. Arg), or dietary treatments supplemented with 1% L-Arg (free-base; Ajinomoto Animal Nutrition North America, Inc., Chicago, IL): from 15 to 45 d of gestation (n = 138; Early-Arg); 15 d of gestation to farrowing (n = 139; Full-Arg); and from day 85 of gestation to farrowing (n = 128; Late-Arg). All offspring were individually identified and weighed at birth; at weaning, a subset was selected for evaluation of carcass performance at market. All data were analyzed using birth weight (BiWt) and age as covariates. Wean weights (WW) and prewean (PW) ADG tended to increase (P = 0.06) in progeny from sows supplemented with Arg, as compared to progeny from Control sows. Preplanned contrast comparisons revealed an increased (P = 0.03) BiWt for pigs from sows receiving 1% L-Arg prior to day 45 of gestation (Early-Arg and Full-Arg; 1.38 kg/pig), as compared to pigs from sows not supplemented prior to day 45 of gestation (Control and Late-Arg; 1.34 kg/pig). No difference in BiWt was observed (1.36 kg/pig; P = 0.68) for Arg supplementation after day 85 of gestation (Full-Arg and Late-Arg), as compared to those not receiving Arg supplementation after day 85 (Control and Early-Arg); although WW and PW ADG were greater (P = 0.02), respectively. A 3.6% decrease (P = 0.05) in peak lean accretion ADG occurred when dams received 1% L-Arg prior to day 45 of gestation (Early-Arg and Full-Arg), however, no other significant differences were detected in finishing growth parameters or carcass characteristics (P ≥ 0.1). Pig mortality rates tended (P = 0.07) to decrease in progeny of dams supplemented Arg after day 85 (3.6%) compared to dams not provided additional Arg during late gestation (4.9%). Collectively, these data suggest that Arg provided during late gestation may improve WW and PW ADG, however, finishing performance was not affected. While Arg supplementation provided some moderate production benefits, further investigation is warranted to comprehensively understand the gestational timing and biological role of Arg supplementation during fetal and postnatal development in commercial production systems.

scholarly journals 151 Timing of concentrate supplementation during late gestation impacts calf pre-weaning growth, but not reproductive performance of Bos indicus-influenced cows

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 49-49
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Palmer ◽  
Marcelo Vedovatto ◽  
Juliana Ranches ◽  
Miguel Miranda ◽  
Vinícius Gouvêa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Dried Distillers Grains ◽  
Cow Calf

Abstract This study evaluated the effects of timing of dried distillers grains (DDG) supplementation during late-gestation on performance of Bos indicus-influenced cow-calf pairs. At about 84 d before calving (d 0), 84 mature Brangus cows were stratified by BW and BCS (422 ±42 kg; BCS = 5.0 ± 0.14) and assigned randomly to bahiagrass pastures (14 cows/pasture). Treatments were assigned randomly to pastures (2 pastures/treatment) and consisted of no prepartum supplementation (CON), 1 kg/d of DDG from d 0 to 84 (LATE84; 84 kg of DM/cow); or 2 kg/d of DDG from d 0 to 42 (LATE42; 84 kg of DM/cow). The respective weekly supplement amount was divided and offered into 3 feeding events (Monday, Wednesday, and Friday). Cow BCS were assessed on d 0, 45, 84 (calving), 140 and 224 (start and end of breeding season, respectively). Calf BW was collected at birth and weaning (d 346). Growth and reproductive data were analyzed using SAS MIXED and GLIMMIX procedures, respectively. Cow BCS from d 45 to 224 did not differ between LATE84 and LATE42 cows (P ≥ 0.20) but was always the least (P ≤ 0.05) for CON cows. Calving date, calf birth BW, and percentage of pregnant cows on d 283 did not differ (P ≥ 0.19) among treatments. Calf pre-weaning ADG and BW at weaning did not differ (P ≥ 0.58) between LATE42 and CON calves, but LATE84 calves tended to have the greatest pre-weaning ADG (P = 0.10; 0.88, 0.83 and 0.82 ± 0.02 kg/d, respectively) and BW at weaning (P = 0.10; 263, 254 and 252 ± 4.4 kg, respectively). Therefore, timing of prepartum DDG supplementation did not impact cow reproductive performance. However, calf pre-weaning growth tended to be enhanced when cows received longer vs. shorter or no periods of prepartum DDG supplementation

PSVI-10 Impact of Soybean Inclusion Level in Late Gestation on Offspring Performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 222-222
Author(s):  
Abigail R Loucks ◽  
Dana M van Sambeek ◽  
Elizabeth A Hines
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Immunoglobulin Production ◽  
Offspring Performance ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Inclusion Rate ◽  
Inclusion Level ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Inclusion of soybean meal (SBM) in gestation diets has been decreasing as producers replace amino acid sources with more cost-effective ingredients. In particular, SBM components have been associated with immunoglobulin production and increased nutrition in late gestation has been associated with limited growth performance increases. Yet, it is unknown if SBM inclusion levels in late gestation diets influences offspring growth during the lactation and nursery phases. Therefore, the objective of this project is to investigate the impact of SBM inclusion rates in late gestation on offspring performance. Sows (n = 63) were assigned to one of four diets, 14 days prior to farrowing: A (n = 13; 0% SBM, 13.5% crude protein (CP), B (n = 16; 10% SBM, 13.5% CP), C (n = 17; 30% SBM, 21.5% CP), D (n = 17; 0% SBM, 21.5% CP). Growth performance of piglets was evaluated during lactation. Piglets per diet: A (n = 170), B (n = 183), C (n = 200), D (n = 228). Body weights were recorded daily from birth through d10 of lactation then at d15 and every 7 days until weaning. Colostrum and milk at d15 were evaluated for immunoglobulin concentration. After weaning, weights were recorded at two-week intervals during the nursery phase. No significant effect of gestation diet was observed for birth weight (P = 0.27) or ADG from day 0 to weaning (P = 0.78). Wean weight (WW), post-wean weight 1 (PW1), and post-wean weight 2 (PW2) were not different across dietary treatments (P > 0.28). Immunoglobulin production was similar across diets. These results suggest that the inclusion rate of SBM content in the last 14 days of gestation has no impact on offspring performance. Continued research is needed into understanding the impact of nutritional status of the sow during gestation on long-term offspring performance.

scholarly journals 23 Timing of concentrate supplementation during late gestation impacts calf pre-weaning growth, but not reproductive performance of Bos indicus-influenced cows

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 19-20
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Palmer ◽  
Marcelo Vedovatto ◽  
Juliana Ranches ◽  
Miguel Miranda ◽  
Vinícius Gouvêa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Dried Distillers Grains ◽  
Cow Calf

Abstract This study evaluated the effects of timing of dried distillers grains (DDG) supplementation during late-gestation on performance of Bos indicus-influenced cow-calf pairs. At about 84 d before calving (d 0), 84 mature Brangus cows were stratified by BW and BCS (422 ±42 kg; BCS = 5.0 ± 0.14) and assigned randomly to bahiagrass pastures (14 cows/pasture). Treatments were assigned randomly to pastures (2 pastures/treatment) and consisted of no prepartum supplementation (CON), 1 kg/d of DDG from d 0 to 84 (LATE84; 84 kg of DM/cow); or 2 kg/d of DDG from d 0 to 42 (LATE42; 84 kg of DM/cow). The respective weekly supplement amount was divided and offered into 3 feeding events (Monday, Wednesday, and Friday). Cow BCS were assessed on d 0, 45, 84 (calving), 140 and 224 (start and end of breeding season, respectively). Calf BW was collected at birth and weaning (d 346). Growth and reproductive data were analyzed using SAS MIXED and GLIMMIX procedures, respectively. Cow BCS from d 45 to 224 did not differ between LATE84 and LATE42 cows (P ≥ 0.20) but was always the least (P ≤ 0.05) for CON cows. Calving date, calf birth BW, and percentage of pregnant cows on d 283 did not differ (P ≥ 0.19) among treatments. Calf pre-weaning ADG and BW at weaning did not differ (P ≥ 0.58) between LATE42 and CON calves, but LATE84 calves tended to have the greatest pre-weaning ADG (P = 0.10; 0.88, 0.83, and 0.82 ± 0.02 kg/d, respectively) and BW at weaning (P = 0.10; 263, 254, and 252 ± 4.4 kg, respectively). Therefore, timing of prepartum DDG supplementation did not impact cow reproductive performance. However, calf pre-weaning growth tended to be enhanced when cows received longer vs. shorter or no periods of prepartum DDG supplementation

scholarly journals The effect of maternal nutritional restriction on fetal development and performance of offspring in beef cattle

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Molly Rainforth
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Fetal Development ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Offspring Performance ◽  
Maternal Malnutrition ◽  
Nutritional Restriction

Health, growth efficiency and carcass quality are major considerations in beef production. The foundation for this is thought to be linked to fetal development. Maternal nutrition during pregnancy is one factor that can influence fetal development and offspring growth. However, its specific effects on postnatal growth of castrated calves (steers) raised for meat are not well understood. This review considers the nutritional requirements of pregnant cows and summarizes the effect of maternal nutritional restriction throughout gestation on calf growth. It also evaluates the different developmental stage at which nutritional restriction will have the greatest impact. It is found that even though early gestation is a critical period for the formation of the placenta and the initial organ development, the fetus has the ability to compensate for developmental restrictions resulting from maternal malnutrition during this period. Meanwhile, during mid-to late gestation maternal nutritional restriction has the greatest impact on offspring performance. Maternal malnutrition during this key period can reduce birth weight, which is strongly correlated to the lifetime performance of steers in terms of health and growth efficiency. Proper nutritional management of cows is essential throughout gestation, but additional attention should be given to the mid-to-late gestational period to ensure calves are born at optimal birth weight. Further, it is suggested that maternal nutrition does not appear to have a consistent effect on carcass quality, instead, external factors near the time of slaughter may be the major determinants.

A Predictive Model of the Impact of the Skidding System on Forest Soil in Severe Climatic Conditions

2020 ◽  
pp. 131-144
Author(s):  
S.E. Rudov ◽  
◽  
V.Ya. Shapiro ◽  
O.I. Grigoreva ◽  
I.V. Grigorev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Soil Freezing ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Metal Structures ◽  
Rapid Adjustment ◽  
Soil Freezing And Thawing ◽  
The Impact

In the Russian Federation logging operations are traditionally carried out in winter. This is due to the predominance of areas with swamped and water-logged (class III and IV) soils in the forest fund, where work of forestry equipment is difficult, and sometimes impossible in the warm season. The work of logging companies in the forests of the cryolithozone, characterized by a sharply continental climate, with severe frosts in winter, is hampered by the fact that forest machines are not recommended to operate at temperatures below –40 °C due to the high probability of breaking of metal structures and hydraulic system. At the same time, in the warm season, most of the cutting areas on cryosolic soils become difficult to pass for heavy forest machines. It turns out that the convenient period for logging in the forests of the cryolithozone is quite small. This results in the need of work in the so-called off-season period, when the air temperature becomes positive, and the thawing processes of the soil top layer begin. The same applies to the logging companies not operating in the conditions of cryosolic soils, for instance, in the Leningrad, Novgorod, Pskov, Vologda regions, etc. The observed climate warming has led to a significant reduction in the sustained period of winter logging. Frequent temperature transitions around 0 °C in winter, autumn and spring necessitate to work during the off-season too, while cutting areas thaw. In bad seasonal and climatic conditions, which primarily include off-season periods in general and permafrost in particular, it is very difficult to take into account in mathematical models features of soil freezing and thawing and their effect on the destruction nature. The article shows that the development of long-term predictive models of indicators of cyclic interaction between the skidding system and forest soil in adverse climatic conditions of off-season logging operations in order to improve their reliability requires rapid adjustment of the calculated parameters based on the actual experimental data at a given step of the cycles.

scholarly journals 71 Effects of timing of supplementation during late gestation in Bos indicus-influenced beef cows on post-weaning growth, immunity, and carcass characteristics of steer progeny

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 59-59
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Palmer ◽  
Marcelo Vedovatto ◽  
Juliana Ranches ◽  
Vinicius Gouvea ◽  
Rhaiza Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Distillers Grain ◽  
Dried Distillers Grain

Abstract This study evaluated the growth, immunity, and carcass characteristics of beef steers born to cows offered dried distillers grains (DDG) at different timing during late gestation. Approximately 84 d before calving (d 0), 84 mature Brangus cows were stratified by BW and BCS (422 ± 42 kg; 5.0 ± 0.14) and allocated into 1 of 6 bahiagrass pastures (14 cows/pasture). Treatments were randomly assigned to pastures: 1) no prepartum supplementation (CON); 2) 1 kg/d DDG from d 0 to 84 (LATE84); or 3) 2 kg/d from d 0 to 42 (LATE42). Calves were weaned at 261 ± 23 d of age. At weaning, 38 steers were vaccinated against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV-1) and parainfluenza-3 (PI-3) and transported to a feedlot facility. Steers were penned according to cow prepartum pasture distribution and fed a similar diet until slaughter (d 587). Data were analyzed as complete randomized design using MIXED procedure of SAS, pasture as the experimental unit, treatment as fixed effect, and pasture(treatment) and steer(pasture) as random effects. Steer feedlot BW, ADG, DMI, and G:F did not differ (P ≥ 0.12) among treatments. Plasma haptoglobin concentrations were greater (P ≤ 0.03) for LATE42 and LATE84 vs. CON steers 2 d after feedlot entry. Plasma cortisol and seroconversion for BVDV-1 and PI-3 did not differ (P ≥ 0.15) among treatments. The percentage of carcasses grading Choice did not differ (P = 0.13), but carcasses grading low Choice were greater (P = 0.03) for CON vs. LATE42, with LATE84 being intermediate (91, 40, and 58%, respectively). Thus, prepartum dried distillers grain supplementation to B. indicus-influenced cows did not enhance feedlot growth but had subtle positive impacts on carcass quality and innate immunity in steer progeny. In addition, timing of dried distillers grain supplementation (last 84 d vs. first 42 d of late gestation) did not impact steer post-weaning feedlot performance and carcass quality.

scholarly journals Effect of pre- and postnatal growth and post-weaning activity on glucose metabolism in the offspring

2014 ◽  
Vol 224 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neele S Dellschaft ◽  
Marie-Cecile Alexandre-Gouabau ◽  
David S Gardner ◽  
Jean-Philippe Antignac ◽  
Duane H Keisler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Leptin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Phenotype ◽  
Obesogenic Environment ◽  
Appetite Control ◽  
Pregnant Sheep

Maternal caloric restriction during late gestation reduces birth weight, but whether long-term adverse metabolic outcomes of intra-uterine growth retardation (IUGR) are dependent on either accelerated postnatal growth or exposure to an obesogenic environment after weaning is not established. We induced IUGR in twin-pregnant sheep using a 40% maternal caloric restriction commencing from 110 days of gestation until term (∼147 days), compared with mothers fed to 100% of requirements. Offspring were reared either as singletons to accelerate postnatal growth or as twins to achieve standard growth. To promote an adverse phenotype in young adulthood, after weaning, offspring were reared under a low-activity obesogenic environment with the exception of a subgroup of IUGR offspring, reared as twins, maintained in a standard activity environment. We assessed glucose tolerance together with leptin and cortisol responses to feeding in young adulthood when the hypothalamus was sampled for assessment of genes regulating appetite control, energy and endocrine sensitivity. Caloric restriction reduced maternal plasma glucose, raised non-esterified fatty acids, and changed the metabolomic profile, but had no effect on insulin, leptin, or cortisol. IUGR offspring whose postnatal growth was enhanced and were obese showed insulin and leptin resistance plus raised cortisol. This was accompanied by increased hypothalamic gene expression for energy and glucocorticoid sensitivity. These long-term adaptations were reduced but not normalized in IUGR offspring whose postnatal growth was not accelerated and remained lean in a standard post-weaning environment. IUGR results in an adverse metabolic phenotype, especially when postnatal growth is enhanced and offspring progress to juvenile-onset obesity.

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