Resistance of Amaranthus Spp. to the Green Peach Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 1299-1306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther L Nampeera ◽  
Sue Blodgett ◽  
Matthew E O’Neal ◽  
Gail R Nonnecke ◽  
Lucy K Murungi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Green Peach Aphid ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Fresh Leaf ◽  
Leaf Consumption ◽  
Amaranth Species ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
Amaranthus Spp ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Aphid Populations

Abstract The green peach aphid [Myzus persicae (Sulzer)] is an important pest of amaranth grown for leaf consumption (i.e., leafy amaranth) in the tropics. Aphids reduce the amount of fresh leaf yield of amaranth and the value of leafy amaranth as aphid-infested leaves are not marketable. Our objective was to evaluate Amaranthus species selected by a breeding program in East Africa to develop cultivars for leaf consumption with resistance to M. persicae. We focused on antibiosis to determine whether varieties of Amaranthus spp. could be grown without producing an aphid population. Artificial infestations of aphids were placed on multiple selections of three species of Amaranthus: two selections of A. blitum, four selections of A. hybridus and one selection of A. hypochondriacus. Aphid populations were assessed over a 5-wk period. Evaluations of vegetative yield, leaf damage symptoms, and specific leaf area (SLA) were made of the seven selections at the end of this experiment. Aphid populations assessed 49 d after planting differed significantly (P ≤ 0.001) among the amaranth species and within selections of the same species. The selections of A. blitum had the lowest aphid populations, and A. hybridus had the highest populations. Selections of A. hybridus produced the most marketable leaves (i.e., aphid free). The fresh weight of A. blitum were the lowest of the seven selections, whereas A. hybridus had the greatest fresh leaf weight. Implications of these finding for further promotion of amaranth breeding are discussed related to pest management for leaf production.

STUDY REGARDING THE APHIDOFAGOUS FAUNA STRUCTURE IN THE PEACH ORCHARDS FROM CONSTANTA COUNTY IN 2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 110-114
Author(s):  
Andrei Chiriloaie-Palade ◽  
Mădălina Radulea ◽  
Gheorghe Lămureanu ◽  
Ștefan Ion Mocanu ◽  
Maria Iamandei
Keyword(s):  
Myzus Persicae ◽  
Management System ◽  
Green Peach Aphid ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Essential Component ◽  
Intensive Use ◽  
Predatory Insect ◽  
Predatory Insects ◽  
Aphid Populations

"The cosmopolitan aphid species Myzus persicae is a key pest of peach orchards in south and southeastern Romania. The phenomenon of resistance induced by the intensive use of insecticides is a matter of concern for farmers and protectionists, making necessary integrated measure for the control of this pest. Conservation of natural enemy’s populations is an essential component of any management system proposed for pest aphids. The aim of the study was to determine the structure of predatory insects associated with Myzus persicae populations in peach orchards. The research was carried out in three orchards from two localities from Constanta County, in peach plantations with Springcrest variety aged 7, 11 and 12 years. As a result of this study, there were determined a total of 15 predatory insect species belonging to eight systematic families: Coccinellidae, Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae, Syrphydae, Cecidomyiidae, Panorpidae, Nabidae and Forficulidae, which naturally contribute to the reduction of the green peach aphid populations. "

Green Peach Aphid Populations on Potatoes Enhanced by Fungicides12

1971 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 1569-1570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry W. Nanne ◽  
Edward B. Radcliffe
Keyword(s):  
Green Peach Aphid ◽  
Aphid Populations

scholarly journals A Review of Recent Studies on the Antioxidant Activities of a Third-Millennium Food: Amaranthus spp.

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1236
Author(s):  
Seon-Joo Park ◽  
Anshul Sharma ◽  
Hae-Jeung Lee
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Bioactive Peptides ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Sustainable Food ◽  
Amaranth Species ◽  
Amaranthus Spp

Amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) plant commonly refers to the sustainable food crop for the 21st century. The crop has witnessed significant attention in recent years due to its high nutritional value and agronomic advantages. It is a relatively well-balanced cosmopolitan food that is a protector against chronic diseases. Usually, the antioxidant activities of amaranth are held responsible for its defensive behavior. Antioxidant activity of plants, generally, is attributed to their phytochemical compounds. The current interest, however, lies in hydrolysates and bioactive peptides because of their numerous biological functions, including antioxidant effect. While the importance of bioactive peptides has been progressively recognized, an integrated review of recent studies on the antioxidant ability of amaranth species, especially their hydrolysates and peptides has not been generated. Hence, in this review, we summarize studies focused on the antioxidant capacity of amaranth renewal over the period 2015–2020. It starts with a background and overall image of the amaranth-related published reviews. The current research focusing on in vitro, in vivo, and chemical assays-based antioxidant activity of different amaranth species are addressed. Finally, the last segment includes the latest studies concerning free radical scavenging activity and metal chelation capacity of amaranth protein hydrolysates and bioactive peptides.

Effect of plant density and light availability on leaf damage in Manilkara bidentata (Sapotaceae)

2000 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pilar Angulo-sandoval ◽  
T. Mitchell Aide
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Leaf Phenology ◽  
Leaf Miner ◽  
Detectable Effect ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Leaf Quality ◽  
Plant Herbivore

Variation in herbivory is often associated with plant density and light environment. The effect of these variables was studied on leaf production and herbivory of Manilkara bidentata in Puerto Rico. The major herbivore of M. bidentata is the leaf miner Acrocercops sp. To determine the effect of plant density, twenty-four 20-m × 20-m plots were established and the densities of saplings, juveniles and adults were determined. Leaf production, herbivory and growth were measured on saplings. Plant density was determined in eight 20-m × 20-m plots surrounding the focal plots. The effect of light was determined by comparing leaf phenology, leaf quality and herbivory in vertical and horizontal profiles. Sapling density in 60-m × 60-m plots was associated with herbivory. In the vertical profile, leaf production was continuous only for the canopy: herbivory increased from the canopy (1.3%) towards the understorey (35.6%). In the horizontal profile leaf production was related to light. Saplings in low light environments had narrow peaks in leaf production compared with saplings in high light environments. Differences in leaf phenology did not result in differences in herbivory possibly because of variation in herbivory among leaves. Although many saplings lost more than 80% of new leaf area, there was no detectable effect on growth. High levels of intra-specific variation in herbivory suggest that to better understand plant/herbivore interactions it is necessary to consider all size classes in a population. It is also important to document these pattern across different spatial scales.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Biorational Insecticides as Stand-alone Treatments for the Management of the Pigweed Flea Beetle, Disonycha glabrata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), in Organic Production of Amaranthus spp.

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Roger V. Vorsah ◽  
Beatrice N. Dingha ◽  
Harmandeep Sharma ◽  
Louis E. Jackai
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Action Threshold ◽  
Treatment Action ◽  
Amaranthus Spp ◽  
Beetle Damage

The pigweed flea beetle, Disonycha glabrata, is the most damaging insect pest on Amaranthus spp. in the Piedmont zone of North Carolina (NC), United States. It is capable of causing severe yield loss on amaranth greens if uncontrolled. Field experiments were conducted over two growing seasons (Summer 2017 and 2018) in Greensboro, NC, to evaluate OMRI-approved biorational insecticides against D. glabrata in organic amaranth production. Insecticides evaluated included Azatin® O (azadiractin), Ecotec® (oils: rosemary, peppermint and geraniol), Entrust® (spinosad) and PyGanic® (pyrethrins) as stand-alone threshold-driven treatments applied at recommended label rates. Insecticide treatment action threshold (AT) was 2 (on a scale of 5) representing 20-40% leaf damage. The efficacy of the insecticides against D. glabrata population differed significantly within the amaranth varieties in comparison to their respective controls: treatments with Entrust® and PyGanic® on Green Callaloo and Red Leaf recorded 80% reduction in beetle population while Ecotec® gave only a 15% beetle reduction. The Azatin® O treatments recorded the highest D. glabrata population, sometimes greater than the control. Marketable fresh leaf yield from both Green Callaloo and Red Leaf amaranth was highest in the Entrust® and PyGanic® treatments. Hopi Red-Dye and Molten Fire amaranths showed some resistance to beetle damage; they are also intrinsically low yielding. These findings provide information that would make organic amaranth production possible with only limited and safe insecticide input using OMRI-approved insecticides in a threshold-driven manner, an important step towards the sustainable management of D. glabrata and amaranth production.

Super-predation and intraguild interactions in a multi-predator-one-prey system alter the abundance and behaviour of green peach aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Mouhammad Shadi Khudr ◽  
Lea Fliegner ◽  
Oksana Y. Buzhdygan ◽  
Susanne Wurst
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Green Peach Aphid ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Top Predator ◽  
Aphidius Colemani ◽  
Parasteatoda Tepidariorum ◽  
Intraguild Interactions ◽  
Prey System ◽  
Combination Number ◽  
Aphid Populations

Abstract The dynamics of interactions amongst natural enemies are central to the investigation of insect pest ecology. Ternary and quaternary interactions between parasitoids and predators in the presence of entomophagous organisms are yet to be comprehensively explored. We investigated the performance of a clone of green peach aphid (Myzus persicae (Sulzer); Hemiptera: Aphididae), raised on savoy cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linnaeus; Brassicaceae), under all possible combinations of: I) the parasitoid Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae); II) the predator Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae); III) the predator Adalia bipunctata (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae); and IV) the spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum (Koch) (Araneae: Theridiidae). We demonstrate a considerably differential green peach aphid abundance, polyphenism, and fine-scale spatial distribution in response to the combination, number, and identity of the present enemy species and their interactions. Surprisingly, certain combinations led to thriving green peach aphid populations due to interference between enemies; whereas, other combinations resulted in tangible collective suppression of the population. At the frontier of agroecology and entomology, we provide fresh insights on the effects of conflict and synergy between natural enemies sharing a pest of a cash crop as prey, highlighting the consequences of the presence of a novel synanthropic spider, as a top predator, on pest regulation.

Green Peach Aphid Populations on Desert Sugar Beets1

1962 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 501-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Dickson ◽  
E. F. Laird
Keyword(s):  
Green Peach Aphid ◽  
Aphid Populations

scholarly journals PRODUKSI DAN NUTRISI HIJAUAN OKRA SEBAGAI PAKAN PADA SISTEM INTEGRASI TANAMAN-TERNAK

Pastura ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Dwi Retno Lukiwati
Keyword(s):  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Abelmoschus Esculentus ◽  
Cow Manure ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Fresh Leaf ◽  
Goat Manure ◽  
Production Concentration

The characteristics of crop-livestock systems is crop yield for food or vegetable, and stover or leaf for ruminant feed, being the manure used as organic fertilizer. Phosphorus (P) is the major plant nutrient and considered one of the primary factors limiting crop yields. Rock phosphate (RP) is one of some organic P fertilizer which could increased its solubility if mixed at the initial phase of manure decomposition process. The objective of the research was to investigate the influence of some kind of organic fertilizer on production and nutrient concentration of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L) leaf as forage. A field experiment of randomized block design with 9 treatments and three replicates was done, and the treatments were T1 (RP), T2 (azolla compost), T3 (cow manure), T4 (goat manure), T5 (poultry manure), T6 (azolla+RP), T7 (cow manure+RP), T8 (goat manure+RP), T9 (poultry manure+RP). Okra leaf defoliated at 80 days after planting, and continued measured for fresh leaf production, nitrogen and phosphorus concentration. The results showed that the treatment significantly affected to the fresh leaf production, concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus. The result of DMRT showed that fresh leaf production, concentration of N and P significantly higher if fertilized by goat manure+RP (T8) and poultry manure+RP (T9) compared to another treatments. Keywords: Abelmoschus esculentus L, rock phosphate, manure, nutrient, production

Contribution of Fluted Pumpkin Leaf Production by Women to Household Income in the Tropics

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-211
Author(s):  
Waheed M. Ashagidigbi ◽  
Taiwo T. Amos ◽  
Falilat Azeez
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Fluted Pumpkin ◽  
The Tropics

scholarly journals Endophytic colonization of tomato plants by Beauveria bassiana Vuillemin (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) and leaf damage in Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joelle Toffa ◽  
Yeyinou Laura Estelle Loko ◽  
Ouorou Kobi Douro Kpindou ◽  
Karim Zanzana ◽  
Josky Adikpeto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Helicoverpa Armigera ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Endophytic Colonization ◽  
Leaf Consumption ◽  
Helicoverpa Armígera

Abstract Background The endophytic capacity of Beauveria bassiana Vuillemin isolates in 2 tomato varieties and their effects on damage and survival of the tomato fruit worm Helicoverpa armigera Hubner larvae were studied. The bioassays consisted of sowing seeds of 2 tomato cultivars soaked for 24 h in B. bassiana conidial suspension at the concentration of 1 × 107 and 1 × 109 conidia/ml for the isolates Bb 115 and Bb 11, respectively. Ten leaf, stem, and root segments were cut and incubated for assessing the endophytic growth of the fungus. Percentage of leaf consumption and pathogenicity of B. bassiana on H. armigera larvae were estimated. Main body The fungus B. bassiana developed endophytically in the 2 tomato varieties and was detected in tomato leaf, stem, and root. However, higher colonization rates were observed in roots than in leaves and stems. The B. bassiana isolate Bb 115 had a greater negative effect on the mean survival times (MSTs) of H. armigera larvae and on leaf consumption for local and improved tomato varieties. In fact, the lowest MSTs were recorded at the concentration of 1 × 109conidia/ml for Bb 115 in 1.5 ± 0.2 days, i.e., 7 days less than the surviving larvae of the control group, which MSTs were 8.4 ± 0.9 days. Consumed leaf areas by larvae averaged (89.17 ± 10.33 mm2) at a fungal concentration of 1 × 109conidia/ml for Bb115. It was the best compared to that of untreated control (820.3 ± 92.77 mm2). The colonization rate of the different plant parts increased with conidia concentration in both tomatoes varieties. Conclusion This study reported the effect of endophytic colonization of tomato by B. bassiana on the survival of H. armigera larvae and showed that the isolates Bb 115 and Bb 11 could be considered as useful microorganisms for the integrated control of H. armigera.

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