THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT POLLINATORS ON FRUIT SET AND SOME FRUIT CHARACTERISTICS IN APPLE

Apple is one of the fruit species in which self-incompatibility is seen. For economical apple production, pollination and fertilization are required. In this study, it was aimed to determine effect of different pollinators on the fruit set ratios and some fruit characteristics of some apple varieties and apple genotypes originating from Kyrgyzstan by hybridization breeding method in 2020 year. According to the results, the highest fruit set ratio was obtained with the combination number 54 × 36 with 7.37%, while the lowest value was determined with the combination number 54 × 56 with 1.88%. Especially the precipitation that occurred during the fruit set time negatively affected the results. In the fruit characteristics results, the combination number 54 × 36 gave better results than the other combinations in fruit length and fruit width values. On the other hand, 21 × Elstar combination produced the best result in terms of WSDM (water solid dry matter) value and significant differences occurred between combinations in terms of seed number. Evaluating the obtained findings as a guide especially in the breeding studies to be made on apples and in the new orchards to be established may be beneficial for the producers.

EXPERIMENT OF UNIQUE COMBINATION NUMBER DUE TO THE THIRD-ORDER NEUTRON-CORRELATION

From zero-power reactor noise measurement, the second- and third-order neutron correlation factors Y and y3 can be evaluated by analyzing mean, variance, the third-order central moment of neutron count data. Theoretically, it is expected that the neutron-correlation ratio y3/Y2 converges to the unique combination number “3” at a near-critical state in an arbitrary system without depending on the fissile material and the neutron-energy spectrum of core, as the neutron counting gate width T increases sufficiently. Thus, the information about the difference between y3/Y2 and “3” has the potential to judge whether a target unknown system is critical or not and to roughly guess the absolute value of subcriticality. In this study, the detector dead-time effect on y3/Y2 is theoretically investigated based on the heuristic method using the single-, pair-, and trio-detection probabilities with the fundamental mode approximation. As a result, it is clarified that the saturation value of y3/Y2 converges to “3” independent of the dead time, when a target system is a critical state. For validation, actual experimental results are presented for a non-multiplication system driven by 252Cf spontaneous source, and shallow and deep subcritical systems at Japanese experimental facilities (UTR-KINKI and KUCA) under the shutdown state. Consequently, it is demonstrated that y3/Y2 shows a significant difference from “3” in the non-multiplication system. In the case of subcritical systems driven by inherent neutron sources, it is confirmed that the ratios y3/Y2 are close to the unique combination number “3,” and the slight difference from “3” is measurable by the long-time reactor noise measurement for the deep subcritical system.

Super-predation and intraguild interactions in a multi-predator-one-prey system alter the abundance and behaviour of green peach aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

The dynamics of interactions amongst natural enemies are central to the investigation of insect pest ecology. Ternary and quaternary interactions between parasitoids and predators in the presence of entomophagous organisms are yet to be comprehensively explored. We investigated the performance of a clone of green peach aphid (Myzus persicae (Sulzer); Hemiptera: Aphididae), raised on savoy cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linnaeus; Brassicaceae), under all possible combinations of: I) the parasitoid Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae); II) the predator Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae); III) the predator Adalia bipunctata (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae); and IV) the spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum (Koch) (Araneae: Theridiidae). We demonstrate a considerably differential green peach aphid abundance, polyphenism, and fine-scale spatial distribution in response to the combination, number, and identity of the present enemy species and their interactions. Surprisingly, certain combinations led to thriving green peach aphid populations due to interference between enemies; whereas, other combinations resulted in tangible collective suppression of the population. At the frontier of agroecology and entomology, we provide fresh insights on the effects of conflict and synergy between natural enemies sharing a pest of a cash crop as prey, highlighting the consequences of the presence of a novel synanthropic spider, as a top predator, on pest regulation.

An Evaluation Criterion to Select Temperature Measurement Positions in End-Milling

The objective of this study is to utilize measured temperatures for process monitoring in precision end-milling. Thermal expansion of machining workpiece deteriorates machining accuracy and is considered as an important phenomenon to achieve accurate end-milling process. Thermo-couples are typically employed to measure the temperatures of machining workpiece. This study proposes a method to select appropriate temperature measurement positions based on variations in conscious machining evaluation. The variations in the conscious evaluation of temperature distributions on the workpiece are calculated by extending a conventional nominal machining simulation. Variations in the machining process are generated by using different combinations of model parameters for process simulations. An orthogonal array is employed to assign the parameters to reduce the combination number. An evaluation criterion to select measuring points is calculated given the temperature distributions corresponding to the parameter combinations. Feasibility of the proposed criterion is investigated by evaluating a reported temperature estimation case study. Furthermore, an adaptability of the proposed criterion to different machining situations is evaluated by comparing selected measuring points corresponding to different cutter paths.

On The Improvement of Combinatorial Mathematics Teaching From Generating Function

Generating function is an effective method to solve combinatorial counting problem, but it most likely to be neglected in combinatorial mathematics teaching. In this paper, we provides a demonstration for combinatorial mathematics teaching improvement by using the generating function solving combination number and the sum of preceding terms among sequence of numbers.

Glass Properties Selection Effect on LEED Points for Core and Shell High Rise Residential Building in Jordan

Green building concept is flourishing in developing countries due to the high-energy cost. To meet the green building requirement, this paper investigate the effect of glass properties on 4 and 20 story building total, heating and cooling, loads for variable glass-wall ratios using HAP4.5 . The ratios considered are 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% & 100% glass to wall. The simulations were carried out for both building under moderate climate, Amman, Jordan was the selected city from this climatic zone. The glass overall heat transfer (U-value) & shading coefficient (S.C) are paired in nine combinations, these pairs are called Combination Number (CN). Combination Number simulate all range of glass properties, CN 1 is the worst case to 9 the best glass properties. Results showed that the minimum impact of glass properties was on 20-percentile glass to wall ratio and maximum at 100 Percentile. On the other hand, a Maximum of 10 LEED point could be achieved in the 20-percentile and 16 point in the case of 100-persentile for both 20 and 4 story building. Data found in this paper where formulated in the following equations with R2 = 0.949. 4 Story Total Load = 915514 - (63546 * CN) + (9770 * Glass to wall) 20 Story Total Load = 7638346 - (540386 * CN) + (84090 * Glass to wall)

Effect of Porous Materials Combination in Layers on Sound Absorption Characteristics

This paper describes the investigation and analysis on two materials in which one material is a relatively good sound absorber at low frequency range and another is a relatively good sound absorber at high frequency range, combined together in layers to form a better sound absorber for a wider range of frequencies. The layer combinations of the materials are varied and the values of Sound Absorption Coefficient, α are measured experimentally by using impedance tubes with two microphones transfer function method according to ISO 10534-2 standard. The results obtained are compared in terms of the order of material and the number of layer combinations of materials for each sample. The orders of combinations and number of layers of combinations have significant influence on the sound absorption characteristics. The order of materials has reversed effect on Sound Absorption Coefficient, α as the number of layer combination is increased. Increase in the combination number will make the specimen performed relatively better at a wider frequency range.

On Normal Sequence in Abelian Group Cn⊕Cn

Electronic information technology is based on expression, storage, transmission, and process of information. Information expression is usually generalized as information coding technology, one of whose heart theories is combinatorial number theory in algebra. In the process of storing, transmitting, and processing of electronic information technology, problems about encryption and safety need to use algebra theories of group, ring, and domain. It is thus clear that algebra is very important in electronic information theory. This paper makes use of abelian group basic theory of algebra, together with combination number theory, discusses construction problem of normal sequence in of abelian group, and gives several sufficient conditions for a guess establishment of W.D.Gao.

A Hadoop-Based Method to Predict Potential Effective Drug Combination

Combination drugs that impact multiple targets simultaneously are promising candidates for combating complex diseases due to their improved efficacy and reduced side effects. However, exhaustive screening of all possible drug combinations is extremely time-consuming and impractical. Here, we present a novel Hadoop-based approach to predict drug combinations by taking advantage of the MapReduce programming model, which leads to an improvement of scalability of the prediction algorithm. By integrating the gene expression data of multiple drugs, we constructed data preprocessing and the support vector machines and naïve Bayesian classifiers on Hadoop for prediction of drug combinations. The experimental results suggest that our Hadoop-based model achieves much higher efficiency in the big data processing steps with satisfactory performance. We believed that our proposed approach can help accelerate the prediction of potential effective drugs with the increasing of the combination number at an exponential rate in future. The source code and datasets are available upon request.

Optimization of Welding Route by Automatic Machine Using Reinforcement Learning Method

A ship hull block is generally composed of skin plates, longitudinals, and transverse webs as a grillage structure, and longitudinals and transverse webs are joined by a fillet weld on a skin plate panel. Then much labor time is necessary for this welding work because many welding lines exist. Now, a simple automatic welding machine using a truck system is applied widely as well as semiautomatic CO2 weld or gravity weld. Since the automatic welding machine needs the help of workers for initial setting, turning, and shifting, the efficient routing has to be investigated for the improvement of productivity. However, it is difficult to find an optimal weld sequence when weld lines increase and then the combination number of welding sequence increases. Such research is called combinatorial problem. This paper examines how to decrease the work time using the reinforcement learning method, which imitated the behavior pattern of animals.