Direct Determination of the Body Content of Radionuclides: Abstract

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-9
Author(s):  
R. Griffith ◽  
H. Bergmann ◽  
F. A. Fry ◽  
D. Hickman ◽  
J.-L. Genicot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Direct Determination ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Control Measurement ◽  
In Vivo Measurement ◽  
Calibration Methods ◽  
Partial Body ◽  
And Control

Previous ICRU reports have dealt with the formulation and properties of tissue substitutes and phantoms that are used to calibrate in vivo measurement systems. This report provides guidance on the overall process of the direct measurement of radionuclides in the human body for radiation protection and medical applications. It addresses the detectors and electronics used for the measurement; methods of background reduction and control; measurement geometries for whole body, partial body or organ counting; physical and mathematical calibration methods; data analysis; and quality assurance. It is directed to readers who need practical advice on the establishment and operation of direct measurement facilities.

A Study of Changes in Whole-Body Calcium, Phosphorus, Sodium and Nitrogen by Neutron Activation Analysis in Vivo in Rats on a Calcium-Deficient Diet

1976 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-402
Author(s):  
K. Boddy ◽  
R. Lindsay ◽  
I. Holloway ◽  
D. A. S. Smith ◽  
A. Elliott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Activation Analysis ◽  
Activation Analysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Dietary Period ◽  
Total Body ◽  
And Control

1. A method of measuring changes in the total body content of calcium, phosphorus, nitrogen and sodium in rats by activation analysis in vivo is described. 2. The change in the body content of the elements has been measured in rats on a calcium-deficient diet and in control animals, the body nitrogen being used to represent lean body mass for normalization. 3. There were significant differences in Ca/N and P/N but not in Ca/P ratios between the animals on a deficient diet and control animals at the end of the dietary period.

In-vivo evaluation of lipid lowering ability of Chloris paraguaiensis extracts

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-24
Author(s):  
Pavani C H
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Medical Systems ◽  
In Vivo Evaluation ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Anti Oxidant ◽  
And Control

Hyperlipidemia is the immediate results of the excessive fat intake in food. This results in the elevated levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. This leads to heart conditions like CAD, hypertension, congestive heart failure as risk factors which can be lethal. There are many drugs to treat and control the lipids levels in the body. These drugs are either designed to prevent LDL accumulation and VLDL synthesis. Some drugs also lower the elevated levels of saturated lipids in the body. But many drugs are known to cause side effects and adverse effects; therefore, alternatives to the drugs are the subjects for current investigations. Herbs and medicinal plants are used as treatment sources for many years. They have been used in the Indian medical systems like Ayurveda, Siddha etc. As the application of herbs in the treatment is growing, there is an urgent need for the establishment of Pharmacological reasoning and standardization of the activity of the medicinal plants. Chloris paraguaiensis Steud. is Poyaceae member that is called locally as Uppugaddi. Traditionally it is used to treat Rheumatism, Diabetes, fever and diarrhoea. The chemical constituents are known to have anti-oxidant properties and most of the anti-oxidants have anti-hyperlipidemic activity too. Since the plant has abundant flavonoid and phenol content, the current research focusses on the investigation of the anti-hyperlipidemic activity of the plant Chloris extracts. Extracts of Chloris at 200mg/kg showed a comparably similar anti hyperlipidemia activity to that of the standard drug. The extracts showed a dose based increase in the activity at 100 and 200mg/kg body weight.

scholarly journals Clinical and in Vivo Response Following Surgery or Surgery Plus Adjuvant Chemotherapy or Immunotherapy for Colorectal Carcinoma in a Rat Model

1983 ◽  
Vol 76 (10) ◽  
pp. 833-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
A K House ◽  
M A L Maley
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adjuvant Chemotherapy ◽  
Surgical Excision ◽  
The Body ◽  
Recurrent Tumour ◽  
Mesenteric Node ◽  
And Control ◽  
Tumour Weight

Two cohorts of rats, 240 with colon cancer and 150 controls, were assessed clinically and immunologically for their response to tumour and its management which was either by surgical excision alone or by surgical excision combined with either adjuvant chemotherapy or immunotherapy. The histology and invasion characteristics were observed for similarity with those of human lesions. Metastases were found in liver, lymph nodes, the peritoneum or lungs in 27% of animals during follow up. Significantly fewer adjuvant-treated rats had metastases than those receiving surgery alone ( P < 0.05), and less total tumour weight was found in the adjuvant-treated rats at four ( P < 0.03) and six ( P < 0.001) weeks postoperatively. Animals in the adjuvant immunotherapy group survived longer than in either other group ( P < 0.001). The crude parameters of host response to tumour, body, spleen and mesenteric lymph node weight were recorded and the latter two indexed to body weight. The body weight of tumour and control rats increased significantly with time ( P < 0.04). The spleen and mesenteric node indices were significantly ( P < 0.04) greater in tumour than control rats and were varied by recurrent tumour growth and by the adjuvant treatment administered postoperatively.

Computerized Tomography: A Perspective in the Pediatric Patient

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-308
Author(s):  
Derek Harwood-Nash ◽  
Herman Grossman ◽  
Alvin Felman ◽  
John Kirkpatrick ◽  
Leonard Swischuk
Keyword(s):  
Computerized Tomography ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Conventional Radiography ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Central Research ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Whole Body Ct

Computerized tomography (CT), a technique conceptualized by Oldendorf in 19611 and developed by Hounsfield2 of EMI-Tronics Inc. (EMI) Central Research Laboratories, has proven to be a successful innovation in neuroradiology. Reviews by Ambrose3 in England and by Baker et al.4 and by New et al.5 in the United States have clearly demonstrated the value of this new modality in neuroradiological diagnosis. In 1975 Houser et al.6 and Harwood-Nash et al.7 provided the initial clinical and radiological data about CT in infants and children. More recently this technique has been extended to the study of tissues and organs in the body other than those in the head. This has been accomplished by modification of the original machine into a whole-body CT system. Early reviews by Ledley et al.8 and by Alfidi et al.9 suggest a significant potential for diagnosis of lesions in the abdomen, pelvis, and thorax. The advantages of CT are that it is less invasive than standard special diagnostic radiological procedures and that for the first time it provides in vivo information regarding the content and the characteristics of tissue composing organs and masses. DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT In conventional radiography an image is made on radiographic film by an attenuated X-ray beam. In passing through a core of tissue, each ray of the beam is attenuated as it is absorbed and scattered by the tissue in its path. The intensity of the transmitted ray depends on the sum total of X-ray attenuation by all the different soft tissues in its path.

In vivo measurement of lithium in the body by a neutron activation analysis technique

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Glaros ◽  
A. F. LoMonte ◽  
K. J. Ellis ◽  
S. Yasumura ◽  
R. W. Stoenner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Activation Analysis ◽  
Activation Analysis ◽  
Neutron Activation ◽  
The Body ◽  
In Vivo Measurement ◽  
Analysis Technique

scholarly journals Follow-up of GK rats during prediabetes highlights increased insulin action and fat deposition despite low insulin secretion

2008 ◽  
Vol 294 (1) ◽  
pp. E168-E175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamileh Movassat ◽  
Danièle Bailbé ◽  
Cécile Lubrano-Berthelier ◽  
Françoise Picarel-Blanchot ◽  
Eric Bertin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Gk Rats

The adult Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat is characterized by impaired glucose-induced insulin secretion in vivo and in vitro, decreased β-cell mass, decreased insulin sensitivity in the liver, and moderate insulin resistance in muscles and adipose tissue. GK rats do not exhibit basal hyperglycemia during the first 3 wk after birth and therefore could be considered prediabetic during this period. Our aim was to identify the initial pathophysiological changes occurring during the prediabetes period in this model of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). To address this, we investigated β-cell function, insulin sensitivity, and body composition in normoglycemic prediabetic GK rats. Our results revealed that the in vivo secretory response of GK β-cells to glucose is markedly reduced and the whole body insulin sensitivity is increased in the prediabetic GK rats in vivo. Moreover, the body composition of suckling GK rats is altered compared with age-matched Wistar rats, with an increase of the number of adipocytes before weaning despite a decreased body weight and lean mass in the GK rats. None of these changes appeared to be due to the postnatal nutritional environment of GK pups as demonstrated by cross-fostering GK pups with nondiabetic Wistar dams. In conclusion, in the GK model of T2DM, β-cell dysfunction associated with increased insulin sensitivity and the alteration of body composition are proximal events that might contribute to the establishment of overt diabetes in adult GK rats.

High Resolution NMR Spectroscopy on Whole-Body Imagers:Optimized Single-and Multi-Pulse Experiments in Vitro

1995 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 942-948
Author(s):  
Fritz Schick
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Spin Echo ◽  
Single Pulse ◽  
Spin Systems ◽  
The Body ◽  
Coupling Constants ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Receiver Coil

Abstract From 100 ml spherical glass bottles filled with aqueous solutions and suspended in a homogeneous magnetic field, NMR spectra with linewidths of about 0.7 Hz were achieved in single-pulse and multi-pulse spectra. A relatively wide receiver coil as the body coil or the standard head coil of the manufacturer were employed to acquire spectra after different non-localized pulse sequences. Examples of single-pulse spectra and double spin-echo spectra of aqueous solutions with lactate, citrate, or glucose are demonstrated and discussed. The fact that all experiments can be performed using well-defined pulse angles acting on the entire sample at the field strenght of the whole-body unit allows to determine the characteristics (e.g. chemical shift differences, coupling constants) of spin systems of biologically important molecules precisely, without need for additional spectrometers. Constant flip angles are advantageous for adequate theoretical analysis of spectra from coupled spin systems. The effects of a defined "misadjustment" of the transmitter on the spectra can be measured directly, whereas localized methods always yield a superposition of signals due to the distribution of flip angles inside the selected volume. In some cases, optimized sequence parameters for localized examinations in vivo can be derived numerically from the analyzed coupling data.

scholarly journals In vivo Determination of Amino Acid Bioavailability in Humans and Model Animals

2005 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 923-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm F Fuller ◽  
Daniel Tomé
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Stable Isotope Labelling ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Hydrolyzed Protein ◽  
Protein Free Diet

Abstract Because the digestion of many dietary proteins is incomplete, and because there is a continuous (but variable) entry into the intestinal lumen of endogenous protein and amino acid nitrogen that is also subject to digestion, the fluxes of nitrogen, amino acids, and protein in the gut exhibit a rather complicated pattern. Methods to distinguish and quantitate the endogenous and dietary components of nitrogen and amino acids in ileal chyme or feces include the use of a protein-free diet, the enzyme-hydrolyzed protein method, different levels of protein intake, multiple regression methods, and stable-isotope labelling of endogenous or exogenous amino acids. Assessment of bioavailability can be made, with varying degrees of difficulty, in man directly but, for routine evaluation of foods, the use of model animals is attractive for several reasons, the main ones being cost and time. Various animals and birds have been proposed as models for man but, in determining their suitability as a model, their physiological, enzymological, and microbiological differences must be considered. Fecal or ileal digestibility measurements, as well as apparent and true nitrogen and amino acid digestibility measurements, have very different nutritional significance and can, thus, be used for different objectives. Measurements at the ileal level are critical for determining amino acid losses of both dietary and endogenous origin, whereas measurements at the fecal level are critical in assessing whole-body nitrogen losses. A complementary and still unresolved aspect is to take into account the recycling of intestinal nitrogen and bacterial amino acids to the body.

Blood-brain barrier penetration of [14C]darolutamide compared with [14C]enzalutamide in rats using whole body autoradiography.

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (6_suppl) ◽  
pp. 345-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Zurth ◽  
Steffen Sandmann ◽  
Dagmar Trummel ◽  
Dietrich Seidel ◽  
Hille Gieschen
Keyword(s):  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Early Time ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Post Dose ◽  
Whole Body Autoradiography ◽  
Blood Brain

345 Background: Darolutamide (ODM-201) (Daro) is an investigational oral and high-affinity androgen receptor antagonist. In preclinical studies, penetration of Daro through the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is negligible and in a retrospective safety analysis of the ARADES database for CNS-related adverse events (AEs), only 1 report of urinary incontinence was linked to Daro (Fizazi K, et al. 2015). Various clinical trials on enzalutamide (Enza) have reported CNS AEs (eg, seizure, falls, fatigue, pain). To understand the differences in CNS outcomes, we report an in vivo tissue distribution study with [14C]-labelled Enza and Daro in a head-to-head study in rats by means of quantitative whole-body autoradiography (QWBA). Methods: Male rats were orally dosed with 10 mg/kg [14C]Daro or [14C]Enza in the same formulation, administration volume, and radioactive dose. The animals were sacrificed at each drug’s specific tmax (time to reach the maximum concentration) in blood and brain and processed for QWBA. Results: At early time points [14C]Daro- and [14C]Enza-derived radioactivity was rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and homogenously distributed throughout the body. By 8 h post dose, [14C]Daro was significantly eliminated from almost all organs/tissues, whereas [14C]Enza remained constant within the body. In contrast to [14C]Daro, high and persistent radioactivity was observed in brain for [14C]Enza. At tmax, the brain/blood-ratio of [14C]Enza was ~0.765, while [14C]Daro was about 10-fold lower at ~0.074. Conclusions: Results show that post dose, there was a 10-fold lower BBB penetration of [14C]Daro compared with [14C]Enza. At 8 h, [14C]Daro was rapidly eliminated and almost undetectable in all tissues, including brain, in contrast to [14C]Enza that remained constant. These data suggest that Daro might have a lower risk of inducing CNS-related AEs than Enza. Further clinical studies are ongoing.

Effect of endurance training on leucine metabolism in perfused rat skeletal muscle

1987 ◽  
Vol 253 (6) ◽  
pp. E648-E656 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Hood ◽  
R. L. Terjung
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Trained Group ◽  
Leucine Metabolism ◽  
Leucine Oxidation ◽  
Hindlimb Muscle ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
And Control

An isolated single rat hindlimb muscle preparation was used to examine the influence of exercise training on leucine metabolism during steady-state conditions at rest and during isometric contractions. Treadmill training increased the activity of citrate synthase in the hindlimb muscle by 40-45%. Leucine oxidation, measured as the rate of alpha-decarboxylation, was not different between trained (2.28 +/- 0.15 nmol.min-1.g-1, n = 9) and control (2.57 +/- 0.20, n = 9) muscle at rest. In addition, successive 40-min contraction periods at 15 and 45 tetani/min induced similar increases (50 and 100%, respectively) in leucine oxidation in both groups. However, trained muscle maintained a greater tension output (P less than 0.05) during contractions and exhibited a greater oxygen consumption (VO2) (P less than 0.05) during 45 tetani/min. Thus the rate of leucine oxidation, relative to VO2, was less (P less than 0.05) in the trained group. This response was probably related to differences in intracellular factors modulating branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase, the rate-limiting step in leucine oxidation. Although our observed rates of muscle leucine alpha-decarboxylation can reasonably account for the rates of whole-body leucine alpha-decarboxylation of nontrained individuals found during steady-state tracer studies in vivo, this is less reasonably the case for the trained group. This suggests that a greater rate of leucine oxidation by nonmuscle tissues (e.g., liver) may occur in trained compared with nontrained individuals.

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