Computerized Tomography: A Perspective in the Pediatric Patient

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-308
Author(s):  
Derek Harwood-Nash ◽  
Herman Grossman ◽  
Alvin Felman ◽  
John Kirkpatrick ◽  
Leonard Swischuk
Keyword(s):  
Computerized Tomography ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Conventional Radiography ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Central Research ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Whole Body Ct

Computerized tomography (CT), a technique conceptualized by Oldendorf in 19611 and developed by Hounsfield2 of EMI-Tronics Inc. (EMI) Central Research Laboratories, has proven to be a successful innovation in neuroradiology. Reviews by Ambrose3 in England and by Baker et al.4 and by New et al.5 in the United States have clearly demonstrated the value of this new modality in neuroradiological diagnosis. In 1975 Houser et al.6 and Harwood-Nash et al.7 provided the initial clinical and radiological data about CT in infants and children. More recently this technique has been extended to the study of tissues and organs in the body other than those in the head. This has been accomplished by modification of the original machine into a whole-body CT system. Early reviews by Ledley et al.8 and by Alfidi et al.9 suggest a significant potential for diagnosis of lesions in the abdomen, pelvis, and thorax. The advantages of CT are that it is less invasive than standard special diagnostic radiological procedures and that for the first time it provides in vivo information regarding the content and the characteristics of tissue composing organs and masses. DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT In conventional radiography an image is made on radiographic film by an attenuated X-ray beam. In passing through a core of tissue, each ray of the beam is attenuated as it is absorbed and scattered by the tissue in its path. The intensity of the transmitted ray depends on the sum total of X-ray attenuation by all the different soft tissues in its path.

NMR Imaging in Pediatric Practice

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 852-854
Author(s):  
FRANCIS W. SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Conventional Radiography ◽  
The Body ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Computed ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Coefficients Of Absorption

Since before Roentgen's discovery of x-rays, man has been searching for a noninvasive method for assessing the soft tissue organs of the body. For many decades this need has been met by standard x-ray techniques. When x-rays pass through a body, they are absorbed by that body in differing amounts depending upon their density. Because most soft tissues have similar densities, conventional radiography is unable to differentiate overlapping soft tissue structures. In the early 1970s this difficulty was overcome by the development of x-ray computed tomography (CT). This advance in radiodiagnosis utilizes the same principle of measuring different coefficients of absorption, but collects data from many different directions and reconstructs them mathematically to display them as a cross-sectional image.

Feasibility Studies of X-ray Fluorescence as a Method for the In Vivo Determination of Platinum and Other Heavy Metals

1984 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 145-154
Author(s):  
J. Dutton ◽  
C. J. Evans ◽  
S. B. Samat ◽  
W. D. Morgan ◽  
A. Sivyer
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Elements ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Feasibility Studies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Nuclear Techniques ◽  
Wide Range

There has recently been growing interest in various atomic and nuclear techniques for the measurement of elements in the body. This has arisen through the realisation that (a) clinically-important amounts of toxic elements can be absorbed as a result of low-level environmental exposure, and (b) important information about the nutritional status of a patient can be obtained from measurements of major body elements. Where such information can be obtained by taking samples, a very wide range of analytical techniques is available, some capable of a sensitivity measured in parts-per-billion. Sampling is not possible, however, when the whole-body content (e.g. of nitrogen) is required, and is clinically undesirable when the element in question is concentrated in particular organs, for example as lead accumulates in the bones, and cadmium and many other toxic elements accumulate in the kidneys. It is in such cases that the various in vivo techniques are particularly important.

Visualization of Invasion into the Body and Internal Diffusion of Nanoparticles

2008 ◽  
Vol 396-398 ◽  
pp. 569-572
Author(s):  
Fumio Watari ◽  
Shigeaki Abe ◽  
I.D. Rosca ◽  
Atsuro Yokoyama ◽  
Motohiro Uo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Fluorescent Microscopy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Internal Diffusion ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Body Level ◽  
Organ Level ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Internal Body

Nanoparticles may invade directly into the internal body through the respiratory or digestive system and diffuse inside body. The behavior of nanoparticles in the internal body is also essential to comprehend for the realization of DDS. Thus it is necessary to reveal the internal dynamics for the proper treatments and biomedical applications of nanoparticles. In the present study the plural methods with different principles such as X-ray scanning analytical microscope (XSAM), MRI and Fluorescent microscopy were applied to enable the observation of the internal diffusion of micro/nanoparticles in the (1) whole body level, (2) inner organ level and (3) tissue and intracellular level. Chemical analysis was also done by ICP-AES for organs and compared with the results of XSAM mapping.

scholarly journals Checklist and Scoring System for the Assessment of Soft Tissue Preservation in CT Examinations of Human Mummies: Application to the Tyrolean Iceman

2017 ◽  
Vol 189 (12) ◽  
pp. 1152-1160
Author(s):  
Stephanie Panzer ◽  
Patrizia Pernter ◽  
Dario Piombino-Mascali ◽  
Rimantas Jankauskas ◽  
Stephanie Zesch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Scoring System ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Slice Thickness ◽  
Tissue Preservation ◽  
Soft Tissue Preservation ◽  
Whole Body Ct ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Tyrolean Iceman

Purpose Soft tissues make a skeleton into a mummy and they allow for a diagnosis beyond osteology. Following the approach of structured reporting in clinical radiology, a recently developed checklist was used to evaluate the soft tissue preservation status of the Tyrolean Iceman using computed tomography (CT). The purpose of this study was to apply the “Checklist and Scoring System for the Assessment of Soft Tissue Preservation in CT Examinations of Human Mummies” to the Tyrolean Iceman, and to compare the Iceman’s soft tissue preservation score to the scores calculated for other mummies. Materials and Methods A whole-body (CT) (SOMATOM Definition Flash, Siemens, Forchheim, Germany) consisting of five scans, performed in January 2013 in the Department of Radiodiagnostics, Central Hospital, Bolzano, was used (slice thickness 0.6 mm; kilovolt ranging from 80 to 140). For standardized evaluation the “CT Checklist and Scoring System for the Assessment of Soft Tissue Preservation in Human Mummies” was used. Results All checkpoints under category “A. Soft Tissues of Head and Musculoskeletal System” and more than half in category “B. Organs and Organ Systems” were observed. The scoring system accounted for a total score of 153 (out of 200). The comparison of the scores between the Iceman and three mummy collections from Vilnius, Lithuania, and Palermo, Sicily, as well as one Egyptian mummy resulted in overall higher soft tissue preservation scores for the Iceman. Conclusion Application of the checklist allowed for standardized assessment and documentation of the Iceman’s soft tissue preservation status. The scoring system allowed for a quantitative comparison between the Iceman and other mummies. The Iceman showed remarkable soft tissue preservation. Key Points  Citation Format

scholarly journals MAINTAINING IMMOBILISATION DEVICES ON TRAUMA PATIENTS DURING CHEST AND PELVIC X-RAY: A FEASIBILITY STUDY

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pål Johan Stokkeland
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Judgment ◽  
Conventional Radiography ◽  
Kappa Coefficient ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Technical Quality ◽  
Substantial Agreement ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Initial Resuscitation ◽  
Vacuum Mattress

Abstract BACKGROUND The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of different vacuum mattresses on standard resuscitation bay conventional radiography of chest and pelvis, especially regarding artefacts. METHODS We used a mobile X-ray machine to perform chest and pelvic conventional radiography on an anthropomorphic whole body phantom with a trauma transfer board, three different vacuum mattresses and without any stabilization device. The vacuum mattresses were investigated in activated, deactivated and stretched after deactivated states. Two radiologists assessed the artefacts independently. Agreement was measured using kappa coefficient. RESULTS All radiographs were of good technical quality and fully diagnostic. With the exception of one disagreed occurrence, artefacts were seen to hamper clinical judgement exclusively with activated vacuum mattresses. There was substantial agreement between the two radiologists on artefact assessment. The observed agreement was 0,82 with a kappa coefficient of 0,71. The first vacuum mattress caused no artefacts hampering with clinical judgment. CONCLUSION Our study concludes that it is feasible to maintain some vacuum mattresses through resuscitation bay conventional radiography of chest and pelvis. They do not result in artefacts hampering with clinical judgment. Our vacuum mattress nr 1 is recommendable for this purpose. Together with our previous findings our present results indicate that some vacuum mattresses may be used throughout the initial resuscitation bay assessment and CT examination.

scholarly journals Follow-up of GK rats during prediabetes highlights increased insulin action and fat deposition despite low insulin secretion

2008 ◽  
Vol 294 (1) ◽  
pp. E168-E175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamileh Movassat ◽  
Danièle Bailbé ◽  
Cécile Lubrano-Berthelier ◽  
Françoise Picarel-Blanchot ◽  
Eric Bertin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Gk Rats

The adult Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat is characterized by impaired glucose-induced insulin secretion in vivo and in vitro, decreased β-cell mass, decreased insulin sensitivity in the liver, and moderate insulin resistance in muscles and adipose tissue. GK rats do not exhibit basal hyperglycemia during the first 3 wk after birth and therefore could be considered prediabetic during this period. Our aim was to identify the initial pathophysiological changes occurring during the prediabetes period in this model of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). To address this, we investigated β-cell function, insulin sensitivity, and body composition in normoglycemic prediabetic GK rats. Our results revealed that the in vivo secretory response of GK β-cells to glucose is markedly reduced and the whole body insulin sensitivity is increased in the prediabetic GK rats in vivo. Moreover, the body composition of suckling GK rats is altered compared with age-matched Wistar rats, with an increase of the number of adipocytes before weaning despite a decreased body weight and lean mass in the GK rats. None of these changes appeared to be due to the postnatal nutritional environment of GK pups as demonstrated by cross-fostering GK pups with nondiabetic Wistar dams. In conclusion, in the GK model of T2DM, β-cell dysfunction associated with increased insulin sensitivity and the alteration of body composition are proximal events that might contribute to the establishment of overt diabetes in adult GK rats.

In Vivo X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis for Medical Diagnosis

1979 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 185-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Ahlgren ◽  
T. Grönberg ◽  
S. Mattsson
Keyword(s):  
Body Burden ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lead Contamination ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Sensitive Function ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Medical Interest

Occupational exposure to lead is common in many industrial applications and hence it is of considerable medical interest to control the body-burden of lead in living man. More than 90 % of the lead in the body is concentrated in bone and hence in vivo measurements of the lead in the skeleton should give the most satisfactory way for estimating the body-burden. The routine method used today for checking on lead contamination is that of measurements on blood samples. However, since the concentration of lead in the blood is a sensitive function of the actual exposure conditions, this method provides only a poor indication of the total body-burden and the integrated lead exposure.

In vivo assessment of body composition and growth potential of modern broiler using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (16) ◽  
pp. 1959
Author(s):  
Camila Angelica Gonçalves ◽  
Nilva Kazue Sakomura ◽  
Miryelle Freire Sarcinelli ◽  
Letícia Graziele Pacheco ◽  
Letícia Soares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Potential Growth ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Growing Period

Context Genetic improvements in modern strains have led to continuous increments in broiler growth rates, which, as a consequence, have resulted in higher economic returns for broiler producers over the last decades. Aim The present study was conducted to characterise the potential growth of the body and feathers of Cobb 500, Hubbard Flex and Ross 308 male and female broilers, as well as to assess the changes in chemical composition that occur up to 16 weeks of age. Methods Birds were fed isoenergetic diets divided in four phases and formulated to marginally exceed the nutritional requirements of the strains throughout the growing period. They were maintained in a controlled environment so as not to limit growth. A dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanner was used to follow the in vivo body composition of 12 broilers of each strain and sex (total of 72 broilers), and the feather weight and composition was determined in four birds of each strain and sex selected at intervals during the growing period (total of 288 broilers) through comparative slaughter with later chemical analysis. Key results Parameters of Gompertz growth curve to describe the strains were estimated for body and feather weight as well as for the growth of their chemical components. Conclusion Differences in the growth rates between strains were evident, indicating the possible differences in selection methods used by geneticists in the different breeding companies. These genetic parameters would explain part of the variation on broiler´s performance which impacts on the way they should be fed and housed during growth. Implications The accurate description of genetic growth potential is useful information to be associated with factorial models that predict nutritional and feed intake requirements of birds. The main advantage of DXA technology is to decrease the variation of body deposition on the Gompertz model, resulting from the use of the same bird throughout its life. Despite the speed of obtaining chemical values of the body, the method is unsuitable for measuring the growth of feathers, which is also important data to be collected and related to the broiler strains.

Direct Determination of the Body Content of Radionuclides: Abstract

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-9
Author(s):  
R. Griffith ◽  
H. Bergmann ◽  
F. A. Fry ◽  
D. Hickman ◽  
J.-L. Genicot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Direct Determination ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Control Measurement ◽  
In Vivo Measurement ◽  
Calibration Methods ◽  
Partial Body ◽  
And Control

Previous ICRU reports have dealt with the formulation and properties of tissue substitutes and phantoms that are used to calibrate in vivo measurement systems. This report provides guidance on the overall process of the direct measurement of radionuclides in the human body for radiation protection and medical applications. It addresses the detectors and electronics used for the measurement; methods of background reduction and control; measurement geometries for whole body, partial body or organ counting; physical and mathematical calibration methods; data analysis; and quality assurance. It is directed to readers who need practical advice on the establishment and operation of direct measurement facilities.

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