scholarly journals Gut Bacteria in the Holometabola: A Review of Obligate and Facultative Symbionts

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
R A Kucuk
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Symbiotic Bacteria ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Gut Morphology ◽  
Symbiotic Relationships ◽  
Health And Development ◽  
Host Taxon ◽  
Bacterial Associations

Abstract The diversity and ecological variety of Holometabola foregrounds a wide array of dynamic symbiotic relationships with gut-dwelling bacteria. A review of the literature highlights that holometabolous insects rely on both obligate bacteria and facultative bacteria living in their guts to satisfy a number of physiological needs. The driving forces behind these differing relationships can be hypothesized through the scrutiny of bacterial associations with host gut morphology, and transmission of bacteria within a given host taxon. Our knowledge of the evolution of facultative or obligate symbiotic bacteria in holometabolan systems is further enhanced by an assessment of the various services the bacteria provide, including nutrition, immune system health, and development. The diversity of Holometabola can thus be examined through an assessment of known bacterial partnerships within the orders of Holometabola.

Virome and Inflammasomes, a Finely Tuned Balance with Important Consequences for the Host Health

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1027-1044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia Freer ◽  
Fabrizio Maggi ◽  
Mauro Pistello
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Downstream Effects ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
Immune Defences

Background:The virome is a network of viruses normally inhabiting humans. It forms a conspicuous portion of the so-called microbiome, once generically referred to as resident flora. Indeed, viruses infecting humans without leading to clinical disease are increasingly recognized as part of the microbiome and have an impact on the development of our immune system. In addition, they activate inflammasomes, multiprotein complexes that assemble in cells and that are responsible for the downstream effects of sensing pathogens.Objective:This review aims at summarizing the evidence on the role of the virome in modulating inflammation and emphasizes evidence for Anelloviruses as useful molecular markers to monitor inflammatory processes and immune system competence.Method:We carried out a review of the literature published in the last 5 years and summarized older literature to take into account ground-breaking discoveries concerning inflammasome assembly and virome.Results:A massive amount of data recently emerging demonstrate that the microbiome closely reflects what we eat, and many other unexpected variables. Composition, location, and amount of the microbiome have an impact on innate and adaptive immune defences. Viruses making up the virome contribute to shaping the immune system. Anelloviruses, the best known of such viruses, are present in most human beings, persistently without causing apparent disease. Depending on their interplay with such viruses, inflammasomes instruct host defences to tolerate or forfeit a specific microorganism.Conclusion:The virome plays an important role in shaping human immune defences and contributes to inflammatory processes by quenching or increasing them.

Nursing, Gut Bacteria, and the Immune System – Part 3

ChemViews ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Breuer ◽  
Melanie Weingarten
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
System Part

scholarly journals Commensal and Opportunistic Bacteria Present in the Microbiota in Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) Larvae Differentially Alter the Hosts’ Innate Immune Responses

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Ragnhild Inderberg Vestrum ◽  
Torunn Forberg ◽  
Birgit Luef ◽  
Ingrid Bakke ◽  
Per Winge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Transcriptional Responses ◽  
Gut Morphology ◽  
Germ Free ◽  
Opportunistic Bacteria

The roles of host-associated bacteria have gained attention lately, and we now recognise that the microbiota is essential in processes such as digestion, development of the immune system and gut function. In this study, Atlantic cod larvae were reared under germ-free, gnotobiotic and conventional conditions. Water and fish microbiota were characterised by 16S rRNA gene analyses. The cod larvae’s transcriptional responses to the different microbial conditions were analysed by a custom Agilent 44 k oligo microarray. Gut development was assessed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Water and fish microbiota differed significantly in the conventional treatment and were dominated by different fast-growing bacteria. Our study indicates that components of the innate immune system of cod larvae are downregulated by the presence of non-pathogenic bacteria, and thus may be turned on by default in the early larval stages. We see indications of decreased nutrient uptake in the absence of bacteria. The bacteria also influence the gut morphology, reflected in shorter microvilli with higher density in the conventional larvae than in the germ-free larvae. The fact that the microbiota alters innate immune responses and gut morphology demonstrates its important role in marine larval development.

scholarly journals The Role of Immune System Cells in Fracture Healing: Review of the Literature and Current Concepts

Cureus ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitrios A Flevas ◽  
Maria G Papageorgiou ◽  
Panagiotis Drakopoulos ◽  
George I Lambrou
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Fracture Healing ◽  
Review Of The Literature

Equity, Literacies, and Learning in Technology-Rich Makerspaces

2020 ◽  
pp. 150-173
Author(s):  
Wen Wen ◽  
Jill Castek
Keyword(s):  
Informal Learning ◽  
Literacy Practices ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Community Building ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Learning Spaces ◽  
Learning Engagement ◽  
Formal And Informal Learning ◽  
Innovative Learning ◽  
Equity And Inclusion

This chapter uses an equity lens to examine learning in makerspaces with a focus on the role that literacies and technologies play in these spaces. The authors examine ways that makerspaces bridge formal and informal learning and serve as important contexts for community building and mentorship. This stance on makerspaces centers equity and inclusion as driving forces that must become central to the design of these innovative learning spaces. The piece includes a review of the literature aimed at building a deeper understanding of the principles that underlie literacy practices, collaboration, and learning engagement. The authors offer principles and recommendations for designing, organizing, expanding, and sustaining learning-through-making opportunities for all learners.

Contrarian and momentum trading: a review of the literature

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilios C. Galariotis
Keyword(s):  
Asset Pricing ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Investment Performance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Momentum Trading ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to critically review the literature on contrarian and momentum trading strategies and identify areas for future research. Design/methodology/approach – Critical review and discussion of the literature. Findings – The extant literature is dynamic and is typified by a number of open questions. Research limitations/implications – The open questions in the literature relate mainly to the driving forces of investment performance, and the role of risk and asset pricing as well as behavioral human traits. The literature is vast and therefore difficult to classify, cover and discuss. Practical implications – The paper indicates the possible need for: the development of different asset pricing models and propositions that can have practical implications at a more international context. Originality/value – The paper provides a critical review of the literature and identifies open issues for future research.

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