scholarly journals Understanding Mosquito Surveillance Data for Analytic Efforts: A Case Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi E Brown ◽  
Luigi Sedda ◽  
Chris Sumner ◽  
Elene Stefanakos ◽  
Irene Ruberto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
National Level ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Vector Surveillance ◽  
Mosquito Surveillance ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Prediction And Forecasting

Abstract Mosquito surveillance data can be used for predicting mosquito distribution and dynamics as they relate to human disease. Often these data are collected by independent agencies and aggregated to state and national level portals to characterize broad spatial and temporal dynamics. These larger repositories may also share the data for use in mosquito and/or disease prediction and forecasting models. Assumed, but not always confirmed, is consistency of data across agencies. Subtle differences in reporting may be important for development and the eventual interpretation of predictive models. Using mosquito vector surveillance data from Arizona as a case study, we found differences among agencies in how trapping practices were reported. Inconsistencies in reporting may interfere with quantitative comparisons if the user has only cursory familiarity with mosquito surveillance data. Some inconsistencies can be overcome if they are explicit in the metadata while others may yield biased estimates if they are not changed in how data are recorded. Sharing of metadata and collaboration between modelers and vector control agencies is necessary for improving the quality of the estimations. Efforts to improve sharing, displaying, and comparing vector data from multiple agencies are underway, but existing data must be used with caution.

scholarly journals Using social media to quantify spatial and temporal dynamics of nature-based recreational activities

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Mancini ◽  
George M. Coghill ◽  
David Lusseau
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
National Scale ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Recent National Survey ◽  
Visitor Numbers

AbstractBig data offer a great opportunity for nature-based recreation (NbR) mapping and evaluation. However, it is important to determine when and how it is appropriate to use this resource. We used Scotland as a case study to validate the use of data from Flickr as an indicator of NbR on a national scale and at several regional spatial and temporal resolutions. We compared Flickr photographs to visitor statistics in the Cairngorms National Park (CNP) and determined whether temporal variability in photo counts could be explained by known annual estimates of CNP visitor numbers. We then used a unique recent national survey of nature recreation in Scotland to determine whether the spatial distribution of Flickr photos could be explained by known spatial variability in nature use. Following this validation work, we used Flickr data to identify hotspots of wildlife watching in Scotland and investigated how they changed between 2005 and 2015.We found that spatial and temporal patterns in Flickr count are explained by measures of visitation obtained through surveys and that this relationship is reliable down to a 10 Km scale resolution. Our findings have implications for planning and management of NbR as they suggest that photographs uploaded on Flickr reflect patterns of NbR at spatial and temporal scales that are relevant for ecosystem management.

scholarly journals PARTISIPASI PETANI DALAM PEMULIAN STEVIA (Kasus di Kelompok tani Mulyasari Ciwidey Kabupaten Bandung)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yayat Sukayat ◽  
Hepi Hapsari ◽  
Pandi Pardian ◽  
Dika Supyandi
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
National Level ◽  
Farmer Participation ◽  
National Production ◽  
The Government ◽  
Study Techniques

ABSTRAKKebutuhan gula pasir yang bersumber dari tanaman tebu (Sacharum oficinarum L) untuk konsumsi rumah tangga dan industri pada tingkat nasional menempati posisi kedua setelah beras. Ketidakmampuan produksi nasional memaksa pemerintah membuka kran impor gula pasir untuk memenuhi kekurangan. Namun tetap saja kurang, sehingga ada indikasi industri makanan/minuman menggunakan gula sintetis. Oleh karenanya, tumbuh keinginan masyarakat untuk mencari alternatif pemanis alami berkalori rendah. Salah satu sumber pemanis tersebut adalah tanaman stevia (Stevia rebudiana). Namun hingga saat ini, pengembangan stevia nasional terkendala oleh ketersediaan benih. Peneliti dan pemulia Unpad melakukan rekayasa genetika stevia melalui induksi mutasi sinar gama dalam rangka menjawab kebutuhan tersebut. Agar komoditas ini adaptif dan sesuai dengan kebutuhan pengguna, pemulia melibatkan masyarakat dalam pengembangannya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan keterlibatan/partisipasi pengguna dalam pengembangan benih stevia hasil rekayasa tim Unpad, mengkaji faktor-faktor yang ada hubungannya dengan partisipasi petani dalam pengembangan stevia, dan menelaah faktor-faktor yang menjadi pertimbangan dalam penggunaan benih stevia Unpad. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif deskriptif dengan teknik studi kasus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa partisipasi petani dalam pengembangan benih stevia adalah dalam bentuk ide/gagasan, kontribusi fisik dan kontribusi finansial. Partisipasi tidak terlepas faktor dukungan koperasi yang berfungsi sebagai penampung hasil, kelompok sebagai tempat belajar, dan petani anggota sebagai pelaku yang menjaga kuantitas dan kualitas produksi. Penggunaan benih stevia Unpad dipertimbangkan jika secara teknis stevia yang dikembangkan berumur pendek, memiliki rendemen gula yang tinggi, adaptif terhadap lingkungan, serta memiliki cabang yang cukup banyak. Kata kunci: pemuliaan stevia, partisipasi petaniABSTRACTThe need for sugar sourced from sugar cane (Sacharum oficinarum L) for household and industrial consumption at the national level occupies the second position after rice. The inability of national production forced the government to import sugar in order to meet the shortage. Import has not solved the problem, even there is an indication that food/beverage industries used synthetic sugar. Hence, desire of the community to find alternative natural low-calorie sweeteners has been growing. One of the sources of sweetener is stevia (Stevia rebudiana). Unpad researchers and breeders genetically modified stevia through induction of gamma rays in order to answer these needs. In order for this commodity to be adaptive and in accordance with the needs of users, breeders involved the community in its development. The purposre of this study was to describe the involvement/participation of users in the development of stevia seeds engineered by Unpad team, to examine factors that have to do with farmer participation in the development of stevia, and to study the factors that are considered in the use of Unpad stevia seeds. This research is descriptive qualitative research with case study techniques. The results showed that farmers' participation in the development of stevia seeds was in the form of ideas, physical contributions and financial contributions. Participation cannot be separated from several factors, namely the cooperative support, which functions as a place of results, the farmer group as a place of learning, and member farmers as actors who maintain the quantity and quality of production. The use of Unpad stevia seeds is considered if technically, developed stevia is short-lived, has a high sugar yield, is adaptive to the environment, and has quite a lot of branches.Keywords: stevia breeding, farmer participation

Policy analysis in the education sector in Colombia

2020 ◽  
pp. 153-168
Author(s):  
Sandra García ◽  
Darío Maldonado ◽  
Sarah Muñoz-Cadena
Keyword(s):  
Policy Analysis ◽  
National Level ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Education Sector ◽  
Direct Impact ◽  
Public School Teachers ◽  
Training Compensation ◽  
Teacher Policy

This chapter presents a detailed case study of policies governing the hiring, training, compensation, and evaluation of schoolteachers. It traces reforms over a period of two decades and identifies key actors and competing decision criteria at each stage of the policy process. It also looks at teacher policy to illustrate the practice of policy analysis in education policy in Colombia at the national level after the 1990s reforms. The chapter uses reform in policies regarding public school teachers as a case to analyse the process of policy formulation and implementation in the education sector in Colombia. It defines several issues that have a direct impact on the quality of primary and secondary education.

scholarly journals Strategies for Structural and Energy Improvement in Mid-Rise Unreinforced Masonry Apartment Buildings. A Case Study in Mestre (Northeast Italy)

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 8819
Author(s):  
Luca Sbrogiò ◽  
Carlotta Bevilacqua ◽  
Gabriele De Sordi ◽  
Ivano Michelotto ◽  
Marco Sbrogiò ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Energy Analysis ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
National Level ◽  
Average Increase ◽  
Apartment Building ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Gravity Load

Two-thirds of the Italian building stock was already built by the 1970s, largely according to gravity load design and using economical materials and poor workmanship. Currently, the structures, fixtures, and fittings of these buildings have reached the end of their service life, and they require both an assessment and an update to meet new standards and new needs. As an example of a common type, this article deals with the assessment of the present state and the proposal of an integrated structural and architectural intervention on an existing brick masonry mid-rise apartment building in the suburbs of Venice, Northern Italy. The structural analysis highlights a moderate vulnerability, despite the low seismic hazard, and the energy analysis indicates that the highest management costs are due to heating and sanitary uses. Low-impact strategies are preferred for each aspect of the required interventions. Their costs are counterbalanced by (a) the reduction to a fifth of the present management costs; (b) a 20% average increase in the economic value of the flats; and (c) a favorable tax regime at the national level. Transformed into parametric values, also useful for large scale analyses, these costs resulted in a sustainable monthly instalment from the owners, who may also benefit from the increased quality of the place where they live.

scholarly journals Spatial and Temporal Patterns in Volunteer Data Contribution Activities: A Case Study of eBird

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 597
Author(s):  
Guiming Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
Volunteered Geographic Information ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Dynamics ◽  
The World

Volunteered geographic information (VGI) has great potential to reveal spatial and temporal dynamics of geographic phenomena. However, a variety of potential biases in VGI are recognized, many of which root from volunteer data contribution activities. Examining patterns in volunteer data contribution activities helps understand the biases. Using eBird as a case study, this study investigates spatial and temporal patterns in data contribution activities of eBird contributors. eBird sampling efforts are biased in space and time. Most sampling efforts are concentrated in areas of denser populations and/or better accessibility, with the most intensively sampled areas being in proximity to big cities in developed regions of the world. Reported bird species are also spatially biased towards areas where more sampling efforts occur. Temporally, eBird sampling efforts and reported bird species are increasing over the years, with significant monthly fluctuations and notably more data reported on weekends. Such trends are driven by the expansion of eBird and characteristics of bird species and observers. The fitness of use of VGI should be assessed in the context of applications by examining spatial, temporal and other biases. Action may need to be taken to account for the biases so that robust inferences can be made from VGI observations.

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