Diversity and Ecology of Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae), Potential Vectors of Leishmania in the Quang Ninh Province, Vietnam

Abstract The study aims to make an update on the distribution and ecology of sand flies in the Quang Ninh province, Northern Vietnam, where Leishmania cases were reported in 2001. Seventeen sites were chosen in three districts of the province: Ha Long, Cam Pha, and Hoanh Bo. Phlebotomine sand flies were collected using 68 CDC light traps from May 30 to 3 June 2016. Captured specimens were transferred individually into Eppendorf tubes with 90% ethanol. The sand fly heads and genitalia were removed and were mounted in Euparal after successive different baths. Specimen identification was determined based on the morphology of the cibarium, pharynx, and/or male genitalia or female spermathecae. A total of 416 sand flies (125 females, 283 males) belonging to four genera were collected and 10 sand fly species were identified: Sergentomyia silvatica, Se. barraudi, Se. hivernus, Se. bailyi, Phlebotomus mascomai, Ph. stantoni, Ph. yunshengensis, Ph. betisi, Chinius junlianensis, Idiophlebotomus longiforceps. The Sergentomyia genus prevailed (79.7% of the collected sand flies), followed by the Phlebotomus genus (13.7%), the Chinius genus (6.1%), and the Idiophlebotomus genus (0.8%). Besides these well-defined taxa, five specimens, named sp1, showed unknown morphological characteristics, requiring further study. The majority of sand flies were collected in rock caves suggesting the cavernicolous character of the species in the Quang Ninh province. However, specimens were also collected in intra and peridomiciliary sites in which Ph. stantoni and Se. hivernus were found as the main species. It is worth noting that two Ph. stantoni were found in the house of a patient affected by Leishmania.

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Do Different LED Colours Influence Sand Fly Collection by Light Trap in the Mediterranean?

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2018/6432637 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Gabriella Gaglio ◽

Ettore Napoli ◽

Francesca Arfuso ◽

Jessica Maria Abbate ◽

Salvatore Giannetto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Light Trap ◽

Mediterranean Area ◽

Sand Fly ◽

Sand Flies ◽

Light Traps ◽

Trap Design ◽

Phlebotomine Sand Flies ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Uv Led ◽

The Mediterranean

Light traps represent the most used attractive system to collect and monitor phlebotomine sand flies. Recent studies have suggested that light traps can be easily upgraded by the use of light-emitting diode (LED) with positive effects on trap design, weight, and battery life. However, scant data on the effect of different LED colours on the attractiveness to phlebotomine sand fly species are available in literature. In this study, the capture performances of light traps equipped with different LED colours on phlebotomine sand fly species indigenous in the Mediterranean area were evaluated. Phlebotomine sand fly collections were performed using a classical light trap (CLT), equipped with a traditional incandescent lamp, and five Laika 4.0 light traps supplied, each with LED of different colours and wavelengths: (i) white; (ii) red; (iii) green; (iv) blue; (v) UV. Light traps were set for three consecutive nights fortnightly from May to October 2017 and climate data recorded using a meteorological station. A total of 411 phlebotomine sand flies (191 males and 220 females), belonging to three different species, namely, Phlebotomus perniciosus (n= 298, 141 males and 157 females), Sergentomyia minuta (n=110, 48 males and 62 females), and Phlebotomus neglectus (n=3, 2 males and 1 females) were collected. Abundance of capture was influenced by colours of LED and time. The highest number of phlebotomine sand flies was captured on June (P<0.01) and by UV LED (P<0.01). As regard to species, P. perniciosus was mainly captured by UV LED on June (P<0.01). No effect of time (P>0.05) or LED colour (P>0.05) was recorded for S. minuta and P. neglectus. According to the results of the present study light trap equipped with UV LED can represent an effective tool for the capture of sand fly species in the Mediterranean area.

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Seasonal dynamics of Phlebotomus Papatasi (Scopoli, 1786) (Diptera: Psychodidae) population in southern Republic of Moldova

10.53937/icz10.2021.46 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tatiana Sulesco ◽

Keyword(s):

Seasonal Dynamics ◽

Sand Fly ◽

Sand Flies ◽

Phlebotomus Papatasi ◽

Light Traps ◽

Phlebotomine Sand Flies ◽

Republic Of Moldova ◽

Genus Leishmania

Phlebotomine sand flies are vectors of several infectious pathogens, including parasitic protozoans of the genus Leishmania and phleboviruses. Increasing sand fly biting nuisance reported by residents from southern Republic of Moldova since 2011 initiated this study. Ceadir-Lunga, a semi-urban locality in southern Republic of Moldova was selected for seasonal sand fly collections outdoors and indoors in 2015 and 2017 using CDC light traps and manual aspirators. Continuous trapping showed markedly longer activity of P. papatasi indoors. Specimens were collected from first aspirations in the second half of June until last collections in mid-September, suggesting that the actual indoor activity of P. papatasi may have been longer. Low numbers of trapped specimens do not allow make accurate conclusions regarding the seasonal dynamics.

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Molecular Detection of Bartonella sp. in Psathyromyia shannoni and Lutzomyia cruciata From Northeastern Mexico

Frontiers in Tropical Diseases ◽

10.3389/fitd.2021.780808 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

Author(s):

Yokomi N. Lozano-Sardaneta ◽

Nadia Joselyne Soto-Olguín ◽

Jorge J. Rodríguez-Rojas ◽

Sokani Sánchez-Montes ◽

Eduardo A. Rebollar-Téllez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dna Sequences ◽

Molecular Detection ◽

Citrate Synthase ◽

Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽

Sand Fly ◽

Sand Flies ◽

Light Traps ◽

Bartonella Bacilliformis ◽

Phlebotomine Sand Flies ◽

Northeastern Mexico

Phlebotomine sand flies are vectors of Leishmania spp., Bartonella bacilliformis, and several arboviruses worldwide. In Mexico, the presence of Bartonella species is associated sporadically with arthropods and little is known on the diversity of insects that could be incriminated with its transmission. The aim of this study was to perform a molecular detection of Bartonella DNA in sand fly species collected in northeastern Mexico. Sand flies were collected at the states of Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas from June to August 2010, using 16 light traps per night. Sand fly species were morphologically identified, and for Bartonella detection, we amplified ~378 bp of the citrate synthase gene (gltA). DNA sequences were compared in a phylogenetic reconstruction based on maximum likelihood. A total of 532 specimens from seven sand fly species were morphologically identified, where 11 specimens from Tamaulipas tested positive for the presence of a new lineage of Bartonella sp. associated with Psathyromyia shannoni and Lutzomyia cruciata. This work represents the second record of Bartonella-associated with sand flies outside of the endemic area of Carrion’s disease. More studies are necessary to understand their life cycle, transmission dynamics, and their relationship with sand fly species.

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Taxonomical insights and ecology of sandfly (Diptera, Psychodidae) species in six provinces of Northern Vietnam

Parasite ◽

10.1051/parasite/2021080 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 85

Author(s):

Sinh Nam Vu ◽

Hai Son Tran ◽

Vu Phong Tran ◽

Cong Tu Tran ◽

Nhu Duong Tran ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Species Richness ◽

Southeast Asia ◽

Male Genitalia ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Heterogeneous Group ◽

Morphological Description ◽

Light Traps ◽

Northern Vietnam ◽

Main Species

We studied sandfly (Diptera: Psychodidae) populations in six provinces of Vietnam. This work explores the diversity of sandfly species according to the province, as well as environment, and updated information on public health since leishmaniasis cases were reported in two provinces. Sandflies were collected using 428 CDC light traps from May 30 to October 13, 2016 and identified based on the morphology of the cibarium, pharynx and/or male genitalia or female spermathecae. A total of 2585 sandflies belonging to five genera and 13 identified species were collected. The main species were: the Sergentomyia barraudi group (12.53%), Se. sylvatica (9.63%) and Phlebotomus stantoni (3.95%). In all, 294 Sergentomyia specimens classified as Se. sp2 and Se. sp3 and a heterogeneous group, herein called Se. und_sp., showed unknown morphological characteristics requiring further studies. We provide detailed comments about morphological description and taxonomical identification in order to help standardization of sandfly classification in Southeast Asia. We observed differentiation according to the provinces in terms of density and species richness, with Lang Son having the highest density and Ninh Binh having the highest species richness. The majority of specimens were collected in rock caves and outdoors, suggesting mainly cavernicolous and exophilic characters of sandfly species in Northern Vietnam. However, specimens were also collected in intra- and peri-domiciliary sites. It is worth noting that Ph. stantoni was the main species found in dog sheds and indoors, and in particular in a leishmaniasis patient’s house.

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Phlebotomine Sand Fly Fauna andLeishmaniaInfection in the Vicinity of the Serra do Cipó National Park, a Natural Brazilian Heritage Site

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2015/385493 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Rosana Silva Lana ◽

Érika Monteiro Michalsky ◽

Consuelo Latorre Fortes-Dias ◽

João Carlos França-Silva ◽

Fabiana de Oliveira Lara-Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

National Park ◽

Sand Fly ◽

Sand Flies ◽

Local Data ◽

Phlebotomine Sand Flies ◽

Serra Do Cipó ◽

Heritage Site ◽

One Year ◽

The One ◽

Favorable Conditions

In the New World, the leishmaniases are primarily transmitted to humans through the bites ofLeishmania-infectedLutzomyia(Diptera: Psychodidae) phlebotomine sand flies. Any or both of two basic clinical forms of these diseases are endemic to several cities in Brazil—the American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) and the American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL). The present study was conducted in the urban area of a small-sized Brazilian municipality (Jaboticatubas), in which three cases of AVL and nine of ACL have been reported in the last five years. Jaboticatubas is an important tourism hub, as it includes a major part of the Serra do Cipó National Park. Currently, no local data is available on the entomological fauna or circulatingLeishmania. During the one-year period of this study, we captured 3,104 phlebotomine sand flies belonging to sixteenLutzomyiaspecies. In addition to identifying incriminated or suspected vectors of ACL with DNA of the etiological agent of AVL and vice versa, we also detectedLeishmaniaDNA in unexpectedLutzomyiaspecies. The expressive presence of vectors and naturalLeishmaniainfection indicates favorable conditions for the spreading of leishmaniases in the vicinity of the Serra do Cipó National Park.

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Response of phlebotomine sand flies to light-emitting diode-modified light traps in southern Egypt

Journal of Vector Ecology ◽

10.3376/1081-1710(2007)32[302:ropsft]2.0.co;2 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 302 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

D.F. Hoel ◽

J.F. Butler ◽

E. Y. Fawaz ◽

N. Watany ◽

S.S. El-Hossary ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Light Emitting Diode ◽

Sand Flies ◽

Light Traps ◽

Phlebotomine Sand Flies ◽

Light Emitting

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Entomological Studies in Itaúna, Brazil, an Area With Visceral Leishmaniasis Transmission: Fauna Survey, Natural Leishmania Infection, and Molecular Characterization of the Species Circulating in Phlebotomine Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae)

Journal of Medical Entomology ◽

10.1093/jme/tjz061 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 56 (5) ◽

pp. 1368-1376 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Josiane V Lopes ◽

Erika M Michalsky ◽

Nathalia C L Pereira ◽

Adão J V de Paula ◽

Fabiana O Lara-Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Natural Infection ◽

Local Population ◽

Influential Factor ◽

Sand Fly ◽

Health Concern ◽

Leishmania Infection ◽

Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽

Sand Flies ◽

Phlebotomine Sand Flies

Abstract Among neglected tropical diseases, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) shows great relevance in global terms and is a serious public health concern due to the possibility of severe and lethal forms in humans. In this study, we evaluate entomological factors such as diversity and abundance of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera:Psychodidae) and the Leishmania species circulating in these species in possible association with VL transmission in the Brazilian town Itaúna. The entomological collections were performed during three consecutive nights, always in the third week of each month, within a period of 12 mo. A total of 1,786 sand fly specimens were collected, from which 20% were collected inside houses. The influence of three local climatic variables (temperature, rainfall, relative humidity) on the population sizes of these insects was evaluated. Temperature was the most influential factor, with a significant positive correlation with the local population size of phlebotomine sand flies collected per month. Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) was the predominant species in the study area. Leishmania DNA was detected in nine out of 133 pools of sand fly females, using nested/PCR, which resulted in a minimal natural infection rate of 2.91%. DNA from Leishmania infantum Nicolle, 1908 (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatida), was detected in Evandromyia cortelezzii (Bréthes, 1923), Ev. evandroi (Costa, Lima & Antunes, 1936), Ev. lenti (Mangabeira, 1938), and Ev. termitophila (Martins, Falcão & Silva, 1964), besides Lu. longipalpis. Our study indicates favorable conditions for VL spreading in Itaúna due to the presence of Lu. longipalpis and Le. infantum-infected phlebotomine sand flies.

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Relationship Between the Distribution and Biodiversity of Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) With the Incidence of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Endemic Foci of Golestan Province, Iran

Journal of Medical Entomology ◽

10.1093/jme/tjaa114 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 57 (6) ◽

pp. 1768-1774

Author(s):

Aioub Sofizadeh ◽

Kamran Akbarzadeh ◽

Ehsan Allah Kalteh ◽

Fatemeh Karimi

Keyword(s):

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Wiener Index ◽

Sand Flies ◽

Phlebotomus Papatasi ◽

Light Traps ◽

Phlebotomine Sand Flies ◽

Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽

Golestan Province ◽

The Relationship

Abstract Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) is prevalent in Golestan Province, Iran. The current study determined the relationship between the distribution and biodiversity of sand flies with cutaneous leishmaniasis at 14 villages in plain and hillsides areas. In each village from July to September 2017, 60 sticky traps and 2 CDC light traps were laid. Spearman and Mann–Whitney tests were used to determine the relationship between the incidence of ZCL and the abundance of different species of sand flies. Simpson, Shannon-Wiener, Evenness, and Margalef indices were calculated to estimate the diversity of species. A total of 5,295 phlebotomine sand flies were collected, comprising 10 species of the genus Phlebotomus (3,947 flies) and 7 species of genus Sergentomyia (1,248 flies). The abundance of sand flies and incidence of ZCL in plain areas were greater than that of hillsides areas (P = 0.013, P = 0.002). There was a significant correlation between the incidence of ZCL and the abundance of Phlebotomus papatasi (r = 0.72, P = 0.004) and P. caucasicus groups (P = 0.006; 0.022). In the Shannon-Wiener index, the rest of the biodiversity indices were reduced in higher-altitude areas. Increasing Shannon-Wiener index showed higher diversity of sand flies in higher-altitude areas. Data of the reported cases of leishmaniasis in plain areas can reveal the relationship between less diversity index (Shannon-Wiener), higher dominant diversity index (Simpson), and incidence of leishmaniasis in these areas.

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