scholarly journals Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) overexpression affects growth and cell wall mechanics in etiolated Arabidopsis hypocotyls

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (8) ◽  
pp. 2481-2497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Miedes ◽  
Dmitry Suslov ◽  
Filip Vandenbussche ◽  
Kim Kenobi ◽  
Alexander Ivakov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Wall Mechanics

scholarly journals Even Visually Intact Cell Walls in Waterlogged Archaeological Wood Are Chemically Deteriorated and Mechanically Fragile: A Case of a 170 Year-Old Shipwreck

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 1113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liuyang Han ◽  
Xingling Tian ◽  
Tobias Keplinger ◽  
Haibin Zhou ◽  
Ren Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Intact Cell ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Wet Chemistry ◽  
Archaeological Wood ◽  
Waterlogged Archaeological Wood ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Crystallite Structure ◽  
Cell Wall Mechanics

Structural and chemical deterioration and its impact on cell wall mechanics were investigated for visually intact cell walls (VICWs) in waterlogged archaeological wood (WAW). Cell wall mechanical properties were examined by nanoindentation without prior embedding. WAW showed more than 25% decrease of both hardness and elastic modulus. Changes of cell wall composition, cellulose crystallite structure and porosity were investigated by ATR-FTIR imaging, Raman imaging, wet chemistry, 13C-solid state NMR, pyrolysis-GC/MS, wide angle X-ray scattering, and N2 nitrogen adsorption. VICWs in WAW possessed a cleavage of carboxyl in side chains of xylan, a serious loss of polysaccharides, and a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin. This was accompanied by a higher amount of mesopores in cell walls. Even VICWs in WAW were severely deteriorated at the nanoscale with impact on mechanics, which has strong implications for the conservation of archaeological shipwrecks.

Methods to quantify primary plant cell wall mechanics

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (14) ◽  
pp. 3615-3648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir J Bidhendi ◽  
Anja Geitmann
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Polymer Network ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Mechanical Modeling ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Testing Techniques ◽  
Cell Wall Mechanics

Abstract The primary plant cell wall is a dynamically regulated composite material of multiple biopolymers that forms a scaffold enclosing the plant cells. The mechanochemical make-up of this polymer network regulates growth, morphogenesis, and stability at the cell and tissue scales. To understand the dynamics of cell wall mechanics, and how it correlates with cellular activities, several experimental frameworks have been deployed in recent years to quantify the mechanical properties of plant cells and tissues. Here we critically review the application of biomechanical tool sets pertinent to plant cell mechanics and outline some of their findings, relevance, and limitations. We also discuss methods that are less explored but hold great potential for the field, including multiscale in silico mechanical modeling that will enable a unified understanding of the mechanical behavior across the scales. Our overview reveals significant differences between the results of different mechanical testing techniques on plant material. Specifically, indentation techniques seem to consistently report lower values compared with tensile tests. Such differences may in part be due to inherent differences among the technical approaches and consequently the wall properties that they measure, and partly due to differences between experimental conditions.

scholarly journals Brassinosteroids Influence Arabidopsis Hypocotyl Graviresponses through Changes in Mannans and Cellulose

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Somssich ◽  
Filip Vandenbussche ◽  
Alexander Ivakov ◽  
Norma Funke ◽  
Colin Ruprecht ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cellulose Fibre ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Cellular Growth ◽  
Upright Posture ◽  
Cellulose Fibres ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Biochemical Analyses ◽  
Plant Shoots ◽  
Cell Wall Mechanics

Abstract The force of gravity is a constant environmental factor. Plant shoots respond to gravity through negative gravitropism and gravity resistance. These responses are essential for plants to direct the growth of aerial organs away from the soil surface after germination and to keep an upright posture above ground. We took advantage of the effect of brassinosteroids (BRs) on the two types of graviresponses in Arabidopsis thaliana hypocotyls to disentangle functions of cell wall polymers during etiolated shoot growth. The ability of etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings to grow upward was suppressed in the presence of 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) but enhanced in the presence of brassinazole (BRZ), an inhibitor of BR biosynthesis. These effects were accompanied by changes in cell wall mechanics and composition. Cell wall biochemical analyses, confocal microscopy of the cellulose-specific pontamine S4B dye and cellular growth analyses revealed that the EBL and BRZ treatments correlated with changes in cellulose fibre organization, cell expansion at the hypocotyl base and mannan content. Indeed, a longitudinal reorientation of cellulose fibres and growth inhibition at the base of hypocotyls supported their upright posture whereas the presence of mannans reduced gravitropic bending. The negative effect of mannans on gravitropism is a new function for this class of hemicelluloses. We also found that EBL interferes with upright growth of hypocotyls through their uneven thickening at the base.

scholarly journals Pectin-Induced Changes in Cell Wall Mechanics Underlie Organ Initiation in Arabidopsis

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (20) ◽  
pp. 1720-1726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Peaucelle ◽  
Siobhan A. Braybrook ◽  
Laurent Le Guillou ◽  
Emeric Bron ◽  
Cris Kuhlemeier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Cell Wall Mechanics

scholarly journals Kinesin-4 Functions in Vesicular Transport on Cortical Microtubules and Regulates Cell Wall Mechanics during Cell Elongation in Plants

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 1011-1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaosheng Kong ◽  
Motohide Ioki ◽  
Siobhan Braybrook ◽  
Shundai Li ◽  
Zheng-Hua Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Elongation ◽  
Vesicular Transport ◽  
Cortical Microtubules ◽  
Cell Wall Mechanics

scholarly journals Brassinosteroids Influence Arabidopsis Hypocotyl Graviresponses Through Changes In Mannans And Cellulose

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Somssich ◽  
Filip Vandenbussche ◽  
Alexander Ivakov ◽  
Norma Funke ◽  
Colin Ruprecht ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cellulose Fibre ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Cellulose Fibres ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Biochemical Analyses ◽  
Plant Shoots ◽  
Negative Gravitropism ◽  
Cell Wall Mechanics

AbstractThe force of gravity is a constant environmental factor. Plant shoots respond to gravity through negative gravitropism and gravity resistance. These responses are essential for plants to direct the growth of aerial organs away from the soil surface after germination and to keep an upright posture above ground. We took advantage of the effect of brassinosteroids on the two types of graviresponses in Arabidopsis thaliana hypocotyls to disentangle functions of cell wall polymers during etiolated shoot growth. The ability of etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings to grow upwards was suppressed in the presence of 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) but enhanced in the presence of brassinazole (BRZ), an inhibitor of brassinosteroid biosynthesis. These effects were accompanied by changes in cell wall mechanics and composition. Cell wall biochemical analyses and confocal microscopy of the cellulose-specific pontamine S4B dye revealed that the EBL and BRZ treatments correlated with changes in cellulose fibre organization and mannan content. Indeed, a longitudinal re-orientation of cellulose fibres supported upright growth whereas the presence of mannans reduced gravitropic bending. The negative effect of mannans on gravitropism is a new function for this class of hemicelluloses, highlighting evolutionary adaptations by which aquatic ancestors of terrestrial plants colonized land.

scholarly journals Xyloglucan remodelling defines differential tissue expansion in plants

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Melina Velasquez ◽  
Xiaoyuan Guo ◽  
Marçal Gallemi ◽  
Bibek Aryal ◽  
Peter Venhuizen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Growth Control ◽  
Size Control ◽  
Tissue Expansion ◽  
Central Importance ◽  
Hypocotyl Growth ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Rigid Cell Wall ◽  
Genetic Interference ◽  
Cell Wall Mechanics

Size control is a fundamental question in biology, showing incremental complexity in case of plants whose cells possess a rigid cell wall. The phytohormone auxin is a vital growth regulator with central importance for differential growth control. Here we show that growth inducing and repressing auxin conditions correlate with reduced and enhanced complexity of extracellular xyloglucans, respectively. In agreement, genetic interference with xyloglucan complexity distinctly modulates auxin-dependent differential growth rates. Our work proposes that an auxin-dependent, spatially defined effect on xyloglucan structure and its effect on cell wall mechanics specify differential, gravitropic hypocotyl growth.

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