scholarly journals Combining phenotype, genotype and environment to uncover genetic components underlying water use efficiency in Persian walnut

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Mehdi Arab ◽  
Annarita Marrano ◽  
Rostam Abdollahi-Arpanahi ◽  
Charles A Leslie ◽  
Hao Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Stress Index ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Multiple Traits ◽  
Persian Walnut ◽  
Genetic Components ◽  
Use Efficiency

Abstract Walnut production is challenged by climate change and abiotic stresses. Elucidating the genomic basis of adaptation to climate is essential to breeding drought tolerant cultivars for enhanced productivity in arid and semi-arid regions. Here, we aimed to identify loci potentially involved in water use efficiency (WUE) and adaptation to drought in Persian walnut using a diverse panel of 95 walnut families (950 seedlings) from Iran, which show contrasting levels of water availability in their native habitats. We analyzed associations between phenotypic, genotypic, and environmental variables from datasets of 609 K high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), three categories of phenotypic traits (WUE related traits under drought, their drought stress index and principal components), and 21 climate variables and combination of them (first three PCs). Our genotype-phenotype analysis identified 22 significant and 266 suggestive associations, some of which were identified for multiple traits, suggesting their correlation and a possible common genetic control. Also, genotype-environment association analysis found 115 significant and 265 suggestive SNP loci that displayed potential signals of local adaptation. Several sets of stress-responsive genes were found in the genomic regions significantly associated with the aforementioned traits. Most of the candidate genes identified are involved in abscisic acid signaling, stomatal regulation, transduction of environmental signals, antioxidant defense system, osmotic adjustment, and leaf growth and development. Upon validation, the marker-trait associations identified for drought tolerance-related traits would allow the selection and development of new walnut rootstocks or scion cultivars with superior water use efficiency.

scholarly journals (352) Genetic and Environmental Effects Related to Water Use Efficiency in Peach

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1017B-1017
Author(s):  
D. Michael Glenn ◽  
Ralph Scorza ◽  
William R. Okie
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
Genetic Components ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Relationship

Two unpruned willow leaf and two unpruned standard leaf peach [Prunuspersica(L.) Batsch.] selections were evaluated for physiological components related to water use efficiency (WUE). The purpose of the study was to assess the value of willow leaf phenotypes to improve water use efficiency in peach and separate the environmental from the genetic components. The willow leaf characteristic itself did not confer improved water use efficiency. Light interception was a key determinant of WUE in these genotypes and the relationship of WUE with intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by the entire canopy indicated a significant negative correlation. Internal shading of the tree by excessive leaf area reduced WUE and canopies that intercept more than 60% of the PAR have reduced WUE. While WUE is improved by reducing the amount of PAR interception of the canopy, productivity is reduced. Neither of the willow leaf genotypes had a significant correlation of WUE with yield (leaf and fruit weight); however, the standard leaf type cultivars, `Bounty' and `Redhaven', had significantly different regressions that indicate greater productivity in `Bounty' for a given level of WUE. `Redhaven' was the least productive cultivar; `Bounty' was the most productive, and the two willow leaf genotypes were intermediate in the relationship of intercepted PAR with yield. Therefore, genetic differences in peach growth types can be selected for both increased WUE as well as increased productivity. Future work in peach breeding to improve WUE and productivity must take into consideration light interception, productivity, and WUE in an integrated manner to make progress in the efficient use of water and light.

scholarly journals Genetic and Environmental Effects on Water Use Efficiency in Peach

2006 ◽  
Vol 131 (2) ◽  
pp. 290-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Michael Glenn ◽  
R. Scorza ◽  
W.R. Okie
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Narrow Leaf ◽  
Genetic Components ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Future Work

Two unpruned narrow-leaf and two unpruned standard-leaf peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] selections were evaluated for physiological components related to water use efficiency {WUE [carbon assimilation (A) per unit of transpiration (T)]}. The purpose of the study was to assess the value of narrow-leaf phenotypes to improve WUE in peach and separate the environmental component of canopy geometry from the genetic components. The narrow-leaf characteristic itself did not confer improved WUE. The interception of light was a key determinant of WUE in these genotypes. Internal shading of the tree by excessive leaf area reduced daily WUE measured in gas exchange studies. Canopies that intercepted more than 75% of the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) had reduced daily WUE. Dormant season pruning of the four genotypes lowered isotopic carbon discrimination and therefore increased seasonal WUE compared to unpruned trees. None of the genotypes had a significant correlation of seasonal WUE with leaf and fruit weight. Analysis of covariance indicated that `Bounty' and both narrow-leaf genotypes had greater leaf and fruit weight than `Redhaven' for a given level of PAR interception. `Bounty' had the least internal canopy shading of the four genotypes. Genetic differences in peach growth types can be selected for factors increasing WUE as well as increased productivity. Future work in peach breeding to improve WUE and productivity must take into consideration light interception, productivity, and WUE in an integrated manner to make real progress in the efficient use of water and light in the orchard environment.

scholarly journals KEBUTUHAN AIR, EFISIENSI PENGGUNAAN AIR DAN KETAHANAN KEKERINGAN KULTIVAR KEDELAI (Water Use, Water Use Efficiency and Drought Tolerance of Soybean Cultivars)

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (01) ◽  
pp. 114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sri Suryanti ◽  
Didik Indradewa ◽  
Putu Sudira ◽  
Jaka Widada
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Stress Index ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Use Values ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Factor Data

Water use (WU) and water use efficiency (WUE) provides a simple methods of assessing whether yield is affected by water supply.Drought tolerance cultivars havestable yield under drought. The objective of this study was to asses water use, water use efficiency, and drought tolerance of soybean cultivars. The 18 × 4 factorial experiment was set in a completely randomized design with three replications during May to October 2012 at the Tridharma Research Station Faculty of Agriculture, Gadjah Mada University at altitute 110 m dpl. Eighteen soybean cultivars were assigned as the first factor and four level watering intervals i.e. 1days, 2 days, 4 days and 8 days until field capasity were assigned asthe second factor. Data were recorded for water use at 15 days until 56 days after planting andwater use efficiency at 56 days after planting. Data for stress index andstress susceptibility index  were calculated at 84 days after planting. Results indicated that Grobogan and Galunggung were identified as drought tolerance cultivars with water use values rangedfrom  4.87 to 4.98 mm and water use efficiency value 5.16 gram/mm. Burangrang, Kaba, Argomulyo, Panderman, Baluran, Ijen,  Petek, Malabar were identified as medium drought tolerance cultivars with water use values ranged from 3.98 to 6.14 mm and water use efficiency values ranged from 3.69 to 5.51 gram/mm. Sibayak, Tanggamus, Anjasmoro, Wilis, Garut, Gepak, Sinabung, and Seulawah were identified as sensitive cultivars with water use values ranged from  5.37 to 5.95 mm and water use efficiency values ranged from 3.49 to 5.60 gram/mm. Keywords: Water use, water use efficiency, drought tolerance, soybean cultivars ABSTRAKKebutuhan air dan efisiensi penggunaan air merupakan cara sederhana untuk mengetahui apakah hasil tanaman dipengaruhi oleh pasokan air. Tanaman tahan kering mengalami penurunan hasil lebih rendah ketika terjadi cekaman kekeringan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kebutuhan air tanaman, efisiensi penggunaan air dan variasi ketahanan kultivar kedelai terhadap cekaman kekeringan. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) faktorial 18 x 4 dengan tiga ulangan. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Mei sampai Oktober 2012 di Kebun Tridharma  Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Gadjah Mada dengan ketinggian tempat 110 m dpl. Faktor pertama adalah kultivar kedelai terdiri atas 18 kultivar dan faktor kedua adalah interval penyiraman terdiri atas 4 taraf yaitu penyiraman 1 hari, 2 hari, 4 hari dan 8 hari sekali sampai kapasitas lapangan. Pengamatan kebutuhan air dilakukan mulai umur 15 hari sampai 56 hari setelah tanam dan efisiensi penggunaan air dilakukan pada umur 56 hari setelah tanam. Perhitungan indeks cekaman dan indeks sensitivitas cekaman dilakukan pada umur 84 hari setelah tanam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kultivar Grobogan dan Galunggung tahan terhadap cekaman kekeringan dengankebutuhan air antara  4,87 sampai 4,98 mm dan efisiensi penggunaan air 5,16gram/mm. Kultivar Burangrang, Kaba, Argomulyo, Panderman, Ijen, Baluran, Petek, dan Malabar merupakan kultivar yang agak tahan terhadap cekaman kekeringan dengan kebutuhan air antara 3,98 sampai 6,14 mm dan efisiensi penggunaan air antara  3,69 sampai  5,51gram/mm. Kultivar Sibayak, Tanggamus, Anjasmoro, Wilis, Garut, Gepak Kuning, Sinabung, dan Seulawah merupakan kultivar yang tidak tahan terhadap cekaman kekeringan dengan kebutuhan air antara  5,37 sampai 5,95 mm dan efisiensi penggunaan air antara  3,49 sampai 5,60 gram/mm.Kata kunci: Kebutuhan air, efisiensi penggunaan air, ketahanan kekeringan, kultivar kedelai

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Effect of Irrigation and Fertilization by Drip Fertigation on Tomato Yield and Water Use Efficiency in Greenhouse

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wang Xiukang ◽  
Xing Yingying
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Fertilizer Rate ◽  
Irrigation Level ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Drip Fertigation

The water shortage in China, particularly in Northwest China, is very serious. There is, therefore, great potential for improving the water use efficiency (WUE) in agriculture, particularly in areas where the need for water is greatest. A two-season (2012 and 2013) study evaluated the effects of irrigation and fertilizer rate on tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill., cv. “Jinpeng 10”) growth, yield, and WUE. The fertilizer treatment significantly influenced plant height and stem diameter at 23 and 20 days after transplanting in 2012 and 2013, respectively. As individual factors, irrigation and fertilizer significantly affected the leaf expansion rate, but irrigation × fertilizer had no statistically significant effect on the leaf growth rate at 23 days after transplanting in 2012. Dry biomass accumulation was significantly influenced by fertilizer in both years, but there was no significant difference in irrigation treatment in 2012. Our study showed that an increased irrigation level increased the fruit yield of tomatoes and decreased the WUE. The fruit yield and WUE increased with the increased fertilizer rate. WUE was more sensitive to irrigation than to fertilization. An irrigation amount of 151 to 208 mm and a fertilizer amount of 454 to 461 kg·ha−1(nitrogen fertilizer, 213.5–217 kg·ha−1; phosphate fertilizer, 106.7–108 kg·ha−1; and potassium fertilizer, 133.4–135.6 kg·ha−1) were recommended for the drip fertigation of tomatoes in greenhouse.

scholarly journals The genetic architecture of local adaptation II: The QTL landscape of water-use efficiency for foxtail pine (Pinus balfouriana Grev. & Balf.)

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J Eckert ◽  
Douglas E Harwood ◽  
Brandon M Lind ◽  
Erin M Hobson ◽  
Annette Delfino Mix ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Geographical Range ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Indirect Measure ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Foxtail Pine ◽  
Pinus Balfouriana

Water availability is an important driver of the geographic distribution of many plant species, although its importance relative to other climatic variables varies across climate regimes and species. A common indirect measure of water-use efficiency (WUE) is the ratio of carbon isotopes (δ13C) fixed during photosynthesis, especially when analyzed in conjunction with a measure of leaf-level resource utilization (δ15N). Here, we test two hypotheses about the genetic architecture of WUE for foxtail pine (Pinus balfouriana Grev. & Balf.) using a novel mixture of double digest restriction site associated DNA sequencing, species distribution modeling, and quantitative genetics. First, we test the hypothesis that water availability is an important determinant of the geographical range of foxtail pine. Second, we test the hypothesis that variation in δ13C and δ15N is genetically based, differentiated between regional populations, and has genetic architectures that include loci of large effect. We show that precipitation-related variables structured the geographical range of foxtail pine, climate-based niches differed between regional populations, and δ13C and δ15N were heritable with moderate signals of differentiation between regional populations. A set of large-effect QTLs (n = 11 for δ13C; n = 10 for δ15N) underlying δ13C and δ15N variation, with little to no evidence of pleiotropy, was discovered using multiple-marker, half-sibling regression models. Our results represent a first approximation to the genetic architecture of these phenotypic traits, including documentation of several patterns consistent with δ13C being a fitness-related trait affected by natural selection.

scholarly journals Salinity Tolerance of Cleopatra Mandarin and Carrizo Citrange Citrus Rootstock Seedlings Is Affected by CO2 Enrichment during Growth

2006 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco García-Sánchez ◽  
J.P. Syvertsen
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Carrizo Citrange ◽  
Citrus Rootstock ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Cleopatra Mandarin

Three-month-old citrus rootstock seedlings of the Cl- excluder Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and the Cl- accumulator Carrizo citrange [C. sinensis (L.) Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata L.] were fertilized with nutrient solution with or without additional 50 mm NaCl and grown at either ambient CO2 (360 μL·L-1) or elevated CO2 (700 μL·L-1) in similar controlled environment greenhouses for 8 weeks. Elevated CO2 increased plant growth, shoot/root ratio, leaf dry weight per area, net assimilation of CO2, chlorophyll, and water-use efficiency but decreased transpiration rate. Elevated CO2 decreased leaf Ca2+ and N concentration in non-salinized Cleopatra. Salinity increased leaf Cl- and Na+ in both genotypes. Carrizo had higher concentrations of Cl-but lower Na+ in leaves than Cleopatra. Salinity decreased plant growth, shoot/root ratio, net gas exchange, water use, and root Ca+2 but increased root N in both genotypes regardless of CO2 level. Neither salinity nor elevated CO2 affected leaf chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm). Carrizo had higher Fv/Fm, leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll, N, and Ca2+ than Cleopatra. Salinity-induced decreases in leaf osmotic potential increased leaf turgor especially at elevated CO2. The increase in leaf growth at elevated CO2 was greater in salinized than in nonsalinized Carrizo but was similar in Cleopatra seedlings regardless of salt treatment. In addition, salinity decreased water-use efficiency more at elevated CO2 than at ambient CO2 in Cleopatra but not in Carrizo. Elevated CO2 also decreased leaf Cl- and Na+ in Carrizo but tended to increase both ions in Cleopatra leaves. Based on leaf growth, water-use efficiency and salt ion accumulation, elevated CO2 increased salinity tolerance in the relatively salt-sensitive Carrizo more than in the salt-tolerant Cleopatra. In salinized seedlings of both genotypes, Cl- and Na+ concentration changes in response to eCO2 in leaves vs. roots were generally in opposite directions. Thus, the modifications of citrus seedling responses to salinity by the higher growth and lower transpiration at elevated CO2 were not only species dependent, but also involved whole plant growth and allocations of Na+ and Cl-.

Increasing intrinsic water-use efficiency over the past 160 years does not stimulate tree growth in southeastern China

2018 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Guo ◽  
K Fang ◽  
J Li ◽  
HW Linderholm ◽  
D Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Southeastern China ◽  
The Past ◽  
Intrinsic Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Use Efficiency

A comparative appraisal of urea super granule application in raised bed and prilled urea application in conventional planting for transplanted boro rice (Oryza sativa)

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 822-832
Author(s):  
Halim Mahmud Bhuyan ◽  
Most. Razina Ferdousi ◽  
Mohammad Toufiq Iqbal ◽  
Ahmed Khairul Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Deep Placement ◽  
Prilled Urea ◽  
Planting Methods ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Raised Bed ◽  
Boro Rice

Utilization of urea super granule (USG) with raised bed cultivation system for transplanted boro (winter, irrigated) rice production is a major concern now days. A field experiment was conducted in the chuadanga district of Bangladesh to compare the two cultivation methods: deep placement of USG on raised bed with boro rice, and prilled urea (PU) broadcasting in conventional planting. Results showed that USG in raised bed planting increased grain yields of transplanted boro rice by up to 18.18% over PU in conventional planting. Deep placement of USG in raised bed planting increased the number of panicle m-2, number of grains panicle-1 and 1000-grains weight of boro rice than the PU in conventional planting. Better plant growth was observed by deep placement of USG in raised bed planting compared to PU in conventional planting. Sterility percentage and weed infestation were lower on USG in raised bed planting compared to the PU in conventional planting methods. Forty seven percent irrigation water and application time could be saved by USG in raised bed planting than PU in conventional planting. Deep placement of USG in bed saved N fertilizer consumption over conventional planting. Water use efficiency for grain and biomass production was higher with deep placement of USG in bed planting than the PU broadcasting in conventional planting methods. Similarly, agronomic efficiency of N fertilizer by USG in bed planting was significantly higher than the PU broadcasting in conventional planting. This study concluded that deep placement of USG in raised bed planting for transplanted boro rice is a new approach to achieve fertilizer and water use efficiency as well as higher yield and less water input compared to existing agronomic practices in Bangladesh.

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