scholarly journals Associations of familial risk factors with social fears and social phobia: evidence for the continuum hypothesis in social anxiety disorder?

2008 ◽  
Vol 116 (6) ◽  
pp. 639-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Knappe ◽  
Katja Beesdo ◽  
Lydia Fehm ◽  
Roselind Lieb ◽  
Hans-Ulrich Wittchen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Social Phobia ◽  
Social Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Continuum Hypothesis ◽  
Familial Risk ◽  
Familial Risk Factors ◽  
The Continuum

Social Anxiety Disorder

2018 ◽  
pp. 347-352
Author(s):  
Marco Del Giudice
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Social Phobia ◽  
Social Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
Type Condition ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Developmental Features

The chapter discusses social anxiety disorder (SAD) or “social phobia”, a condition marked by persistent fears and/or anxieties about social situations (including public speaking and other types of performance) that expose the person to scrutiny by others. After an overview of this disorder, its developmental features, and the main risk factors identified in the epidemiological literature, the chapter critically reviews existing evolutionary models and suggests new directions for research. The final section applies the criteria developed earlier in the book to classify the disorder within the fast-slow-defense (FSD) model. The author concludes that SAD can be classified as a defense activation (D-type) condition.

scholarly journals Personalized Models of Internalizing Symptoms for Women with Social Anxiety Disorder and Depression

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn Piccirillo ◽  
Thomas Rodebaugh
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Social Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Internalizing Symptoms ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Depressive Episodes

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) constitutes an important risk factor for major depressive disorder (MDD) and women are at greater risk for both disorders and their comorbidity. Despite much research examining risk factors for MDD specifically, there is limited research evaluating how individuals with SAD transition into depressive episodes. Clinical and theoretical evidence suggests that each individual may exhibit a unique personalized pattern of risk factors. These idiographic patterns may contradict group-level findings. In this study, women (N = 35) with SAD and a current or past major depressive episode completed ecological sampling of their mood and emotional experience five times a day for a month via a smartphone application. These data were analyzed using idiographic analyses to construct individual-level models of each woman’s mood. A multilevel model was constructed to determine risk factors for group-level intra-daily sadness (i.e., depressed mood). Some group-level relationships were consistent with previous research; however, most women’s models demonstrated few, and differing, risk factors for intra-daily sadness. We also examined the spread of individual-level estimates taken from group and idiographic models to determine the extent to which multilevel models can estimate individual-level effects. Implications for integrating results from idiographic methodology into existing theoretical models of psychopathology and clinical practice are discussed.

Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladan Starcevic, MD, PhD
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Social Phobia ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
The Status ◽  
Bona Fide ◽  
Severe Psychopathology

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is conceptualized as an excessive and/or unreasonable fear of situations in which the person’s behavior or appearance might be scrutinized and evaluated. This fear is a consequence of the person’s expectation to be judged negatively, which might lead to embarrassment or humiliation. Typical examples of feared and usually avoided social situations are giving a talk in public, performing other tasks in front of others, and interacting with people in general. Although the existence of SAD as a psychopathological entity has been known for at least 100 years, it was only relatively recently, with the publication of DSM-III in 1980, that SAD (or social phobia) acquired the status of an ‘‘official’’ psychiatric diagnosis. The term social anxiety disorder has been increasingly used instead of social phobia, because it is felt that the use of the former term conveys more strongly the pervasiveness and impairment associated with the condition and that this term will promote better recognition of the disorder and contribute to better differentiation from specific phobia (Liebowitz et al., 2000). Like generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder is common and controversial. Unlike generalized anxiety disorder, which is described in different ways by different diagnostic criteria and different researchers and clinicians, SAD does not suffer from a ‘‘description problem.’’ It is not particularly difficult to recognize features of SAD; what may be difficult is making sense of these features. Main issues associated with SAD are listed below…. 1. Where are the boundaries of SAD? How well is SAD distinguished from ‘‘normal’’ social anxiety and shyness on one hand, and from severe psychopathology on the other? 2. Is there a danger of ‘‘pathologizing’’ intense social anxiety by labeling it a psychiatric disorder? How can the distress and suffering of people with high levels of social anxiety be acknowledged if they are not given the corresponding diagnostic label? 3. Is SAD a bona fide mental disorder? 4. Can the subtyping scheme (nongeneralized vs. generalized SAD) be supported? 5. Is there a spectrum of social anxiety disorders?

scholarly journals Early-onset social anxiety disorder in adults: clinical and therapeutic features

2005 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Bezerra de Menezes ◽  
Leonardo F. Fontenelle ◽  
Márcio Versiani
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Social Phobia ◽  
Social Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
Psychiatric Complications

OBJECTIVE: To investigate possible differences in clinical and treatment response in patients suffering from early-onset (< 18 years) and late-onset (>18 years) social anxiety disorder. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with social anxiety disorder of early-onset (n = 47; 75.8%) were compared to those diagnosed with late-onset social anxiety disorder (n = 15; 24.2%) in terms of age, mode of onset, subtype, psychiatric comorbidities (according to the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV), symptom severity and response (assessed according to the Clinical Global Impression scale) after at least ten weeks of drug treatment. The statistical analyses included chi² tests with Yates correction or Fisher's exact test, as well as Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney test. The level of statistic significance adopted was 5%. RESULTS: Patients presenting early-onset phobic symptoms more frequently: were inactive (chi² = 4.28; df = 1; p = 0.04); suffered from the generalized subtype of social phobia (chi² = 6.53; df = 1; p = 0.01); and presented psychiatric comorbidity (chi² = 6.71; df = 1; p = 0.01). No differences were observed between the groups in severity of symptoms and therapeutic response. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest the existence of a possible social anxiety disorder subtype characterized by early onset of symptoms, higher rates of absenteeism, a wider range of social phobia symptoms and psychiatric complications.

scholarly journals Early Risk Factors and Developmental Pathways to Chronic High Inhibition and Social Anxiety Disorder in Adolescence

2010 ◽  
Vol 167 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn J. Essex ◽  
Marjorie H. Klein ◽  
Marcia J. Slattery ◽  
H. Hill Goldsmith ◽  
Ned H. Kalin
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Social Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Developmental Pathways ◽  
Early Risk ◽  
Early Risk Factors ◽  
High Inhibition

Protein-source tryptophan as an efficacious treatment for social anxiety disorder: a pilot studyThis article is one of a selection of papers published in this special issue (part 1 of 2) on the Safety and Efficacy of Natural Health Products.

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (9) ◽  
pp. 928-932 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Hudson ◽  
Susan Hudson ◽  
Joan MacKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Social Phobia ◽  
Social Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Objective Measure ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Intact Protein ◽  
Natural Health Products ◽  
Double Blind

Until recently, intact protein that is rich in tryptophan was not seen as an alternative to pharmaceutical-grade tryptophan because protein also contains large neutral amino acids (LNAAs) that compete for transport sites across the blood–brain barrier. Recent evidence indicates that when deoiled gourd seed (a rich source of tryptophan with approximately 22 mg/g protein) is combined with glucose (a carbohydrate that reduces serum levels of competing LNAAs) a clinical effect similar to that of pharmaceutical-grade tryptophan is achieved. Objective and subjective measures of anxiety in those suffering from social phobia (also known as social anxiety disorder) were employed to measure changes in anxiety in response to a stimulus as part of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study with a wash-out period of 1 week between study sessions. Subjects were randomly assigned to start with either (i) protein-source tryptophan (deoiled gourd seed) in combination with carbohydrate or (ii) carbohydrate alone. One week after the initial session, subjects returned for a follow-up session and received the opposite treatment of that received at the first session. All 7 subjects who began the study completed the 2-week protocol. Protein-source tryptophan with carbohydrate, but not carbohydrate alone, resulted in significant improvement on an objective measure of anxiety. Protein-source tryptophan combined with a high glycemic carbohydrate is a potential anxiolytic to those suffering from social phobia.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Social Anxiety Disorder among Medical Students from Six Medical Schools in Khartoum State

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hazeem Abeljaleel Suleiman ◽  
Sara Ahmed Elamin ◽  
Abdalaziz Awad Alobeid ◽  
Wegdan Elshame Altaib
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Social Phobia ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Social Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Physical Symptoms

Background: Social anxiety disorder (social phobia) is a type of anxiety disorder which is characterized by significant anxiety and discomfort about being embarrassed, humiliated, rejected, or looked down on in social interactions. Although it affects about 30% of adults worldwide at some point in their lives, lifetime social anxiety disorder affects only about 4% of the world population. People with this disorder experience extreme fear of social interactions (e.g., public speaking and meeting new people). This anxiety affects daily functions and lasts at least six months. They may also experience strong physical symptoms like rapid heart rate, nausea, vomiting, and full-blown attacks. Social phobia can be treated by a combination of psychotherapy and medical treatment (e.g., anti-anxiety, antidepressants, and beta-blockers). Methods: This study was conducted using the Arabic SPIN and a group of questions to assess the associated factors, complications, and sociodemographic determinate of social anxiety disorder and included a total of 375 medical students from different universities and educational years. Results: The overall prevalence of social anxiety disorder among our participants was 61.3%, of which 19.2% had mild, 21.6% moderate, 10.9% severe, and 9.6% had very severe SAD. There was a significant difference regarding self-esteem, academic achievement, and drug addiction between students with social phobia and students with no social phobia. Conclusion: Social phobia is quite prevalent among Sudanese medical students, particularly the severe form of the disorder with no significant gender differences. It seems to affect self-esteem and academic achievement and can be associated with drug addiction.

scholarly journals Social phobia: relevance and perspectives

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. e0401151
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Avramchuk
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Social Phobia ◽  
Social Functioning ◽  
Social Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Public Mental Health ◽  
The Social

Background Epidemiological studies indicate that social anxiety disorder is one of the most common mental health disorders. However, despite the prevalence of social anxiety disorder, a large amount of information, the possibilities of psychotherapy and medical treatment, many patients for various reasons do not receive or do not seek help. Aim Generalization of actual knowledge and research on the aetiology and pathogenetic mechanisms of social phobias and coverage of the actual issues of low referral of people suffering from social phobia Methods For review, the following databases, such as ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, PubMed and Google Scholar, were used. The search was performed using the keywords: social anxiety disorder, sociophobia, social anxiety, cognitive-behavioral model, neurobiology, mental health. Results The general information about social anxiety disorder, its prevalence and its consequences were covered. The main etiological mechanisms, modern views on the neurobiological and psychological basis of the disorder are considered. In addition, the peculiarities of the clinical picture and its influence on the social functioning of the individual, including the referral of help, were analyzed. The aspects that are useful to consider during the development of recommendations for specialists in general medical practice and centers of public mental health were suggested. Conclusion A social anxiety disorder should be considered as a complex mental health disorder. Recognition of signs of social anxiety disorder in their component often leads to a false interpretation of clinical signs as manifestations of depression or other neurotic disorders among primary care professionals. Informing general practitioners and specialists of public mental health centers about the traits of the clinical picture and the social functioning of patients with this disorder can help to overcome the stigma and improve the referral of qualified assistance.

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