Risk Factors for Adolescent Marijuana Use

2018 ◽  
pp. 219-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard F. Catalano ◽  
Elizabeth C. Speaker ◽  
Martie L. Skinner ◽  
Jennifer A. Bailey ◽  
Ge Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Early Adolescence ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
Risk And Protective Factors ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Illegal Drugs ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Adolescent Marijuana Use

Marijuana use has been linked to a wide variety of negative consequences, especially for those who initiate use in early adolescence and become daily or regular users as a teenager. If these negative consequences are to be avoided, prevention efforts must focus upstream on childhood and adolescent developmental periods before marijuana use is initiated or has become frequent. Upstream prevention targets factors that predict initiation and escalation of marijuana use, which are often called risk and protective factors. This chapter provides a review of current knowledge about risk and protective factors, with an emphasis on psychosocial variables specific to marijuana, differentiating predictors of marijuana use from predictors of other legal and illegal drugs when possible. The chapter also provides suggestions for future research in light of the rapidly changing legal and community conditions related to access, availability, and norms of marijuana use.

scholarly journals Doctors and Nurses: A Systematic Review of the Risk and Protective Factors in Workplace Violence and Burnout

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 3280
Author(s):  
Jose Miguel Giménez Lozano ◽  
Juan Pedro Martínez Ramón ◽  
Francisco Manuel Morales Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Workplace Violence ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Risk And Protective Factors ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Academic Degree ◽  
Authoritarian Leadership

The present study aims analyze the risk factors that lead to high levels of burnout among nurses and physicians and the protective factors that prevent them. Thus, it is also intended to explore the possible correlation between physical and verbal violence produced at work and the symptoms derived from burnout. Methods: The search was carried out on the Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science databases between 2000 and 2019 (on which date the bibliographic search ends). Descriptive studies estimating the prevalence of workplace violence and risk and protective factors and burnout were included. An adapted version of the Downs and Black quality checklist was used for article selection. 89.6 percent of the studies analysed were in the health sector. There is a significant correlation between burnout symptoms and physical violence at work. On the one hand, the risk factors that moderate this correlation were of structural/organisational type (social support, quality of the working environment, authoritarian leadership, little autonomy or long working days, etc.) and personal type (age, gender, nationality or academic degree, etc.). On the other hand, protective factors were the quality of the working environment, mutual support networks or coping strategies. The results were analysed in-depth and intervention strategies were proposed.

Gender-Based Violence Among HIV-Positive Women in Kazakhstan: Prevalence, Types, and Associated Risk and Protective Factors

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (13) ◽  
pp. 1570-1590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Jiwatram-Negrón ◽  
Nabila El-Bassel ◽  
Sholpan Primbetova ◽  
Assel Terlikbayeva
Keyword(s):  
Protective Factors ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Risk And Protective Factors ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Hiv Positive Women ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Partner Gender

This article examines the prevalence and associated multilevel risk and protective factors of intimate and nonintimate partner violence among a sample of 249 HIV-positive women in Kazakhstan. We found high prevalence of both lifetime intimate partner violence (52%) and nonintimate partner violence (30%). Together, nearly 60% experienced at least one incident of violence by either an intimate or nonintimate partner (gender-based violence [GBV]). In the multivariate analyses, we found associations between several individual, interpersonal, and socio-structural risk factors and GBV. Findings provide direction for practice, policy, and future research to address the intersection of GBV and HIV in Kazakhstan.

Focusing Our View of Dyslexia Through a Multifactorial Lens: A Commentary

2020 ◽  
pp. 073194872093900
Author(s):  
Donald L. Compton
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Risk And Protective Factors ◽  
Potential Utility ◽  
Multifactorial Model ◽  
Special Series ◽  
Cognitive Linguistic

Multifactorial models of dyslexia have expanded how we consider heterogeneity within the population of children with dyslexia. These models are predicated on the idea that cognitive/linguistic risk factors are not deterministic but instead probabilistic, with the likelihood of difficulties involving an interaction between risk and protective factors that include both exogenous and endogenous influences. In this commentary a multifactorial model perspective is applied to examine, based on the six papers that make up the special series, the potential utility of such models to clarify issues of etiology, identification, and instruction of children with dyslexia. This approach seems to suggest that multifactorial models of dyslexia have potential to significantly expand our understanding of etiology with less immediate promise for identification and instruction.

scholarly journals Aging and Disability Among Hispanics in the United States: Current Knowledge and Future Directions

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc A Garcia ◽  
Brian Downer ◽  
Michael Crowe ◽  
Kyriakos S Markides
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
The United States ◽  
Life Course Perspective ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Minority Population

Abstract Background and Objectives Hispanics are the most rapidly aging minority population in the United States. Our objective is to provide a summary of current knowledge regarding disability among Hispanics, and to propose an agenda for future research. Research Design and Methods A literature review was conducted to identify major areas of research. A life course perspective and the Hispanic Paradox were used as frameworks for the literature review and for identifying future areas of research. Results Four research areas were identified: (1) Ethnic disparities in disability; (2) Heterogeneity of the U.S. older Hispanic population; (3) Risk factors for disability; and (4) Disabled life expectancy. Older Hispanics are more likely than non-Hispanic whites to be disabled or to become disabled. Disability varied by country of origin, nativity, age of migration, and duration in the United States. Important risk factors for disability included chronic health conditions, depression, and cognitive impairment. Protective factors included positive affect and physical activity. Older Hispanics have longer life expectancy than non-Hispanic whites but spend a greater proportion of old age disabled. Future research should continue to monitor trends in disability as younger generations of Hispanics reach old age. Attention needs to be given to regional variation within the United States for disability prevalence, early-life risk factors, and factors that may contribute to variation in disabled life expectancy. There is also an urgent need for interventions that can effectively prevent or delay the onset of disability in older Hispanics. Discussion and Implications Considerable research has examined disability among older Hispanics, but continued research is needed. It is important that research findings be used to inform public policies that can address the burden of disability for older Hispanic populations.

The emergence of counterfeit trade: a literature review

2009 ◽  
Vol 43 (3/4) ◽  
pp. 320-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thorsten Staake ◽  
Frédéric Thiesse ◽  
Elgar Fleisch
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Counterfeit Goods ◽  
Future Research Agenda ◽  
Starting Point

PurposeTrade in counterfeit goods is perceived as a substantial threat to various industries. No longer is the emergence of imitation products confined to branded luxury goods and final markets. Counterfeit articles are increasingly finding their way into other sectors, including the fast‐moving consumer goods, pharmaceutical, and automotive industries – with, in part, severe negative consequences for consumers, licit manufacturers, and brand owners alike. This paper seeks to shed light on the economic principles of counterfeit trade and the underlying illicit supply chains.Design/methodology/approachAn extensive literature review was conducted that comprised contributions from different strands of management research.FindingsThough governments as well as management have clearly identified the problem, very little is known – both in practice and theory – about the mechanisms and structure of the illicit market, the tactics of counterfeit producers, consumer behavior with respect to imitation products and the financial impact on individual companies. The diversity of the counterfeit phenomenon underlines the need for further research in this area and the development of company‐specific measures for fighting product piracy.Research limitations/implicationsThe clandestine nature of the counterfeit market limits direct accessibility to the phenomenon. Consequently, the existing body of literature does not necessarily cover all aspects of counterfeit activities. The review helps to highlight existing research gaps but may not be able to identify additional aspects of the phenomenon that, thus far, have not been deemed relevant.Originality/valueThe paper critically reviews the current state of research across different management‐related disciplines. From an academic perspective it may serve as a starting point for a future research agenda that addresses the current knowledge gaps. From a practitioner's perspective it is helpful for understanding the relevant influence factors and for developing appropriate, state‐of‐the‐art counterstrategies.

scholarly journals Multiple jeopardy: Risk and protective factors among addicted mothers' offspring

1998 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUNIYA S. LUTHAR ◽  
GRETTA CUSHING ◽  
KATHLEEN R. MERIKANGAS ◽  
BRUCE J. ROUNSAVILLE
Keyword(s):  
Protective Factors ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Child Outcomes ◽  
Risk And Protective Factors ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Maternal Psychopathology ◽  
Psychiatric Disturbance ◽  
Child Reports ◽  
Mother And Child ◽  
American Ethnicity

Objectives of this study were to ascertain risk and protective factors in the adjustment of 78 school-age and teenage offspring of opioid- and cocaine-abusing mothers. Using a multimethod, multiinformant approach, child outcomes were operationalized via lifetime psychiatric diagnoses and everyday social competence (each based on both mother and child reports), and dimensional assessments of symptoms (mother report). Risk/protective factors examined included the child sociodemographic attributes of gender, age, and ethnicity, aspects of maternal psychopathology, and both mother's and children's cognitive functioning. Results revealed that greater child maladjustment was linked with increasing age, Caucasian (as opposed to African American) ethnicity, severity of maternal psychiatric disturbance, higher maternal cognitive abilities (among African Americans) and lower child cognitive abilities (among Caucasians). Limitations of the study are discussed, as are implications of findings for future research.

scholarly journals Similarities and Differences in Risk and Protective Factors in Teacher Induction for Prospective Elementary and Physical and Health Education Teachers

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 807-831
Author(s):  
Mylène Leroux ◽  
Charlotte Beaudoin ◽  
Johanne Grenier ◽  
Sylvain Turcotte ◽  
Marie-Claude Rivard
Keyword(s):  
Health Education ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Teacher Induction ◽  
Prospective Teachers ◽  
Risk And Protective Factors ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Physical And Health Education ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Support Teacher

The growing body of literature on teacher induction barriers has revealed the need to address issues that may lead to negative consequences. Recent research points to an increased interest in teacher resilience, a concept that promotes positive adaptation to counteract these adverse outcomes. However, teacher induction and resilience may differ depending on teaching context. For example, do specialists such as physical and health education teachers experience the same induction situation as generalist teachers? The authors aimed to compare the anticipated risk and protective factors related to the induction of these prospective teachers. The data from two studies were analyzed using thematic coding. The results indicate similarities and differences between the two groups that suggest ways to better support teacher induction.

A prospective analysis of youth violence in adolescents: influence of depression, personality, social environment and media violence

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 530-530
Author(s):  
C. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Family Environment ◽  
Video Game ◽  
Youth Violence ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Risk And Protective Factors ◽  
Media Violence ◽  
Positive Effects

ObjectiveUnderstanding youth violence remains a pressing issue of social concern. Identifying key risk factors for youth violence may help guide prevention and intervention efforts.AimsTo examine the relative impact of varying social influences related to family, community, mental health, television and video games on youth violence in a multivariate format.Study designThe current study involved a one-year prospective study of multiple risk and protective factors for youth violence in a Hispanic-majority sample of early adolescents. Multiple regression was used to examine risk factors from a multivariate format.ResultsResults find that current depression level was the most significant risk factor for youth violence. The influence of depression was most pronounced in individuals with preexisting antisocial personality traits. Risk and protective factors related to schools, neighborhoods, family environment or video game or television violence use were not predictive of youth violence.ConclusionsPotentially, prevention efforts which focus on mental health issues may demonstrate the most positive effects. The degree of resources and rhetoric spent on other factors, particularly television and video game violence may conversely proove unhelpful in reducing youth violence.

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