False Allegations in Rape, Stalking, and Gang-Stalking

2021 ◽  
pp. 407-422
Author(s):  
Lorraine Sheridan ◽  
David V. James
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Research Evidence ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
Illustrative Case ◽  
False Allegations ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Reported Crime ◽  
False Accusations ◽  
Risk Assessment And Management ◽  
Methodological Difficulties

False allegations account for a proportion of most forms of reported crime, complicating the tasks of law enforcement personnel, prosecutorial authorities, and those involved in risk assessment and management. This chapter examines the research evidence on false claims of victimization in three specific areas, namely rape, stalking, and the associated phenomenon of “gang-stalking.” Studies of false allegations are beset with methodological difficulties that until comparatively recently have not been directly addressed, and this chapter focuses on the better designed research exercises. In particular, motivations for making false accusations are examined, as well as differences between identified true and false accusations, which are of practical interest to threat assessors. The most salient factors from the literature that may indicate a need for suspicion regarding the veracity of a claim are highlighted within practice boxes, which are accompanied by illustrative case examples.

scholarly journals ExpoKids: An R-based tool for characterizing aggregate chemical exposure during childhood

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona Dai ◽  
Susan Y. Euling ◽  
Linda Phillips ◽  
Glenn E. Rice
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Exposure ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Children's Health ◽  
Children’S Health ◽  
Oral Exposure ◽  
Illustrative Case ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Single Chemical ◽  
Ethylhexyl Phthalate ◽  
Risk Assessment And Management

Abstract Background Aggregate exposure, the combined exposures to a single chemical from all pathways, is a critical children’s health issue. Objective The primary objective is to develop a tool to illustrate potential differences in aggregate exposure at various childhood lifestages and the adult lifestage. Methods We developed ExpoKids (an R-based tool) using oral exposure estimates across lifestages generated by US EPA’s Exposure Factors Interactive Resource for Scenarios Tool (ExpoFIRST). Results ExpoKids is applied to illustrate aggregate oral exposure, for ten media, as average daily doses (ADD) and lifetime average daily doses (LADD) in five graphs organized across seven postnatal childhood lifestages and the adult lifestage. This data visualization tool conveys ExpoFIRST findings, from available exposure data, to highlight the relative contributions of media and lifestages to chemical exposure. To evaluate the effectiveness of ExpoKids, three chemical case examples (di[2-ethylhexyl] phthalate [DEHP], manganese, and endosulfan) were explored. Data available from the published literature and databases for each case example were used to explore research questions regarding media and lifestage contributions to aggregate exposure. Significance These illustrative case examples demonstrate ExpoKids’ versatile application to explore a diverse set of children’s health risk assessment and management questions by visually depicting specific media and lifestage contributions to aggregate exposure.

scholarly journals Risk assessment and management: forensic methods, human results

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 358-365
Author(s):  
John Baird ◽  
Ruth Stocks
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
Clinical Judgement ◽  
Illustrative Case ◽  
Clinical Team ◽  
Harm To Others ◽  
Risk Assessment And Management ◽  
Management Of Risk

SummaryRisk assessment and management is an integral part of modern clinical practice. In this article we discuss best practice in the assessment and management of risk of harm to others. Unstructured clinical judgement methods have been used for many years, but it is only more recently that actuarial and structured clinical judgement methods have been introduced. These methods are discussed and compared. We describe a process that could be followed by a clinical team and give an illustrative case example. Last, we reflect on aspects of current practice and consider the possible direction of developments in the field.

scholarly journals Self-affirmation and False Allegations: The Effects on Responses to Disclosures of Sexual Victimization

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052098038
Author(s):  
Melissa S. de Roos ◽  
Daniel N. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Sexual Victimization ◽  
Sexual Misconduct ◽  
News Article ◽  
Child Victims ◽  
False Allegations ◽  
False Accusation ◽  
Amazon's Mechanical Turk ◽  
False Accusations

The rise of the #MeToo movement highlights the prevalence of sexual victimization and gives a voice to victims who may have been silent before. Nevertheless, survivors or victims of sexual violence who come forward may be blamed or not believed. These reactions are evident both with adult and child victims. Further, fears about false accusations of sexual misconduct may negatively impact responses to disclosures. This study aimed to examine gender differences in perceptions toward the #MeToo movement, and the extent to which these translate into a skeptical response to disclosure. Further, we wanted to explore whether proximity to false allegations of sexual violence was linked with more negative responses and whether use of self-affirmations may decrease the likelihood of such a response. Through an online survey ( N = 235) on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk, we assessed participants’ exposure to and perceptions of the #MeToo movement. Further, we asked them about their proximity to sexual violence (victimization or perpetration) and to false allegations. Using a threat manipulation (news article about false accusation) and a self-affirmation exercise, we studied the effects of both variables on responses to disclosure. Results indicated that after reading an article about a false accusation, male participants were more likely to blame a victim of childhood sexual abuse and to perceive the abuse as less harmful, compared with female participants. Further, we found that self-affirmation was linked with more supportive responses to a disclosure. These findings highlight the threatening nature of false accusations of sexual violence for men, and how this threat may shape the narrative regarding sexual violence. Opportunities to use self-affirmation to change this narrative to a more supportive one are discussed.

Psychological, Structural, Social and Economic Determinants of Suicide Attempt: Risk Assessment and Decision Making Strategies

2021 ◽  
pp. 003022282110034
Author(s):  
Azam Farmani ◽  
Mojtaba Rahimianbougar ◽  
Yousef Mohammadi ◽  
Hossein Faramarzi ◽  
Siamak Khodarahimi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Suicide Attempt ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Psychological Services ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Economic Determinants ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
High Level ◽  
Risk Assessment And Management

The aim of this research was to conduct a risk assessment and management of psychological, structural, social and economic determinants (PSSED) in a suicide attempt. The sample consisted of 353 individuals who had a recorded history of suicidal attempt; and 20 professional individuals by purposive sampling method within a descriptive cross-sectional design. Worksheets for RAM and AHP were used for data collection in this study. The rate of suicide attempt was 7.21 per 100,000 population in this study. Analysis showed that depression and mental disorders; personality disorders; family problems; socio-cultural and economic problems; lack of awareness; and low level of education have a high level of risk for suicide attempts. Psychiatric and psychological services; awareness and knowledge of life skills; medical services to dysfunctional families; development of community-based planning for PSSED of suicide; and employment and entrepreneurship services may lower suicide attempt risk.

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