Toxins and Environmental Neurologic Injury

2021 ◽  
pp. 1170-1176
Author(s):  
Sara E. Hocker ◽  
Ali Daneshmand
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Exposure ◽  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Substance Misuse ◽  
Environmental Exposures ◽  
Neurologic Injury ◽  
Clinical Syndromes ◽  
Nerve Dysfunction ◽  
Physical Effects

Toxins and environmental exposures may result in central or peripheral nerve dysfunction. Toxins may be purposely ingested (eg, substance misuse), or exposure may be accidental (eg, occupational exposure or terrorism). Certain environmental exposures (eg, lightning or high altitude) may also result in neurologic injury. This chapter reviews neurologic clinical syndromes associated with toxins and the physical effects of certain environmental conditions.

Strategies and adaptations to aquatic life at high altitude

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean Jacobsen ◽  
Olivier Dangles
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Cold Adaptation ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Dissolved Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Regulatory Capacity

Chapter 5 is focused on how organisms cope with the environmental conditions that are a direct result of high altitude. Organisms reveal a number of fascinating ways of dealing with a life at high altitude; for example, avoidance and pigmentation as protection against damaging high levels of ultraviolet radiation, accumulation of antifreeze proteins, and metabolic cold adaptation among species encountering low temperatures with the risk of freezing, oxy-regulatory capacity in animals due to low availability of oxygen, and root uptake from the sediment of inorganic carbon by plants living in waters poor in dissolved carbon dioxide. These and more adaptations are carefully described through a number of examples from famous flagship species in addition to the less well-known ones. Harsh environmental conditions work as an environmental filter that only allows the well-adapted species to slip through to colonize high altitude waters.

scholarly journals Morphological variation in Leptorhynchos squamatus (Gnaphalieae: Asteraceae)

2002 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Flann ◽  
Pauline Y. Ladiges ◽  
Neville G. Walsh
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Alpine Plants ◽  
The Other ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Low Altitude

A study of morphological variation in Leptorhynchos squamatus (Labill.) Less. across its range in south-eastern Australia was undertaken to test the hypothesis that L. squamatus includes two taxa. Phenetic pattern analyses of both field-collected and herbarium specimens on the basis of morphology confirmed two major groups. Bract, cypsela, pappus bristle and leaf characters were particularly important in separating the two groups. The taxa are separated by altitude differences with one being a low-altitude plant found in many habitats and the other being a high-altitude taxon that is a major component of alpine meadows. Lowland plants have dark bract tips, fewer and wider pappus bristles than alpine plants, papillae on the cypselas and more linear leaves. A somewhat intermediate population from the Major Mitchell Plateau in the Grampians shows some alpine and some lowland characters but is included in the lowland taxon. Seeds from five populations (two alpine, two lowland and Major Mitchell) were germinated and plants grown for 18 weeks under four controlled sets of environmental conditions. The experiment showed that leaf size and some other characters are affected by environmental conditions, but that there are underlying genetic differences between the lowland and alpine forms. Leptorhynchos squamatus subsp. alpinus Flann is described here to accommodate the highland taxon.

scholarly journals Sensorimotor Perineuritis – An Autoimmune Disease?

1985 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher N. Bourque ◽  
Brian A. Anderson ◽  
C. Martin del Campo ◽  
Anders A. F. Sima
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Sensory Neuropathy ◽  
Nerve Biopsy ◽  
Sural Nerve Biopsy ◽  
Gradual Improvement ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Nerve Dysfunction ◽  
Inflammatory Infiltrates ◽  
Perineurial Cells

ABSTRACT:The literature contains a single description of sensory perineuritis (Asbury et al 1972). These patients demonstrated a painful, distal, sensory neuropathy, and examination of peripheral nerve biopsies revealed focal thickening and inflammatory infiltrates of the perineurium. We report a patient with sensorimotor peripheral nerve dysfunction, accompanied by progressive slowing of nerve conduction velocity. Examination of a sural nerve biopsy demonstrated focal thickening of the perineurium, inflammatory infiltrates, and necrosis of perineurial cells. Immunohistology revealed a patchy precipitation of IgG and IgM on perineurial cells. Ultrastructurally, mononuclear cells were found adjacent to perineurial cells undergoing necrosis. The patient showed gradual improvement partially coinciding with a course of steroid therapy. We suggest that this neuropathy is caused by damage to the perineurial barrier possibly by an immune-mediated destruction of perineurial cells and subsequent compression of the endoneurial content by perineurial scarring.

Peripheral nerve dysfunction in children and adolescents with type I diabetes mellitus

2000 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 416
Author(s):  
Nermin Salah ◽  
Loubna Mansour ◽  
Shereen Abdel-Ghaffar ◽  
Ann Abdel-Kader ◽  
Lamia Soubhy
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Type I Diabetes ◽  
Type I Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type I ◽  
Nerve Dysfunction
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