Upper gastrointestinal cancers

2007 ◽  
pp. 365-380
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Hepatocellular Cancer ◽  
Nursing Management ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Early Stage Disease ◽  
Stage Disease ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Upper Gastrointestinal

Introduction 366 Oesophageal cancer 368 Gastric cancer 370 Small intestine and carcinoid tumours 372 Cancer of the liver (hepatocellular cancer) 374 Cancer of the gall bladder and bile ducts 376 Pancreatic cancer 378 Nursing management issues 380 The cancers of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract are a diverse group of cancers accounting for around one fifth of all cancers diagnosed in the UK. Improved surgical treatment of early stage disease can offer excellent survival rates, but most patients will present with regional or advanced spread of the disease. The symptoms of many of the upper GI cancers are vague and non-specific and often occur late in the course of the disease. Combined with poor overall responses to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, this makes them difficult to treat; as a result long-term survival rates tend to be low....

scholarly journals Circulating Extracellular Vesicle MicroRNA as Diagnostic Biomarkers in Early Colorectal Cancer—A Review

Cancers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan J. Desmond ◽  
Elizabeth R. Dennett ◽  
Kirsty M. Danielson
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Prognostic Indicator ◽  
Diagnostic Markers ◽  
Disease Stage ◽  
Early Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Early Stage Disease ◽  
Long Term Survival

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies in the developed world, with global deaths expected to double in the next decade. Disease stage at diagnosis is the single greatest prognostic indicator for long-term survival. Unfortunately, early stage CRC is often asymptomatic and diagnosis frequently occurs at an advanced stage, where long-term survival can be as low as 14%. Circulating microRNAs encapsulated in extracellular vesicles (EVs) have recently come to prominence as novel diagnostic markers for cancer. EV-miRNAs are dysregulated in the circulation of CRC patients compared to healthy controls, and several specific miRNA candidates have been posited as diagnostic markers, including miR-21, miR-23a, miR-1246, and miR-92a. This review outlines the current landscape of EV-miRNAs as potential diagnostic markers for CRC, with a specific focus on those able to detect early stage disease.

Role of MicroRNA in the Diagnosis and Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

MicroRNA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis A. Ziogas ◽  
Georgios Sioutas ◽  
Konstantinos S. Mylonas ◽  
Georgios Tsoulfas
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Early Stage Disease ◽  
Stage Disease ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Introduction: Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world and comes third in cancer-induced mortality. The need for improved and more specific diagnostic methods that can detect early-stage disease is immense, as it is amenable to curative modalities, while advanced HCC is associated with low survival rates. microRNA (miRNA) expression is deregulated in HCC and this can be implemented both diagnostically and therapeutically. Objective: To provide a concise review on the role of miRNA in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of HCC. Method: We conducted a comprehensive review of the PubMed bibliographic database. Results: Multiple miRNAs are involved in the pathogenesis of HCC. Measurement of the levels of these miRNAs either in tumor tissue or in the blood constitutes a promising diagnostic, as well as prognostic tool. OncomiRs are miRNAs that promote tumorigenesis, thus inhibiting them by administering antagomiRs is a promising treatment option. Moreover, replacement of the depleted miRNAs is another potential therapeutic approach for HCC. Modification of miRNA levels may also regulate sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents. Conclusion: miRNA play a pivotal role in HCC pathogenesis and once the underlying mechanisms are elucidated, they will become part of everyday clinical practice against HCC.

The Effect of Increasing Two-Week Wait Referrals for Head and Neck Cancer in East Kent

2011 ◽  
Vol 93 (6) ◽  
pp. 217-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Haikel ◽  
N Dawe ◽  
G Lekakis ◽  
M Black ◽  
D Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Head And Neck Cancer ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Neck Cancer ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
White Paper ◽  
Early Stage Disease ◽  
Stage Disease ◽  
Late Stage Disease ◽  
The Uk

In 1998 the UK government published its white paper The New NHS: Modern and Dependable, in which it first suggested that patients being referred with a suspicion of cancer should have a maximum wait of two weeks to see a specialist. The rationale for this was that outcomes for late-stage disease are significantly worse when compared with outcomes for early-stage disease (Table 1). It was assumed that reducing the wait to see a specialist would reduce the stage of disease at presentation.

Management of early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma: is there still a role for radiation?

Hematology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 (1) ◽  
pp. 400-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter W. M. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
Functional Imaging ◽  
Combination Chemotherapy ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Early Stage Disease ◽  
Stage Disease ◽  
Highly Effective ◽  
Cure Rates

Abstract Although radiotherapy is highly effective for the treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma, the realization of its potential long-term toxicity and the demonstration of excellent results from combination chemotherapy have led to a retreat from its use in early-stage disease. Recent trials using functional imaging may allow better identification of those patients for whom radiotherapy may be safely omitted without compromising cure rates and this review examines the evidence for this.

How do different histologic components of mixed endometrial carcinomas affect prognosis? Does it really matter?

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Thomakos ◽  
Stefania Dimopoulou ◽  
Maria Sotiropoulou ◽  
Nikolaos Machairiotis ◽  
Anastasios Pandraklakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Early Stage Disease ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Stage Disease ◽  
Endometrial Carcinomas ◽  
Clinicopathological Variables ◽  
Disease Free ◽  
Cervical Involvement

AbstractThe aim of this study is to evaluate and compare outcomes of patients with mixed and pure endometrial carcinomas (MEC). We reviewed data of patients with MEC, endometroid (EC), serous (SC), and clear cell (CC) carcinomas between 2002 and 2015. Overall survival (OS) and disease-free (DF) survival rates were evaluated, according to the percentage of histologic components. Clinicopathological variables and treatment strategies were assessed. Furthermore, χ2 tests were used to compare proportions and Kaplan–Meier curves to compare recurrence and survival. Sample consisted of 302 cases with mean age 66.3 years. Early-stage disease was recorded in EC compared with CC and SC. Adnexal involvement was more frequent in MEC compared with EC (p=0.043). Extra uterine metastasis was more frequent in the SC compared to the EC group, while lymphovascular space involvement was more frequent in the MEC and CC compared to the SC (p=0.001). EC had less omentum involvement compared to CC (p=0.035) and SC (p<0.001). Furthermore, cervical involvement was more frequent in CC compared to EC (p=0.011). Recurrence (p=0.265) and OS (p=0.533) were found to be similar in MEC compared with CC, SC, and EC. Moreover, recurrence and OS were similar between EC-CC and EC-SC. There were no differences in recurrence and survival in MEC with a type II component larger than 10% or 20% (p>0.05).

scholarly journals Nhân một trường hợp bệnh Malt lymphoma dạ dày

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thanh Ái Nguyễn
Keyword(s):  
Malt Lymphoma ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Marginal Zone ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Gastric Lymphoma ◽  
Gastric Malt Lymphoma ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Stage Disease

CASE STUDY: GASTRIC MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE (MALT) LYMPHOMA Extranodal marginal zone lymphomas of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (EMZL-MALT) have been linked to chronic immune stimulation due toinfection or autoimmune stimuli.The causal association between Helicobacter pylori(HP) and gastric MALT lymphoma has been well demonstrated. HPeradication with antibiotics has emerged as the standard therapy for early stage HPpositive gastric MALT lymphoma.High response rates and long-term survival have been reported inpatients with localized gastric MALT lymphomatreated with low-doseradiationtherapy.Monoclonal antibody and chemotherapy are reserved forpatients failing or recurring after RT and those with advanced stage disease. Key words: mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, gastric lymphoma

The Role of CA 125 in Screening for Ovarian Cancer

1998 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 216-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.N. Rosenthal ◽  
I.J. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Ca 125 ◽  
Early Stage Disease ◽  
Mathematical Algorithm ◽  
Gynaecological Malignancy ◽  
Stage Disease ◽  
Screening Strategies ◽  
Randomised Controlled

Ovarian cancer has the worst prognosis of any gynaecological malignancy, primarily because it tends to present at an advanced stage. The excellent survival rates of early stage disease have provided the rationale for efforts to detect ovarian cancer early by screening, in the hope that survival rates will be improved. Available data suggests that CA 125 is elevated in the majority of epithelial ovarian malignancies prior to clinical presentation. Large trials of screening for ovarian cancer indicate that using a CA 125 cutoff value of 30 U/mL has good sensitivity, but inadequate specificity for detecting preclinical disease. Use of transvaginal ultrasonography as a second-line test in women with elevated CA 125 levels improves specificity to acceptable levels, as does use of a mathematical algorithm which analyses rates of change of CA 125. Two major randomised controlled trials, investigating the effect of screening strategies incorporating CA 125 on mortality, are currently underway.

scholarly journals Nonsurgical Management of Cervical Cancer: Locally Advanced, Recurrent, and Metastatic Disease, Survivorship, and Beyond

2015 ◽  
pp. e299-e309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen J. Mackay ◽  
Lari Wenzel ◽  
Linda Mileshkin
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Locally Advanced ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Early Stage Disease ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Nonsurgical Management ◽  
Stage Disease

Despite the declining incidence of cervical cancer as a result of the introduction of screening programs, globally it remains a leading cause of cancer-related death in women. Outcomes for patients who are diagnosed with anything but early-stage disease remain poor. Here we examine emerging strategies to improve the treatment of locally advanced disease. We discuss emerging biologic data, which are informing our investigation of new therapeutic interventions in persistent, recurrent, and metastatic cervical cancer. We recognize the importance of interventions to improve quality of life and to prevent long-term sequelae in women undergoing treatment. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, we recognize the need for global collaboration and advocacy to improve the outcome for all women at risk of and diagnosed with this disease.

Transapical versus Conventional Aortic Valve Replacement�A Propensity-Matched Comparison

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Holzhey ◽  
William Shi ◽  
A. Rastan ◽  
Michael A. Borger ◽  
Martin H�nsig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aortic Valve ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Risk Patients ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Good Treatment Option ◽  
Matched Comparison

<p><b>Introduction:</b> The goal of this study was to compare the short- and long-term outcomes after aortic valve (AV) surgery carried out via standard sternotomy/partial sternotomy versus transapical transcatheter AV implantation (taTAVI).</p><p><b>Patients and Methods:</b> All 336 patients who underwent taTAVI between 2006 and 2010 were compared with 4533 patients who underwent conventional AV replacement (AVR) operations between 2001 and 2010. Using propensity score matching, we identified and consecutively compared 2 very similar groups of 167 patients each. The focus was on periprocedural complications and long-term survival.</p><p><b>Results:</b> The 30-day mortality rate was 10.8% and 8.4% (<i>P</i> = .56) for the conventional AVR patients and the TAVI patients, respectively. The percentages of postoperative pacemaker implantations (15.0% versus 6.0%, <i>P</i> = .017) and cases of renal failure requiring dialysis (25.7% versus 12.6%, <i>P</i> = .004) were higher in the TAVI group. Kaplan-Meier curves diverged after half a year in favor of conventional surgery. The estimated 3-year survival rates were 53.5% � 5.7% (TAVI) and 66.7% � 0.2% (conventional AVR).</p><p><b>Conclusion:</b> Our study shows that even with all the latest successes in catheter-based AV implantation, the conventional surgical approach is still a very good treatment option with excellent long-term results, even for older, high-risk patients.</p>

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