Imaging of stress-related disorders

2020 ◽  
pp. 850-859
Author(s):  
Navneet Kaur ◽  
Cecilia Hinojosa ◽  
Julia Russell ◽  
Michael B. VanElzakker ◽  
Lisa M. Shin
Keyword(s):  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Stress Disorders ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Conditioning Model ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Made In

Great advances have been made in understanding the neurocircuitry of stress disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and, to a lesser extent, acute stress disorder (ASD). Studies using structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI and fMRI, respectively) and positron emission tomography (PET) have revealed brain abnormalities consistent with a fear conditioning model. These abnormalities include hyperactivation in brain regions that are associated with the learning and expression of fear, as well as hypoactivation in structures that are associated with safety learning and fear inhibition. Although much progress has been made in our understanding of the neurocircuitry of PTSD, many questions remain unanswered. Future research will be needed to clarify the factors that affect neurocircuitry abnormalities, the origin of such abnormalities, and the role of neuroimaging in assessing and predicting treatment response.

Traumatic Stress Disorders in Children and Adolescents

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette M. La Greca ◽  
Cortney Taylor Zimmerman ◽  
Whitney M. Herge ◽  
BreAnne A. Danzi
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Traumatic Events ◽  
Stress Disorders ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Developmental Issues ◽  
Vehicle Accidents

Youth’s exposure to natural disasters, acts of violence, motor vehicle accidents, and other injuries, interpersonal violence, and life-threatening medical illnesses often leads to significant psychological distress. Although most youth are resilient, a significant minority experience symptoms of acute stress disorder (ASD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or other psychological difficulties that interfere with their adjustment and functioning. This chapter provides a framework for understanding ASD and PTSD in children and adolescents. The chapter first reviews the most well-studied types of traumatic events and describes key components of trauma exposure. This is followed by a review of ASD and PTSD, with particular attention to diagnostic issues and major changes in the conceptualization of these diagnoses. Then, after reviewing the prevalence and course of PTSD across different types of traumatic events, the chapter addresses important developmental issues, issues of comorbidity, and key risk factors that play a role in the development or maintenance of trauma-focused diagnoses in youth. The chapter concludes with key issues for future research that will enhance our understanding of ASD and PTSD in youth.

Traumatic Stress Disorders in Children and Adolescents

2012 ◽  
pp. 97-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette M. La Greca ◽  
Cortney J. Taylor ◽  
Whitney M. Herge
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Traumatic Events ◽  
Stress Disorders ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Potentially Traumatic Events ◽  
Psychological Impairment

Many children and adolescents who experience potentially traumatic events, such as natural disasters, acts of violence, physical injuries, child abuse, and life-threatening medical illnesses, display significant stress symptoms. In fact, these potentially traumatic events can lead to the development of acute stress disorder (ASD) and/or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and cause significant psychological impairment. In this chapter, we discuss the types of potentially traumatic events that lead to ASD or PTSD in youth, as well as various aspects of trauma exposure. We next review available evidence on the definition, prevalence, and course of ASD and PTSD in youth, and the risk factors associated with their development. To date, relatively few studies have examined ASD and existing evidence calls into question the validity of dissociative symptoms as part of the existing ASD diagnostic criteria for youth. In contrast, many studies have evaluated PTSD and its symptoms in youth exposed to trauma, although PTSD prevalence rates vary substantially depending on a host of factors, including the type of traumatic event experienced, the degree of exposure to the event, and the informant for PTSD symptoms, among other factors. We also discuss developmental considerations for the ASD and PTSD diagnoses and directions for future research. The chapter closes with a brief summary of proposed changes to the diagnostic criteria for ASD and PTSD in youth that are being considered for the DSM-5.

Executive Function in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Newman ◽  
Charles R. Marmar
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Neurocognitive Deficits ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Post Traumatic

This chapter discusses the role of executive function in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which is far from fully understood. Deficits are subtle and findings are often inconsistent. Impairments have been related to worsening of psychological symptoms, functioning, and quality of life. They can also negatively impact treatment. Functional imaging shows that neurocognitive deficits in PTSD may be related to an imbalance in brain connectivity, where emotion processing is enhanced and control is reduced. Structural findings show abnormalities in brain regions involved in higher-level functions. However, findings are often discrepant. Factors related to these inconclusive results are considered, including developmental course, premorbid functioning, and comorbidities such as traumatic brain injury, depression, substance use, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, health behaviors, and medical concerns. Treatment implications, limitations of this work, and future directions are presented. The aim of future research is to advance scientific understanding of PTSD, neurocognitive impairments, and related conditions, with the goal of improving outcomes for those who encounter trauma.

scholarly journals A Case of Acute Stress in Post-hypnotized Patient

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (T3) ◽  
pp. 13-15
Author(s):  
Cut Rika Pratiwi ◽  
Elmeida Effendy ◽  
Muhammad Surya Husada
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Stress Reactions ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
High Level

Background: Mental health conditions that can occur immediately after a traumatic event is called acute stress reaction; in this case, happens after hypnosis. This can cause a variety of psychological symptoms without attention or treatment, causesost-traumatic stress disorder. The psychological symptoms can negatively affect the quality of life, especially the reactions arise after a traumatic event that after being hypnotized. Hypnosis works by changing the activity in brain regions associated with attention or alertness. At the time hypnotised, we saw a very high level of concentration, so that suggestions given to him will be more easily accepted. Case Report: The case presented is the hypnotic impact of acute stress reactions. A woman named Mrs. J 63 years old. The Karo tribe who experienced anxiety, fear, and difficulty sleeping after experiencing hypnosis four days ago. This experienced it after being hypnotized at home. Conclusion: Hypnosis plays a role in all parts of life involving human mind. Hypnosis is a science that exploits the potential mental and hidden in humans, known as the subconscious. in medical health, hypnosis therapy is very important, what we need to realize is that hypnosis with bad intentions can harm humans. Hypnosis incident was reported in patients who suffer from post traumatic stress disorder. found in many women. older women are more vulnerable to acute stress. Previous research has shown that hypnotic susceptibility correlated with personality traits.

Trauma Exposure in Posttraumatic Stress and Acute Stress Disorders

2018 ◽  
pp. 240-264
Author(s):  
Annette M. La Greca ◽  
BreAnne A. Danzi ◽  
Ashley N. Marchante-Hoffman ◽  
Naomi Tarlow
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Trauma Exposure ◽  
Stress Disorders ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Acute Stress Disorders ◽  
The Impact

This chapter reviews the literature on the association between traumatic stress exposure and rates of both posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and acute stress disorder (ASD) among children and adults. It begins by reviewing current definitions of PTSD and ASD, which vary substantially across diagnostic systems. The chapter highlights research linking large-scale events, such as natural disasters and acts of terrorism, with the emergence of PTSD and ASD, as well as the literature on the impact of individual traumatic events, such as sexual assault, child sexual abuse, and medical trauma. The chapter concludes by noting several important directions for future research in the area of trauma exposure and traumatic stress.

scholarly journals Collision Every Night: Treating Nightmares with Trauma-focused Methods: Case Report

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
József Szabó ◽  
Szilvia Tóth
Keyword(s):  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Psychological Trauma ◽  
Acute Stress Disorder ◽  
Symptomatic Improvement ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Comprehensive Therapy ◽  
Medicinal Treatment ◽  
Trauma Processing

Abstract Introduction We would like to present the case of a young patient with acute stress disorder and recurrent nightmares following the psychological trauma caused by a severe road traffic accident. The comprehensive therapy carried out at the Department of Traumatology included medication, trauma processing and a psychological method whose aim is to cease the development of nightmares. Case Presentation Psychiatric assessment and treatment was asked for a polytraumatised female patient at the Intensive Care Unit after she had undergone a neurosurgical intervention. Her medicinal treatment was continued at the Department of Traumatology. Besides the antidepressant venlafaxine she was treated in accordance with the EMDR protocol for acute stress disorder, and we also applied imagery rescripting to prevent her from having recurrent (daily) nightmares. As a result of the therapy, her symptoms were fast relieved, the nightmares stopped almost instantly, her mood improved, rumination and anxiety decreased significantly. Conclusions In view of the fast and significant symptomatic improvement, we can expect that the EMDR therapy and its protocol for acute stress disorder have successfully reactivated information processing, and besides the subjective relief we have managed to prevent a mental crisis that could lead to a suicide risk as well as the development of post-traumatic stress disorder. We also hope that the improvement will be long-lasting.

scholarly journals Treatment of adult post-traumatic stress disorder using a future-oriented writing therapy approach

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reginald D. V. Nixon ◽  
Leonard W. Kling
Keyword(s):  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Expressive Writing ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Ptsd Severity

AbstractThe aim of this pilot study was to test whether a future-oriented expressive writing intervention is able to reduce post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) severity and associated symptoms such as depression and unhelpful trauma-related beliefs. In an uncontrolled pre-/ post-design participants attended 8 weeks of manualized therapy. Assessment was undertaken pre- and post-treatment, and participants also completed a 3-month follow-up assessment. Of the 17 participants who began therapy, 13 were treatment completers. Results indicated a significant decrease in PTSD severity, depression and unhelpful trauma-related cognitions from pre- to post-treatment and at 3-month follow-up. Clinically meaningful change was more modest; however, three participants reported PTSD remission at 3-month follow-up. It is concluded that expressive writing with a focus on achieving future goals and personal change may have some utility in reducing post-traumatic stress but future research will need to investigate this with greater methodological rigour before firm conclusions can be made.

scholarly journals PET Scan Perfusion Imaging in the Prader–Willi Syndrome: New Insights into the Psychiatric and Social Disturbances

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 275-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carine Mantoulan ◽  
Pierre Payoux ◽  
Gwenaëlle Diene ◽  
Mélanie Glattard ◽  
Bernadette Rogé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Severe Disabilities ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Pet Scan ◽  
Prader Willi Syndrome ◽  
Behavioral Skills ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Functional Consequences ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Pet Scans

The Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS), a rare multisystem genetic disease, leads to severe disabilities, such as morbid obesity, endocrine dysfunctions, psychiatric disorders, and social disturbances. We explored the whole brain of patients with PWS to detect abnormalities that might explain the behavioral and social disturbances, as well as the psychiatric disorders of these patients. Nine patients with PWS (six males, three females; mean age 16.4 years) underwent a positron emission tomography (PET) scan with H215O as a tracer to measure regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). The images were compared with those acquired from nine controls (six males, three females; mean age 21.2 years). A morphologic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was also performed in PWS patients, and their cognitive and behavioral skills were assessed with Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children III and the Child Behavior Check List (CBCL). The MRI images showed no evident anatomic abnormalities, whereas PET scans revealed hypoperfused brain regions in PWS patients compared with controls, particularly in the anterior cingulum and superior temporal regions. We observed a significant relationship ( P<0.05) between rCBF in the hypoperfused regions and CBCL scores. The functional consequences of these perfusion abnormalities in specific brain regions might explain the behavioral and social problems observed in these individuals.

The narrative epidemiology of L'Aquila 2009 earthquake

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Casacchia ◽  
R. Pollice ◽  
R. Roncone
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Narrative Medicine ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Traumatic Experience ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Work Done

The authors describe their experience working and living in L'Aquila, where at 3.32 a.m., early in the morning of 6 April 2009, a 6.3 Richter magnitude earthquake caused serious damages to this 13th century town (with a population of 72 000 and a health district of 103 788), in the mountainous Abruzzo region and to several medieval hill villages in the surrounding areas: 309 residents were killed, over 1600 were injured, 66 000 residents were displaced, and, the centre of L'Aquila, the main historical and artistic centre of Abruzzo, was totally destroyed.Here is described the work done at the Psychiatric Unit of the General Hospital of L'Aquila and in the University. The Authors report the incidence rate of Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) in help-seekers (full ASD 4.9%, and partial ASD 39.3%), and of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) found in different samples of population (range 12–37.5). The authors express their consideration about which real-world variables can reflect the population distress and the naturalistic process of recovery in such natural disasters. After the earthquake they hypothesize that a lot of residents had found their way to recover through ‘writing, telling the story’, by analogy with what narrative medicine asserts, thus estimating the positive effect of ‘emotional disclosure’ on health. A large number of materials (books, web-blogs, videos) were produced by residents and a database of memories was implemented. The suffering and struggle to recover in the aftermaths of a traumatic experience often yields remarkable transformations and positive growth. From this point of view, the authors underline the increased virtual relationships of residents through Facebook, to cope with the loss of previous social relationships, to get information about recreational opportunities, or to get organized for public events, despite their displacement. Many collective demonstrations were organized and showed the will to actively participate to the processes of reconstruction of the civil and scientific life of the town. The authors stress the need to prevent natural disasters, instead of preventing mental disorders following natural disasters, reporting that seven Italian seismologists and scientists are on trial for manslaughter, accused to have failed to evaluate the true risks of L'Aquila earthquake.

scholarly journals Genetic and Neuroimaging Approaches to Understanding Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 4503
Author(s):  
Sabah Nisar ◽  
Ajaz A. Bhat ◽  
Sheema Hashem ◽  
Najeeb Syed ◽  
Santosh K. Yadav ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Social Burden ◽  
Post Traumatic

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a highly disabling condition, increasingly recognized as both a disorder of mental health and social burden, but also as an anxiety disorder characterized by fear, stress, and negative alterations in mood. PTSD is associated with structural, metabolic, and molecular changes in several brain regions and the neural circuitry. Brain areas implicated in the traumatic stress response include the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex, which play an essential role in memory function. Abnormalities in these brain areas are hypothesized to underlie symptoms of PTSD and other stress-related psychiatric disorders. Conventional methods of studying PTSD have proven to be insufficient for diagnosis, measurement of treatment efficacy, and monitoring disease progression, and currently, there is no diagnostic biomarker available for PTSD. A deep understanding of cutting-edge neuroimaging genetic approaches is necessary for the development of novel therapeutics and biomarkers to better diagnose and treat the disorder. A current goal is to understand the gene pathways that are associated with PTSD, and how those genes act on the fear/stress circuitry to mediate risk vs. resilience for PTSD. This review article explains the rationale and practical utility of neuroimaging genetics in PTSD and how the resulting information can aid the diagnosis and clinical management of patients with PTSD.

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