scholarly journals PET Scan Perfusion Imaging in the Prader–Willi Syndrome: New Insights into the Psychiatric and Social Disturbances

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 275-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carine Mantoulan ◽  
Pierre Payoux ◽  
Gwenaëlle Diene ◽  
Mélanie Glattard ◽  
Bernadette Rogé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Severe Disabilities ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Pet Scan ◽  
Prader Willi Syndrome ◽  
Behavioral Skills ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Functional Consequences ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Pet Scans

The Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS), a rare multisystem genetic disease, leads to severe disabilities, such as morbid obesity, endocrine dysfunctions, psychiatric disorders, and social disturbances. We explored the whole brain of patients with PWS to detect abnormalities that might explain the behavioral and social disturbances, as well as the psychiatric disorders of these patients. Nine patients with PWS (six males, three females; mean age 16.4 years) underwent a positron emission tomography (PET) scan with H215O as a tracer to measure regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). The images were compared with those acquired from nine controls (six males, three females; mean age 21.2 years). A morphologic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was also performed in PWS patients, and their cognitive and behavioral skills were assessed with Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children III and the Child Behavior Check List (CBCL). The MRI images showed no evident anatomic abnormalities, whereas PET scans revealed hypoperfused brain regions in PWS patients compared with controls, particularly in the anterior cingulum and superior temporal regions. We observed a significant relationship ( P<0.05) between rCBF in the hypoperfused regions and CBCL scores. The functional consequences of these perfusion abnormalities in specific brain regions might explain the behavioral and social problems observed in these individuals.

scholarly journals Detection of Lymphoma in Bone Marrow by Whole-Body Positron Emission Tomography

Blood ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 91 (9) ◽  
pp. 3340-3346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Carr ◽  
Sally F. Barrington ◽  
Bella Madan ◽  
Michael J. O'Doherty ◽  
Catherine A.B. Saunders ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positron Emission Tomography ◽  
Disease Status ◽  
Pet Scan ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Whole Body Imaging ◽  
Visual Interpretation ◽  
Fdg Uptake ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Pet Scans

Abstract Positron emission tomography (PET) is a whole-body imaging technique using 18 fluorine-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), whose uptake is increased in tumor cells. Published studies have shown PET to be an effective method of staging lymphoma and to be more sensitive than CT at detecting extranodal disease. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the increased marrow uptake of FDG observed in some lymphoma patients during routine staging PET scans represented marrow involvement by disease. PET scans of 50 patients with Hodgkin's (12) and non-Hodgkin's (38) lymphoma were analyzed by three independent observers and the marrow graded as normal or abnormal using a visual grading system. Unilateral iliac crest marrow aspirates and biopsies were performed on all patients. The PET scan and marrow histology agreed in 39 patients (78%), being concordant positive in 13 and concordant negative in 26 patients. In 8 patients the PET scan showed increased FDG uptake but staging biopsy was negative; in 4 of these 8 patients the PET scan showed a normal marrow background with focal FDG “hot spots” distant from the site biopsied. In 3 patients the marrow biopsy specimen was positive but the PET scan normal; 2 of these 3 patients had non-Hodgkin's lymphoma whose malignant cells did not take up FDG at lymph node or marrow disease sites. Therefore, there were only 5 patients (10%) in whom there was a difference between the PET scan and biopsy result which could not be fully explained. Visual interpretation of marrow FDG uptake during whole-body staging PET scans can correctly assess marrow disease status in a high proportion of lymphoma patients. PET has the potential to reduce the need for staging marrow biopsy.

Prognostic Value of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan in Patients with Relapsed Hodgkin Lymphoma or Aggressive Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Receiving Salvage Chemotherapy Followed by Reduced-Intensity Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation.

Blood ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 110 (11) ◽  
pp. 3039-3039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Dodero ◽  
Roberto Crocchiolo ◽  
Francesca Patriarca ◽  
Fabio Ciceri ◽  
Nicolo’ Frungillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positron Emission Tomography ◽  
Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
Prognostic Value ◽  
Pet Scan ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Non Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
18F Fdg ◽  
Pet Scans ◽  
Reduced Intensity

Abstract Positron emission tomography (PET) scan using 18-fluorodeoxyglucose [18F-FDG] has a prognostic value in patients (pts) with Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL) or aggressive Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) receiving chemotherapy. Chemosensitive disease is a critical prognostic factor for the success of both autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT). We have recently shown a lower risk of death or progression for pts in CR versus those in PR before reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) allo-SCT (Corradini P, Leukemia 2007). Thus, to better assess the value of pre-transplant disease response, we retrospectively assessed the prognostic role of PET scan before allotransplant. Between 2000 and 2007, 64 consecutive patients with a histologically proven diagnosis of aggressive NHL [n=30: diffuse large B cell lymphoma (n=18), peripheral T-cell lymphomas (n=11), Burkitt lymphoma (n=1)] or HL [n=34], responding to salvage therapy, were evaluated with a PET scan before and after allo-SCT. PET scans were performed at 3 different Nuclear Medicine Units. Presence (PET-positive) or absence (PET-negative) of abnormal 18F-FDG uptake was correlated to progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) curves. Patients’ median age was 37 years (range, 17–65 years). Thirty-three pts (52%) were allografted from a HLA-identical sibling donor, 14 from a haploidentical donor and 17 from an unrelated donor. Pts had relapsed disease: 52 pts (81%) had failed autologous SCT, the median number of prior chemotherapy regimens was 3 (range, 1–6). All pts received a RIC regimen followed by allo-SCT. PET scans were performed at a median of 30 days prior to allograft (range, 3–90 days): 34 out of 64 pts showed an abnormal 18F-FDG uptake [NHL (n=16), HL (n=18)] whereas 30 were completely negative [NHL (n=14), HL (n=16)]. Patients with PET-positive or PET-negative scans were balanced in terms of diagnosis, previous treatments, and type of donor. At a median follow-up of 24 months (range, 6–86 months), 41 pts are alive and 23 died [toxicity n=10 (n= 5 NHL, n=5 HL), disease n=13 (n=8 NHL, n=5 HL)]. Overall, the estimated 3-year PFS in pts with negative or positive PET scans were 64% (95% CI, 42%–86%) versus 28% (95% CI, 8%–48%), respectively (p<0.005). A statistically significant higher cumulative risk of relapse was observed in pts with a positive PET scan before allografting as compared to the PET negatives (53% versus 21%, p< 0.022). The estimated 3-year OS in pts with negative or positive PET scans were 69% (95% CI; 51%–87%) versus 44% (95% CI;23%-65%), respectively (p=0.05). For NHL pts, the estimated 3-year PFS was 59% for PET-negative as compared to 38% for PET-positive (p<0.04). For HL pts, the estimated 3-year PFS was 70% for PET-negative as compared to 23% for PET-positive (p<0.05). PET scan has a clinical relevance before allo-SCT. Pts with a positive PET scan have a worse outcome, and should receive experimental therapies to target chemoresistant tumor cells.

Hypofrontality in Schizophrenia: A Review of the Evidence*

1987 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 399-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Axial Tomography ◽  
Cat Scan ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Frontal Lobe Function ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Computerized Axial Tomography ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Pet Scans

This paper reviews the possible role of frontal lobe dysfunction in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Pathological, computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have indicated that a substantial number of schizophrenic patients show structural abnormalities in the frontal lobe areas and other parts of the brain. In some cases, these changes can be correlated with negative symptoms. Attempts to study frontal lobe function with neuropsychological tests, topographic EEG, cerebral blood flow (CBF) and positron emission tomography (PET) scans have also indicated that a substantial number of schizophrenics show abnormalities compared to normal controls. However, these abnormalities can be seen to some degree in other conditions. As well, patients early in the course of their illness tend not to show frontal lobe functional abnormalities. The implications of these findings for current theories of schizophrenia are discussed.

Imaging of stress-related disorders

2020 ◽  
pp. 850-859
Author(s):  
Navneet Kaur ◽  
Cecilia Hinojosa ◽  
Julia Russell ◽  
Michael B. VanElzakker ◽  
Lisa M. Shin
Keyword(s):  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Stress Disorders ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Conditioning Model ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Made In

Great advances have been made in understanding the neurocircuitry of stress disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and, to a lesser extent, acute stress disorder (ASD). Studies using structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI and fMRI, respectively) and positron emission tomography (PET) have revealed brain abnormalities consistent with a fear conditioning model. These abnormalities include hyperactivation in brain regions that are associated with the learning and expression of fear, as well as hypoactivation in structures that are associated with safety learning and fear inhibition. Although much progress has been made in our understanding of the neurocircuitry of PTSD, many questions remain unanswered. Future research will be needed to clarify the factors that affect neurocircuitry abnormalities, the origin of such abnormalities, and the role of neuroimaging in assessing and predicting treatment response.

scholarly journals Fever of unknown origin - Hidden in the head

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Kamal Kishore Pandita ◽  
Khalid Javid Bhat ◽  
Sushil Razdan ◽  
Rattan Parkash Kudyar
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Fever Of Unknown Origin ◽  
Unknown Origin ◽  
Pet Scan ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Algorithmic Approach ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Diagnostic Clue

The original algorithmic approach, as outlined by de Kleijn and colleagues and practiced commonly, envisages performing computed tomography (CT) of chest, abdomen, and pelvis in patients with classical fever of unknown origin (FUO), in whom <em>no potentially diagnostic clue</em> exists. It further envisages performing positron emission tomography (PET) scan, if CT scan is unrevealing. Imaging of head and neck especially magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has not been included in this algorithm, that leaves these important regions unexplored in most settings where PET scan is unavailable. MRI is a safe modality for evaluating central nervous system lesions and its role in FUO has not been adequately evaluated. We present three patients of FUO in whom the diagnosis of tuberculoma of brain as a cause of prolonged pyrexia got delayed because the MRI of head was not done initially, to comply with the approach of minimum diagnostic evaluation.

Positron Emission Tomography Scans in the Evaluation of Postchemotherapy Residual Masses in Patients With Seminoma

1999 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 3457-3460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen N. Ganjoo ◽  
Rebecca J. Chan ◽  
Matt Sharma ◽  
Lawrence H. Einhorn
Keyword(s):  
Positron Emission Tomography ◽  
Residual Disease ◽  
Pet Scan ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Group A ◽  
Residual Masses ◽  
Group B ◽  
Pet Scans

PURPOSE: To assess the ability of positron emission tomography (PET) scans in differentiating between necrosis and viable seminoma in postchemotherapy (PC) residual disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective study of 29 patients with seminoma at Indiana University. All patients had PC residual disease. Computed tomography and PET scans were performed for 19 patients after primary chemotherapy (group A) and for 10 patients after salvage chemotherapy (group B). RESULTS: In group A, the PC masses were ≥ 3 cm in 14 patients, less than 3 cm in three patients, and not quantified in two patients. All of the patients in group A had negative PET scan results and have had stable or decreasing residual mass size (median follow-up duration, 11.5 months; range, 6 to 26 months). In group B, the PC masses were ≥ 3 cm in four patients, less than 3 cm in five patients, and not quantified in one patient. One patient had a positive PET scan result for a posterior mediastinal mass. Pathologic diagnosis of the PET-positive mass showed only necrotic tissue. The same patient had a negative PET scan of the retroperitoneal mass but relapsed in that area. Overall, of patients in group B, five have stable or decreasing mass (median follow-up duration, 8 months; range, 7 to 22 months), and five had relapsed disease. CONCLUSION: PET scans have no apparent benefit in PC evaluation of residual masses in bulky seminoma.

scholarly journals ADORA2A variation and adenosine A1 receptor availability in the human brain with a focus on anxiety-related brain regions: modulation by ADORA1 variation

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christa Hohoff ◽  
Tina Kroll ◽  
Baoyuan Zhao ◽  
Nicole Kerkenberg ◽  
Ilona Lang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Regions ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Gene Variation ◽  
Quantitative Pet ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
A1 Receptor ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractAdenosine, its interacting A1 and A2A receptors, and particularly the variant rs5751876 in the A2A gene ADORA2A have been shown to modulate anxiety, arousal, and sleep. In a pilot positron emission tomography (PET) study in healthy male subjects, we suggested an effect of rs5751876 on in vivo brain A1 receptor (A1AR) availability. As female sex and adenosinergic/dopaminergic interaction partners might have an impact on this rs5751876 effect on A1AR availability, we aimed to (1) further investigate the pilot male-based findings in an independent, newly recruited cohort including women and (2) analyze potential modulation of this rs5751876 effect by additional adenosinergic/dopaminergic gene variation. Healthy volunteers (32/11 males/females) underwent phenotypic characterization including self-reported sleep and A1AR-specific quantitative PET. Rs5751876 and 31 gene variants of adenosine A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 receptors, adenosine deaminase, and dopamine D2 receptor were genotyped. Multivariate analysis revealed an rs5751876 effect on A1AR availability (P = 0.047), post hoc confirmed in 30 of 31 brain regions (false discovery rate (FDR) corrected P values < 0.05), but statistically stronger in anxiety-related regions (e.g., amygdala, hippocampus). Additional effects of ADORA1 rs1874142 were identified; under its influence rs5751876 and rs5751876 × sleep had strengthened effects on A1AR availability (Pboth < 0.02; post hoc FDR-corrected Ps < 0.05 for 29/30 regions, respectively). Our results support the relationship between rs5751876 and A1AR availability. Additional impact of rs1874142, together with rs5751876 and sleep, might be involved in regulating arousal and thus the development of mental disorders like anxiety disorders. The interplay of further detected suggestive ADORA2A × DRD2 interaction, however, necessitates larger future samples more comparable to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based samples.

scholarly journals Assessment of Regional Differences in Tariquidar-Induced P-Glycoprotein Modulation at the Human Blood–Brain Barrier

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 510-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Bauer ◽  
Rudolf Karch ◽  
Friederike Neumann ◽  
Claudia C Wagner ◽  
Kurt Kletter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regional Differences ◽  
Statistical Parametric Mapping ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Parahippocampal Gyrus ◽  
Glycoprotein P ◽  
P Glycoprotein ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Pet Scans

We attempted to assess regional differences in cerebral P-glycoprotein (P-gp) function by performing paired positron emission tomography (PET) scans with the P-gp substrate ( R)-[11C]verapamil in five healthy subjects before and after i.v. infusion of tariquidar (2 mg/kg). Comparison of tariquidar-induced changes in distribution volumes ( DVs) in 42 brain regions of interest (ROIs) failed to detect significant differences among brain ROIs. Statistical parametric mapping analysis of parametric DV images visualized symmetrical bilateral clusters with moderately higher DV increases in response to tariquidar administration in cerebellum, parahippocampal gyrus, olfactory gyrus, and middle temporal lobe and cortex, which might reflect moderately decreased P-gp function and expression.

scholarly journals Measurement of cerebral ABCC1 transport activity in wild-type and APP/PS1-21 mice with positron emission tomography

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 954-965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktoria Zoufal ◽  
Severin Mairinger ◽  
Markus Krohn ◽  
Thomas Wanek ◽  
Thomas Filip ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Protective Mechanism ◽  
Transport Activity ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Amyloid Aβ ◽  
Pet Scans ◽  
The Brain

Previous data suggest a possible link between multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (ABCC1) and brain clearance of beta-amyloid (Aβ). We used PET with 6-bromo-7-[11C]methylpurine ([11C]BMP) to measure cerebral ABCC1 transport activity in a beta-amyloidosis mouse model (APP/PS1-21) and in wild-type mice aged 50 and 170 days, without and with pretreatment with the ABCC1 inhibitor MK571. One hundred seventy days-old-animals additionally underwent [11C]PiB PET scans to measure Aβ load. While baseline [11C]BMP PET scans detected no differences in the elimination slope of radioactivity washout from the brain (kelim) between APP/PS1-21 and wild-type mice of both age groups, PET scans after MK571 pretreatment revealed significantly higher kelim values in APP/PS1-21 mice than in wild-type mice aged 170 days, suggesting increased ABCC1 activity. The observed increase in kelim occurred across all investigated brain regions and was independent of the presence of Aβ plaques measured with [11C]PiB. Western blot analysis revealed a trend towards increased whole brain ABCC1 levels in 170 days-old-APP/PS1-21 mice versus wild-type mice and a significant positive correlation between ABCC1 levels and kelim. Our data point to an upregulation of ABCC1 in APP/PS1-21 mice, which may be related to an induction of ABCC1 in astrocytes as a protective mechanism against oxidative stress.

scholarly journals Neuroinflammatory and morphological changes in late-life depression: the NIMROD study

2016 ◽  
Vol 209 (6) ◽  
pp. 525-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Su ◽  
Yetunde O. Faluyi ◽  
Young T. Hong ◽  
Tim D. Fryer ◽  
Elijah Mak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Late Life ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Aetiological Factor ◽  
Late Life Depression ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Cornu Ammonis ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

SummaryWe studied neuroinflammation in individuals with late-life, depression, as a risk factor for dementia, using [11C]PK11195 positron emission tomography (PET). Five older participants with major depression and 13 controls underwent PET and multimodal 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with blood taken to measure C-reactive protein (CRP). We found significantly higher CRP levels in those with late-life depression and raised [11C]PK11195 binding compared with controls in brain regions associated with depression, including subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, and significant hippocampal subfield atrophy in cornu ammonis 1 and subiculum. Our findings suggest neuroinflammation requires further investigation in late-life depression, both as a possible aetiological factor and a potential therapeutic target.

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