Prevalence and distribution of pain in children

2021 ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
Bonnie J. Stevens ◽  
William T. Zempsky
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Older Children ◽  
General Estimate ◽  
Community Healthcare ◽  
Healthcare Settings ◽  
Pain Prevalence ◽  
Practice Knowledge ◽  
Small Sample Sizes

Historically, only a few studies addressed the prevalence of acute and chronic pain in infants, older children, and adolescents across multiple settings. Typically, there was a preponderance of single-site studies that reported local pain prevalence and distribution in children. The generalizability of these results was questionable given small sample sizes; thus, results from local studies garnered only a general estimate at best. However, recent systematic reviews that synthesize evidence and critically appraise the quality of the studies provide a much clearer idea of the prevalence of acute and chronic pain in children. Studies of pain prevalence vary as to the pain and prevalence definitions used, the reporting period (i.e., point prevalence, period prevalence), and stratification by duration of involvement, which makes comparison of findings challenging. In this chapter, we will clarify definitions of prevalence and acute and chronic pain and use these definitions to explore the prevalence and distribution of pain across the broader system that delivers health care to children (e.g., hospitals and in community healthcare settings). Perspectives on clinical practice, knowledge translation, and future research will be shared via a case study and perspective box.

Prevalence and distribution of pain in children

2013 ◽  
pp. 12-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonnie J. Stevens ◽  
William T. Zempsky
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Future Research ◽  
General Estimate ◽  
Health Care Settings ◽  
Pain Prevalence ◽  
Large Groups ◽  
Prevalence Period

There has been a paucity of studies that have attempted to determine the prevalence and distribution of pain (acute or chronic) in large groups of infants and children across multiple settings. Rather, there is a preponderance of single-site studies that report local prevalence and distribution of paediatric pain data. Although one could extrapolate these results to gain a broader sense of pain in children, this approach would garner only a general estimate at best. Furthermore, studies of pain prevalence vary as to the pain and prevalence definitions used, the reporting period (i.e. point prevalence, period prevalence), and stratification by duration of involvement, which makes comparison of findings challenging. In this chapter, definitions of prevalence and acute and chronic pain will be clarified and used to explore the prevalence and distribution of pain in hospitals and in community health care settings for infants and children. Recommendations for clinical practice and future research will be proposed.

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) in an advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cohort: Analyses of TP53 and CTNNB1.

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 286-286
Author(s):  
Robin Kate Kelley ◽  
John Dozier Gordan ◽  
Kimberley Evason ◽  
Paige M. Bracci ◽  
Nancy M. Joseph ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Reference Sequence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Prognostic Impact ◽  
Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Advanced Hcc ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Small Sample Sizes ◽  
Ctnnb1 Mutation

286 Background: Mutations in TP53 and CTNNB1 are common in early stage HCC resection samples. The frequency and prognostic impact of these mutations in advanced HCC is not known. We conducted this retrospective analysis using a large NGS panel to explore for association between tumor genetics, clinicopathologic features, and prognosis in an advanced HCC cohort. Methods: Eligible cases had diagnosis of unresectable HCC or mixed HCC-cholangiocarcinoma and were enrolled on NCT01008917 or NCT01687673 clinical trials of sorafenib plus temsirolimus with informed consent for specimen banking for future research including genetic testing. Paired tumor and germline (blood) DNA samples were sequenced using a capture-based NGS cancer panel to allow for determination of somatic variants. Analysis was based on the human reference sequence UCSC build hg19. Variants were called using GATK Unified Genotyper software. Somatic, non-synonymous, and exonic calls were curated using COSMIC, cBioPortal, and Pubmed. Results: Cases with HCC (n = 21) and mixed HCC-cholangiocarcinoma (n = 2) comprised the cohort (N = 23). Male/female: 83%/17%. Race: White 56%, Asian 39%. BCLC stage: B 35%, C 65%. Etiology: HBsAg+ 26%, HCV+ 39%. Immune infiltrates ( ≥ 1 on scale 0-3) were present in 7/12 (58%) evaluable tumor samples. TP53 mutations were present in 14/23 (61%, 95% CI: 38.5, 80.0). CTNNB1 mutations were present in 7/23 (30%, 95% CI: 13.2, 52.9). There was no significant difference between HBsAg+ and HCV+. Both TP53 and CTNNB1 mutation were present in 4/23 (17%). CTNNB1 mutation was present in 2/7 (29%) cases with immune infiltrate score ≥ 1, and 1/5 (20%) with score < 1 (not significant). Other mutations and variants will be reported. Conclusions: NGS in this advanced HCC cohort suggests a higher incidence of TP53 and coexisting TP53 plus CTNNB1 mutations than has been reported in early stage HCC which requires confirmation in a larger cohort. There was no clear relationship between these mutations, HCC etiology, or tumor immune infiltrates though interpretation is limited by small sample sizes. Analyses are ongoing to explore for association between TP53 and CTNNB1 mutations and prognosis in this advanced HCC cohort.

scholarly journals Patient's experiences of involuntary hospital admission and treatment: A review of qualitative studies

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Katsakou ◽  
Stefan Priebe
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Qualitative Studies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Involuntary Admission ◽  
Involuntary Treatment ◽  
Emerging Issues ◽  
Patient Groups ◽  
Perceived Impact ◽  
Small Sample Sizes

SUMMARYAims - This study aimed to explore psychiatric patients' experiences of involuntary admission and treatment by reviewing qualitative studies. Method - Qualitative studies investigating patients' experiences of involuntary treatment were identified. Relevant databases were searched and authors were contacted. Thematic analysis was applied for the synthesis of emerging issues. Results - Five studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The main areas that appear to be of importance are: patients' perceived autonomy and participation in decisions for themselves, their feeling of whether or not they are being cared for and their sense of identity. In these areas both negative and positive consequences from involuntary admission were mentioned. However, methodological weaknesses were also found, such as small sample sizes. Furthermore, it is not described whether these themes are mentioned by all participants as negative and positive aspects of their experience or whether they reflect views supported by distinct groups. Conclusions - Although the perceived impact of involuntary treatment is fairly clearly described, differences between distinct patient groups are not examined. Future research should investigate such differences in order to inform relevant policy decisions for particular groups.Declaration of Interest: None.

scholarly journals Sleep Spindle Characteristics in Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Their Relation to Cognition

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reut Gruber ◽  
Merrill S. Wise
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽  
Sleep Problems ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sleep Spindles ◽  
Sleep Spindle ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Small Sample Sizes

Empirical evidence indicates that sleep spindles facilitate neuroplasticity and “off-line” processing during sleep, which supports learning, memory consolidation, and intellectual performance. Children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) exhibit characteristics that may increase both the risk for and vulnerability to abnormal spindle generation. Despite the high prevalence of sleep problems and cognitive deficits in children with NDD, only a few studies have examined the putative association between spindle characteristics and cognitive function. This paper reviews the literature regarding sleep spindle characteristics in children with NDD and their relation to cognition in light of what is known in typically developing children and based on the available evidence regarding children with NDD. We integrate available data, identify gaps in understanding, and recommend future research directions. Collectively, studies are limited by small sample sizes, heterogeneous populations with multiple comorbidities, and nonstandardized methods for collecting and analyzing findings. These limitations notwithstanding, the evidence suggests that future studies should examine associations between sleep spindle characteristics and cognitive function in children with and without NDD, and preliminary findings raise the intriguing question of whether enhancement or manipulation of sleep spindles could improve sleep-dependent memory and other aspects of cognitive function in this population.

scholarly journals Crowdsourcing Neighbourhood Delineations in Wellington, New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Hayden Rickard
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Aotearoa New Zealand ◽  
Small Sample Sizes ◽  
Quantitative And Qualitative Methods ◽  
Neighbourhood Perceptions

<p>Neighbourhoods are important in our everyday lives, but physical definitions of neighbourhoods are often ambiguous. Official representations of neighbourhood boundaries used to present geographic outcomes poorly reflect individuals’ perceptions of their neighbourhoods. Existing methods of collecting neighbourhood delineations commonly consist of small sample sizes or stratified surveys on residents of individual neighbourhoods. By reducing effort and potentially increasing response rates, a crowdsourcing approach may be effective in collecting neighbourhood delineations across an entire city.  This thesis presents results from a web-based application used to crowdsource neighbourhood delineations from residents of Wellington City, Aotearoa-New Zealand. Over eight hundred responses were analysed to investigate how personal characteristics impact neighbourhood boundaries, determine areas of shared neighbourhood geographies based on overlapping demarcations, and examine how participants neighbourhood delineations compare to official representations of neighbourhoods. Case studies of a range of geographic features are provided to explore how they impact neighbourhood delineations.  This thesis found transport choices significantly impact perceived neighbourhood area; neighbourhood areas differ markedly in terms of consensus about their boundaries; and there are both similarities and discrepancies between official and perceived neighbourhood boundaries. A variety of geographic features were found to function as different perceptual elements in informing neighbourhood delineations. Crowdsourcing was a practical method to collect neighbourhood perceptions with possible implications for official neighbourhood boundaries. Finally, recommendations for future research aiming to crowdsource neighbourhood delineations were made with a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods being of high value.</p>

scholarly journals Crowdsourcing Neighbourhood Delineations in Wellington, New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Hayden Rickard
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Aotearoa New Zealand ◽  
Small Sample Sizes ◽  
Quantitative And Qualitative Methods ◽  
Neighbourhood Perceptions

<p>Neighbourhoods are important in our everyday lives, but physical definitions of neighbourhoods are often ambiguous. Official representations of neighbourhood boundaries used to present geographic outcomes poorly reflect individuals’ perceptions of their neighbourhoods. Existing methods of collecting neighbourhood delineations commonly consist of small sample sizes or stratified surveys on residents of individual neighbourhoods. By reducing effort and potentially increasing response rates, a crowdsourcing approach may be effective in collecting neighbourhood delineations across an entire city.  This thesis presents results from a web-based application used to crowdsource neighbourhood delineations from residents of Wellington City, Aotearoa-New Zealand. Over eight hundred responses were analysed to investigate how personal characteristics impact neighbourhood boundaries, determine areas of shared neighbourhood geographies based on overlapping demarcations, and examine how participants neighbourhood delineations compare to official representations of neighbourhoods. Case studies of a range of geographic features are provided to explore how they impact neighbourhood delineations.  This thesis found transport choices significantly impact perceived neighbourhood area; neighbourhood areas differ markedly in terms of consensus about their boundaries; and there are both similarities and discrepancies between official and perceived neighbourhood boundaries. A variety of geographic features were found to function as different perceptual elements in informing neighbourhood delineations. Crowdsourcing was a practical method to collect neighbourhood perceptions with possible implications for official neighbourhood boundaries. Finally, recommendations for future research aiming to crowdsource neighbourhood delineations were made with a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods being of high value.</p>

scholarly journals Physical interventions for people with more advanced dementia – a scoping review

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abigail J. Hall ◽  
Samantha Febrey ◽  
Victoria A. Goodwin
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Advanced Dementia ◽  
Physical Decline ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Small Sample Sizes ◽  
Physical Outcomes

Abstract Background Dementia is a neuro-degenerative condition resulting in cognitive and physical decline over time. In the early stages of the condition, physical decline may be slow, but in the later stages, it may become more pronounced. Physical interventions may be employed to try and reduce the physical decline that people experience, yet it is unclear what interventions may be effective. The aim of this study was to explore the breadth and quantity of evidence that exists in relation to the delivery of physical interventions for people with advanced dementia. Methods We undertook a scoping review in order to map the current literature. All types of study design were included in the search in order to gain a comprehensive scope of the literature. We searched a variety of databases from inception until March 2021, focusing on physical interventions. Double screening and data extraction were employed in order to increase the reliability of the results. Results Our review found four studies which focused on physical interventions aimed at improving physical outcomes for people with more advanced dementia. The majority of studies were excluded as their interventions were not specific to people with advanced dementia. The studies that were included incorporated functional activities and, despite small sample sizes, suggested statistically significant improvements in outcomes for people with advanced dementia. Conclusion There is currently limited evidence relating to physical rehabilitation interventions for people with more advanced dementia, however, the evidence we presented suggests potential benefits for physical outcomes. Future research should focus on robust research to determine the most effective and cost-effective interventions that meet the needs of this population.

scholarly journals Resting heart rate and psychopathy: Findings from the Add Health Survey

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Kavish ◽  
Q. John Fu ◽  
Michael G. Vaughn ◽  
Zhengmin Qian ◽  
Brian B. Boutwell
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Small Body ◽  
Psychopathic Traits ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Alternative Measure ◽  
Resting Heart Rate ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Small Sample Sizes ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractDespite the prior linkages of low resting heart rate to antisocial behavior broadly defined, less work has been done examining possible associations between heart rate to psychopathic traits. The small body of research on the topic that has been conducted so far seems to suggest an inverse relationship between the two constructs. A smaller number of studies have found the opposite result, however, and some of the previous studies have been limited by small sample sizes and unrepresentative samples. The current study attempts to help clarify the relationship between resting heart rate and psychopathic traits in a large, nationally representative sample (analytical N ranged from 14,173-14,220) using an alternative measure of psychopathic traits that is less focused on antisocial processes, and rooted in personality traits. No significant relationship between heart rate and psychopathic traits, or heart rate and a measure of cold heartedness, was found after controlling for age, sex, and race. Implications of the findings, study limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.

Modeling Reading Growth in Grades 3 to 5 With an Alternate Assessment

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 195-206
Author(s):  
Dan Farley ◽  
Daniel Anderson ◽  
P. Shawn Irvin ◽  
Gerald Tindal
Keyword(s):  
Missing Data ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Academic Growth ◽  
Alternate Assessment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Reading Growth ◽  
Latent Growth ◽  
Significant Cognitive Disabilities ◽  
Small Sample Sizes ◽  
Improved Model

Modeling growth for students with significant cognitive disabilities (SWSCD) is difficult due to a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, missing data, test scaling, group heterogeneity, and small sample sizes. These challenges may account for the paucity of previous research exploring the academic growth of SWSCD. Our study represents a unique context in which a reading assessment, calibrated to a common scale, was administered statewide to students in consecutive years across Grades 3 to 5. We used a nonlinear latent growth curve pattern-mixture model to estimate students’ achievement and growth while accounting for patterns of missing data. While we observed significant intercept differences across disability subgroups, there were no significant slope differences. Incorporating missing data patterns into our models improved model fit. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed.

Direct Observation of Searching for Online Health Information: A Systematic Review of Current Evidence

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Branscum ◽  
Logan Hayes ◽  
Lorraine Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Health Information ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Online Health Information ◽  
Observational Method ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Small Sample Sizes

Few studies have been conducted to explore how individuals objectively attempt to retrieve health information using some type of observational method. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to systematically describe and summarize studies employing a direct observational method, and/or video/audio recording program, to examine how individuals actively search for online health information. Eleven articles were found to be acceptable. Overall, studies contained fairly small sample sizes, used mostly college students, and no study explicitly recruited any racial or minority groups. Implications for future research and practice is discussed.

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