I Can Get Fat Where? The Other Types of Fat

2021 ◽  
pp. 91-120
Author(s):  
Nathan Denton
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Biology ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Marrow Fat ◽  
Bone Marrow Fat ◽  
Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue ◽  
White Fat ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter considers the more obscure non-white types of adipose tissue present in the human body. The first and better-known type discussed is brown fat, which contributes to the regulation of body temperature as it burns (excess) calories to generate heat. The second section explores the biology of bone marrow fat, whose enigmatic behaviour in the context of starvation and obesity does little to help define its role. After considering the relationship between bone marrow adipose tissue, bone strength, and overall metabolic health, this chapter concludes by briefly reviewing other, lesser-known types of (white) fat (e.g., epicardial fat) and their potential contribution to human biology.

scholarly journals Bone marrow fat has brown adipose tissue characteristics, which are attenuated with aging and diabetes

Bone ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 546-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Krings ◽  
S. Rahman ◽  
S. Huang ◽  
Y. Lu ◽  
P.J. Czernik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Marrow Fat ◽  
Bone Marrow Fat ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Tissue Characteristics

scholarly journals Rodent Models of Spondyloarthritis Have Decreased White and Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue Depots

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia Furesi ◽  
Ingrid Fert ◽  
Marie Beaufrère ◽  
Luiza M. Araujo ◽  
Simon Glatigny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue ◽  
Adipose Tissue Depots ◽  
Marrow Adipose Tissue ◽  
Culture Model ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Fat Depot ◽  
White Fat

Bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) has recently been recognized as a distinct fat depot with endocrine functions. However, if and how it is regulated by chronic inflammation remains unknown. Here, we investigate the amount of white fat and BMAT in HLA-B27 transgenic rats and curdlan-challenged SKG mice, two well-established models of chronic inflammatory spondyloarthritis (SpA). Subcutaneous and gonadal white adipose tissue and BMAT was reduced by 65-70% and by up to 90% in both experimental models. Consistently, B27 rats had a 2-3-fold decrease in the serum concentrations of the adipocyte-derived cytokines adiponectin and leptin as well as a 2-fold lower concentration of triglycerides. The bone marrow of B27 rats was further characterized by higher numbers of neutrophils, lower numbers of erythroblast precursors, and higher numbers of IL-17 producing CD4+ T cells. IL-17 concentration was also increased in the serum of B27 rats. Using a cell culture model, we show that high levels of IL-17 in the serum of B27 rats negatively impacted adipogenesis (-76%), an effect that was reversed in the presence of neutralizing anti-IL-17 antibody. In summary, these findings show BMAT is severely reduced in two experimental models of chronic inflammatory SpA and suggest that IL-17 is involved in this process.

scholarly journals Active Cushing syndrome patients have increased ectopic fat deposition and bone marrow fat content compared to cured patients and healthy subjects: a pilot 1H-MRS study

2018 ◽  
Vol 179 (5) ◽  
pp. 307-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Maurice ◽  
A Dutour ◽  
C Vincentelli ◽  
I Abdesselam ◽  
M Bernard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cushing Syndrome ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Marrow Fat ◽  
1H Mrs ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Bone Marrow Fat ◽  
Main Regulator

Objective Glucocorticoid excess is one of the most important causes of bone disorders. Bone marrow fat (BMF) has been identified as a new mediator of bone metabolism. Cushing syndrome (CS) is a main regulator of adipose tissue distribution but its impact on BMF is unknown. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of chronic hypercortisolism on BMF. Design This was a cross-sectional study. Seventeen active and 17 cured ACTH-dependent CS patients along with 17 controls (matched with the active group for age and sex) were included. Methods The BMF content of the femoral neck and L3 vertebrae were measured by 1H-MRS on a 3-Tesla wide-bore magnet. Bone mineral density (BMD) was evaluated in patients using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results Active CS patients had higher BMF content both in the femur (82.5 ± 2.6%) and vertebrae (70.1 ± 5.1%) compared to the controls (70.8 ± 3.6%, P = 0.013 and 49.0 ± 3.7% P = 0.005, respectively). In cured CS patients (average remission time of 43 months), BMF content was not different from controls at both sites (72.3 ± 2.9% (femur) and 46.7% ± 5.3% (L3)). BMF content was positively correlated with age, fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, triglycerides and visceral adipose tissue in the whole cohort and negatively correlated with BMD values in the CS patients. Conclusions Accumulation of BMF is induced by hypercortisolism. In remission patients, BMF reached values of controls. Further studies are needed to determine whether this increase in marrow adiposity in CS is associated with bone loss.

scholarly journals The Role of Bone Marrow Fat in Skeletal Health: Usefulness and Perspectives for Clinicians

2015 ◽  
Vol 100 (10) ◽  
pp. 3613-3621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Paccou ◽  
Pierre Hardouin ◽  
Anne Cotten ◽  
Guillaume Penel ◽  
Bernard Cortet
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Marrow Fat ◽  
Bone Marrow Fat ◽  
The Relationship

Context: There is growing interest in the relationship between bone marrow fat (BMF), bone mineral density (BMD), and fractures. Moreover, BMF might be influenced by metabolic diseases associated with bone loss and fractures, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), anorexia nervosa (AN), and obesity. Methods: The primary-source literature for this review was acquired using a PubMed search for articles published between January 2000 and April 2015. Search terms included BMF, BMD, fractures, T2DM, AN, and obesity. The titles and abstracts of all articles were reviewed for relevant subjects. Results: Magnetic resonance imaging, with or without spectroscopy, was used to noninvasively quantify BMF in humans. A negative relationship was found between BMD and BMF in both healthy and osteopenic/osteoporotic populations. Data are lacking on the relationship between BMF and fractures. Studies in populations of individuals with metabolic diseases such as T2DM, AN, and obesity have shown BMF abnormalities. Conclusions: We conclude that most human data demonstrate an inverse relationship between BMF and BMD, but data on the relationship with fractures are inconsistent and need further study. In daily practice, the usefulness for clinicians of assessing BMF using magnetic resonance imaging is still limited. However, the perspectives are exciting, particularly in terms of improving the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis.

The influence of adipose tissue and bone marrow fat on bone mineral density in short bowel syndrome

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciana Parreiras-e-Silva ◽  
Araujo Iana de ◽  
Carlos Salmon ◽  
Julio Marchini ◽  
Vivian Suen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Short Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Marrow Fat ◽  
Short Bowel ◽  
Bone Marrow Fat

scholarly journals Morphological and functional characteristics of cryopreserved multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells from bone marrow, adipose tissue and tendons

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Volkovа ◽  
M. Yukhta ◽  
A. Goltsev
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Colony Formation ◽  
Type I Collagen ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ◽  
Type I ◽  
Marrow Fat ◽  
Bone Marrow Fat

The aim of study was to comparatively evaluate the morphological and functional properties of cryopreserved multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MMSCs) from bone marrow, fat and tendon.Materials and methods. MMSC cultures obtained from rat bone marrow, fat and tendon. The cells was cryopreserved under protection of 10 % DMSO and 20% FBS with cooling rate of 1 deg/min down to -80°C followed by plunging into liquid nitrogen. In the studied cultures the membrane integrity, immunophenotype, ability to colony formation, proliferative characteristics (MTT-test), directed differentiation and type I collagen synthesis were evaluated.Results. Investigated cryopreserved cell culture derived from bone marrow, tendon and adipose tissue had high membrane integrity indicators, colony formation and proliferation as well as the ability to directional adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation. The analysis of immunophenotype showed that the tested cryopreserved MMSCs culture characterized by high levels of expression (≥90 %) of CD44, CD90, CD105, CD73 and low expression (≤1 %) of hematopoietic marker CD45. Cryopreserved bone marrow MMSCs were characterized by a high content of cells that synthesized type I collagen as compared to cultures which were derived from fat and tendon.Conclusions. Cell cultures derived from all studied sources have immunophenotype of precursor cells of mesenchymal origin. The MMSC of tendon tissue characterized by a greater capacity for colony formation and proliferation, and lower capacity for directed adipogenic differentiation, than MSCs from bone marrow and adipose tissue.

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