Sebaceous and sweat gland disorders

2010 ◽  
pp. 4676-4682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Layton
Keyword(s):  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Hidradenitis Suppurativa ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Ear Canal ◽  
Sebaceous Glands ◽  
Apocrine Glands

Cutaneous glands in humans include holocrine or sebaceous glands and merocrine or sweat glands. Merocrine glands are subdivided into apocrine, eccrine, and apoeccrine glands. Disorders of each of these cutaneous glands have been associated with disease. Apocrine glands in adults are found predominantly in the axillae and anogenital regions, with a few located in the ear canal (ceruminous glands) and eyelids (Moll’s glands). Associated disorders include hidradenitis suppurativa, Fox–Fordyce disease, bromhidrosis, trimethylaminuria, and chromhidrosis....

Sebaceous and sweat gland disorders

2020 ◽  
pp. 5699-5708
Author(s):  
Alison M. Layton
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Hidradenitis Suppurativa ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Systemic Diseases ◽  
Ear Canal ◽  
Apocrine Glands ◽  
Cholinergic Drugs ◽  
Eccrine Glands ◽  
Psychosocial Morbidity

Cutaneous glands in humans include holocrine or sebaceous glands and merocrine or sweat glands. Merocrine glands are subdivided into apocrine, eccrine, and apoeccrine glands. Disorders of each of these cutaneous glands have been associated with disease. Apocrine glands in adults are found predominantly in the axillae and anogenital regions, with a few located in the ear canal (ceruminous glands) and eyelids (Moll’s glands). Disorders associated with apocrine glands include hidradenitis suppurativa, Fox–Fordyce disease, bromhidrosis, trimethylaminuria, and chromhidrosis. Eccrine glands are the sweat-producing glands of the skin. Many drugs and systemic diseases can influence the degree of sweating, such as thyroid disease, infection, carcinoid, and cholinergic drugs. In cystic fibrosis, the concentration of sodium chloride in sweat is increased. Meanwhile, acne is a common inflammatory skin disease often associated with significant psychosocial morbidity.

scholarly journals Surgical treatment of chronic hidradenitis suppurativa in the gluteal and perianal regions

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sokol Bilali ◽  
Vangjel Todi ◽  
Ali Lila ◽  
Valbona Bilali ◽  
Julian Habibaj
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Successful Treatment ◽  
Hidradenitis Suppurativa ◽  
Surgical Excision ◽  
Healing Time ◽  
Complete Healing ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Apocrine Glands ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Complete Wound Healing

Introduction: Verneuil disease, or perianal hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), is a chronic suppurative disease with a tendency to develop sinus formation, fibrosis, and sclerosis, having a great impact on quality of life. HS affect the apocrine sweat glands or sebaceous glands and may arise in each of the regions where the apocrine glands are prominent: the axilla, breast aureole, umbilicus, perineum, groin, and buttocks. We present here moderate and extensive HS cases, with their respective treatment methods and outcomes. Methods: A retrospective re-view of 6 patients? medical records from January 2001 to December 2010. Results: The 6 patients underwent treatment for HS in the gluteal and perianal regions with surgical excision. Five of the patients were male (83%). The median age was 42.5 years. We performed a total of 8 operations on these patients. In 3 patients, the wound was left open for secondary healing, and the mean time for complete wound healing was 11.3 weeks (range: 9.5-19 weeks). Delayed skin grafting was used for 2 patients in whom the wounds had been left open after the first operation. In this group, complete wound healing took 2 months in total. One patient underwent primary wound closure using rotation flaps, with a complete healing time of 2 weeks. Successful treatment without recurrence was accomplished in 5 (83.3%) of the patients. Conclusion: The conservative treatment methods had little effect, particularly on gluteal and perianal/perineal HS. The only successful treatment was wide surgical excision. Management of the wound after wide excision should be tailored to the individual patient.

DISTRIBUTION OF ANDROGEN METABOLIZING ENZYMES IN ISOLATED TISSUES OF HUMAN FOREHEAD AND AXILLARY SKIN

1978 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. HAY ◽  
M. B. HODGINS
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Sebaceous Glands ◽  
Metabolizing Enzymes ◽  
Apocrine Glands ◽  
Androgen Metabolism ◽  
Isolated Tissues

The distribution of androgen metabolism in human skin was studied using tissues isolated either by direct dissection of axillary skin or by dissection of collagenase-digested forehead and axillary skin. All tissues (epidermis, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicles and dermis) were found to contain 17β-, 3β- and 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) activities, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-Δ4–5 isomerase (Δ5-3β-HSD) activity and 5α-reductase activity. All tissues converted testosterone into 5α-dihydrotestosterone. In confirmation of previous histochemical studies, over 90% of the Δ5-3β-HSD of forehead skin was found in the sebaceous glands. In forehead skin, 40–66% of the 5α-reductase activity was in the sebaceous glands, while in axillary skin 50–70% was in the sweat glands, especially the apocrine glands. There was a more even distribution of 17β-HSD activity in skin tissues than histochemical studies have indicated previously. Knowledge of the distribution of these enzymes has helped in the understanding of the function of androgen metabolism in skin.

Size of sweat glands in shorthorn strains and Zebu x Shorthorn crossbred cattle

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 385 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Nay ◽  
DF Dowling
Keyword(s):  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Simple Technique ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Crossbred Cattle ◽  
Apocrine Glands ◽  
Gland Size ◽  
Skin Samples

A relatively simple technique for measuring the size of apocrine glands in biopsy cattle-skin sections was shown to be reliable. Duplicate skin samples were compared and the repeatability of the sweat gland size measurements found to be 81.0 per cent., and that of density 95 per cent. There were highly significant differences in sweat gland size between strains of cattle, and between cattle within strains.

scholarly journals Rarely seen accelerated progression of hidradenitis suppurativa

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aquino Williams ◽  
◽  
Britney Clemen ◽  
Rita Iyer ◽  
Alexandre Shehata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Family History ◽  
Hidradenitis Suppurativa ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Rare Tumor ◽  
Apocrine Glands ◽  
Include Family History ◽  
Nodular Hidradenoma

Malignant nodular hidradenoma, also known as Malignant Hidradenocarcinoma (MHA), is a rare tumor of sweat glands that accounts for less than 0.001% of all tumors [1-3,14]. Although it typically arises de-novo, MHA rarely progresses from hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), a disorder of apocrine glands characterized by chronic inflammation [5,6,9]. HS is due to recurrent follicular occlusion leading to painful debilitating cutaneous/subcutaneous abscesses requiring drainage [5,6,9]. Common sites include axillary, anogenital and inguinal regions [5,6,9]. The worldwide prevalence of HS is 1%-4% [5,6]. Incidence of all eccrine carcinomas is ~ 6% [14]. Risk-factors include family history, obesity, and smoking [5,6,9]. Severe complications associated with HS are squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma [2,6]. MHA progression is extremely aggressive with 60% cases having metastatic spread within the first 2 years of diagnosis [14].

Skin structure of Egyptian buffaloes and cattle with particular reference to sweat glands

1955 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. E. Hafez ◽  
A. L. Badreldin ◽  
M. M. Shafei
Keyword(s):  
Hair Follicle ◽  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Average Thickness ◽  
Sebaceous Glands ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Dermal Papillae

The structure, distribution and dimensions of skin strata and sweat glands have been investigated in Egyptian buffaloes and cattle. Samples from sixteen body regions were taken from three adult bulls of both species. Identical studies were also made on one buffalo calf and two buffalo embryos. Serial vertical and horizontal sections were cut from each body region using the ‘terpineol paraffin wax’ method. The following results were obtained.1. Buffalo skin is characterized by dermal papillae enclosing papillomatous epidermis. The fibrous structure of the dermis is similar in both species. In buffaloes, the average thickness of skin, main epidermis, papillomatous epidermis, and cornium is 6·5 mm., 50, 115, and 11μ respectively. The epidermis coefficient is 12 for the main epidermis and 18 for the papillomatous epidermis. In cattle, the average thickness of skin, epidermis and cornium layer is 4·3 mm., 51 and 5 μ respectively, while the epidermis coefficient is 8.2. The average number of hair follicles per sq.cm. of skin is 394 in the buffalo and 2633 in cattle. Each hair follicle is accompanied by two large lobulated sebaceous glands in the buffalo, and one small bilobed gland in cattle.3. There is no species difference in the histology of the sweat glands. Each hair follicle is accompanied by one sweat gland in both species. In the buffalo, the body of the sweat gland is oval and convoluted, while the duct is twisted at its attachment to the body. In cattle, the body of the gland is elongated while the duct is straight. The number of sweat glands per sq.cm. of skin is 394 in the buffalo and 2633 in cattle. The dimensions of the sweat glands are larger in buffaloes than in cattle. The length, circumference and sweating surface of the gland is 0·58, 0·47, and 0·276 sq.mm. in the buffalo, and 0·47, 0·26, and 0·124 sq.mm. in cattle respectively. The glandular surface of sweat glands per sq.cm. of skin is 1·07 sq.cm. in the buffalo and 3·08 sq.cm. in cattle.4. The type of sweat gland secretion is apocrine in both species. In the buffalo, successive stages of apocrine secretion are observed, and the merocrinelike form is rare. In cattle, the merocrine-like form prevails and the other stages are very rare. The theory (Findlay & Yang, 1950) of intraluminal transformation, of secretory products from coarse granularity to fluid homogeneity is supported. The effect of locality on the type of sweating activity is stressed.5. There are species differences in the distribution of blood vessels and capillaries. In the subepidermal level, the arterial branches are more frequent and superficial in buffaloes than in cattle. Capillaries are found in the dermal papillae of buffalo skin. The capillary loops encircling the hair follicle are more frequent in cattle than in buffaloes. The blood capillaries supplying the sebaceous glands are more numerous in the buffalo than in cattle. The blood supply of sweat glands is poor in both species.6. There are age differences in the skin histology. The number of hair follicles per sq.cm. of skin in a 5-months-old embryo, calf at birth, and adult buffaloes is 10560, 1248 and 400 respectively. There are no skin glands in the 1-month and 5-months-old embryos. The sweat gland in the calf is small in size and similar in structure to that of the adult. Calves have fewer sweat glands than adults.7. The body conformation and the degree of pigmentation are affected by species, breed and locality.8. The secreting activity of the sweat glands may be affected by the locality.9. It seems that there are species differences in the mechanism of heat convection and radiation, insensible perspiration and sensible perspiration, due to histological differences.

Sweat secretion by human axillary apoeccrine sweat gland in vitro

1987 ◽  
Vol 252 (1) ◽  
pp. R181-R187 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Sato ◽  
F. Sato
Keyword(s):  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Fluid Secretion ◽  
Eccrine Sweat Gland ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Clear Fluid ◽  
Apocrine Glands ◽  
Sweat Secretion ◽  
Eccrine Sweat

Functional characteristics of isolated single human axillary apoeccrine sweat glands have been studied using in vitro sweat induction methods. Sustained copious clear fluid secretion was evoked by methacholine (MCh), epinephrine (EP), isoproterenol (ISO), and phenylephrine (PL) in decreasing order in a pharmacologically specific manner. Apoeccrine glands showed a higher cholinergic sensitivity than eccrine sweat glands, as shown by the apparent association constant for MCh of 2.7 X 10(-7) M compared with 2.1 X 10(-6) M for the axillary eccrine sweat gland. The average total sweat rate of the apoeccrine gland for a 30-min period was sevenfold higher than that of the eccrine sweat gland. In contrast, isolated apocrine glands showed intermittent pulsatile turbid sweat secretion in response to MCh or EP. The Na+ and K+ concentration of apoeccrine glands was nearly isotonic, whereas those of apocrine sweat was 120-140 mM for Na+ and 10-20 mM for K+. Apoeccrine ductal Na+ absorption was also observed in the apoeccrine glands and was no more efficient than that of the axillary eccrine sweat gland. Thus apoeccrine sweat glands are functionally and pharmacologically distinct from axillary apocrine glands and significantly contribute to overall axillary sweating in humans.

scholarly journals The Dermis of Millivora Capenesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-30
Author(s):  
Samad Muhammed Mohd ◽  
Dalal Abdul Hussain Kadium ◽  
Ashwaq Kadium Ebed ◽  
Hussain sattar Rebat Alzerfi
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Skin Layer ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Elastic Fibers ◽  
Large Artery ◽  
Sebaceous Glands ◽  
Blood Capillaries ◽  
Hematoxylin And Eosin Stain

The present study was conducted on the dorsal skin of  three (Millivora  Capenesis)., Dermis were collected from  healthy animals,formalin fixed and carried out routein histological procedure,then section at thicness six micrometer and stained by Hematoxylin and Eosin stain .  Histologically,the dermis was composed of the papillary and reticular layers , the papillary layer was formed from loose connective tissue, composed of a bundant collageneous fibers, few elastic fibers, net work of blood capillaries, large artery , large vein and meissner , and pacinian corpscules (tactile corpscules) , the deeper layer of dermis was contain dense connective tissue that included skin appendages such as hair , sebaceous glands , sweat glands , there was two types of hair follicles , primary and secondary follicles , the sebaceous glands which surrounded the hair follicles , these glands were alveolar glands , while sweat glands were simple saccular glands that lined by low cuboidal epithelium from another hand , the ducts of sweat gland was lined by stratified cuboidal epithelium .the meissner corpscule was singly located in the papillary layer of the dermis, while the pacinian corpscule was found in the reticular layers ,our findings were showed these corpscules as onion shapes.The dermis of Millivora Capenesis consist of papillary and reticular layers with skin layer appendage; Sweat gland, sebaceous glands, primary and secondary hair follicles with meissner and pacinian corpscules.        DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3376377                                                                                                 

Surgical treatment of extensive perianal hidradenitis

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (9) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Hidradenitis Suppurativa ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Radical Excision ◽  
Skin Flaps ◽  
Perianal Area ◽  
Apocrine Glands ◽  
Patient Preparation ◽  
Two Stages

Introduction: Perianal hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic recurrent inflammatory, suppurative, and fistulising disease of apocrine glands, adjacent anal canal and soft tissues. Perianal area is the second most common affected area after axilla. There are three grades of the disease. Hidradenitis suppurativa represents a chronic, recurrent, deep-seated folliculitis resulting in abscesses, followed by the formation of sinus tracts and subsequent scarring. Perianal hidradenitis suppurativa is the last and the most serious grade of the disease and a specific access is needed for patient preparation and surgical treatment alone. The currently preferred method of treatment for patients with extensive perianal hidradentitis is excision and closure with combination of skin flaps, primary suture and skin graft in one or two stages. Case reports: There are three case reports of perianal hidradenitis suppurativa in this article. The local and overall initial treatment of patients followed by a radical excision and closure with a rotation skin flaps and skin grafts is described. The final results were satisfactory, with no recurrence or serious complication.

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