Extrasystoles

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moutaz El-Kadri ◽  
George Hart
Keyword(s):  
Sinus Node ◽  
Heart Rhythm ◽  
Normal Heart ◽  
Atrioventricular Junction ◽  
Premature Ventricular Complexes ◽  
Electrical Impulse ◽  
Ventricular Extrasystoles

An extrasystole is a cardiac electrical impulse (often premature) which is not part of the normal heart rhythm. Extrasystoles most frequently arise from the ventricles and are then called ventricular extrasystoles, or premature ventricular complexes. Less often, they originate from the atria, the atrioventricular junction or, rarely, from the sinus node—these are termed supraventricular extrasystoles. The term ‘bigeminy’ refers to an extrasystole every second beat, and ‘trigeminy’, every third beat. Two successive extrasystoles are called a ‘couplet’; three are called a ‘triplet’. Extrasystoles with varying morphology are described as ‘polymorphic’ or ‘multifocal’, whereas those maintaining the same morphology are termed ‘unifocal’.

Sema3a maintains normal heart rhythm through sympathetic innervation patterning

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 604-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaki Ieda ◽  
Hideaki Kanazawa ◽  
Kensuke Kimura ◽  
Fumiyuki Hattori ◽  
Yasuyo Ieda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sympathetic Innervation ◽  
Heart Rhythm ◽  
Normal Heart

scholarly journals Prevalence of arrhythmias in dogs examined between 2008 and 2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Noszczyk-Nowak ◽  
Marcin Michałek ◽  
Ewelina Kałuża ◽  
Alicja Cepiel ◽  
Urszula Pasławska
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Ventricular Arrhythmias ◽  
Heart Rhythm ◽  
Supraventricular Arrhythmias ◽  
Premature Ventricular Complexes ◽  
Labrador Retrievers

Abstract Introduction: The prevalence of arrhythmias in dogs and the influence of sex, breed, age, and body weight were analysed over a seven-year span. Material and Methods: In total, 1189 referrals for cardiological examination by electrocardiography were received at one academic centre in Poland between 2008 and 2014. The largest proportion of the examined dogs were cross-breeds with body weight below 25 kg (n = 153, 12.87%), followed by German Shepherds (n = 122, 10.26%), Labrador Retrievers (n = 68, 5.72%), Yorkshire Terriers (n = 63, 5.3%), and Boxers (n = 60, 5.05%). Retrospective analysis was made of 1201 standing or right recumbent electrocardiograms without pharmacological sedation. The prevalence of arrhythmias was examined in terms of sex, age, body weight, and breed of the dogs. Results: A total of 630 (52.46%) electrocardiograms showed no signs of arrhythmia, but 96 (7.99%) and 475 (39.55%) pointed to physiological and pathological arrhythmias respectively. The most commonly diagnosed type was atrial fibrillation with 33.68% incidence, followed by ventricular arrhythmias (28%), sinus pauses (27.58%), supraventricular arrhythmias (24%), and atrioventricular blocks (22.95%). Pathological arrhythmias were most commonly found in male dogs and in German Shepherds. Conclusions: Atrial fibrillation predominated, followed by premature ventricular complexes. Male dogs were generally more prone to heart rhythm disturbances.

scholarly journals Detection of Cardiac Arrhythmia using Machine Learning Algorithms

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 11704-11707
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Cardiac Arrhythmia ◽  
Sinus Node ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Heart Rhythm ◽  
The Body ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages

Cardiac Arrhythmia is a type of condition a human being suffers from abnormal heart rhythm. This is experienced due to the malfunctioning of electrical impulses that coordinate the heartbeat. When this happens the heartbeats slow/ fast more precisely irregularly. The rhythm of the heart is controlled by a major node called the sinus node which is present at the top of the heart, triggers the electrical pulses which make the heart to beat and pumping of blood to the body. Some of the symptoms of Cardiac Arrhythmia are fainting, unconsciousness, shortness of breath, unexpected functioning of the heart. It leads to death in minutes if medical attention is not provided. To diagnose this doctor, require to study the heart recordings evaluate heartbeats from different parts of the body accurately. It takes a lot of time to evaluate so based on the research work contributed in this field we try to propose a different approach to the same. In this paper, we compare different machine learning techniques and algorithms proposed by different authors and understand the advantages and disadvantages of the system and to bring a new system in place of the existing system where all have used the same ECG recordings from the same database of MIT-BIH. With the initial research work done by us we found out that the use of Phonocardiogram Recordings (PCG) provides more fidelity and accurate compared to ECG recordings. With the initial stage of work, we take the PCG recordings dataset and convert it to a spectrogram image and apply a convolutional neural network to predict the normal or abnormal heartbeat

scholarly journals Optogenetic Cardiac Pacing and Its Applications

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Airong Li ◽  
◽  
Rudolph E Tanzi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Heart Rhythm ◽  
Cardiac Pacing ◽  
Clinical Translation ◽  
Normal Heart ◽  
Living Tissues

Optogenetics combines the biological techniques of optics and genetics and uses light to control the activities of living tissues such as neurons and heart. Optogenetic actuators including channelrhodopsin (ChR), halorhodopsin (NpHR), and archaerhodopsin specifically provide for neuronal or cardiac controls. The clinical translation of cardiac optogenetics will include human and larger mammalian animal model applications and ultimately optogenetics may have the power to restore normal heart rhythm.

scholarly journals Case Reports: Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy Presenting as a Heart Rhythm Disorders in Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Kovalchuk ◽  
Elena Yakovleva ◽  
Svetlana Fetisova ◽  
Tatiana Vershinina ◽  
Viktoriya Lebedeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscular Dystrophy ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Sinus Node ◽  
Heart Rhythm ◽  
Cardiac Abnormalities ◽  
Progressive Muscle Weakness ◽  
Cardiac Phenotype ◽  
Cardiac Symptoms ◽  
Heart Rhythm Disorders

Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is inherited muscle dystrophy often accompanied by cardiac abnormalities in the form of supraventricular arrhythmias, conduction defects and sinus node dysfunction. Cardiac phenotype typically arises years after skeletal muscle presentation, though, could be severe and life-threatening. The defined clinical manifestation with joint contractures, progressive muscle weakness and atrophy, as well as cardiac symptoms are observed by the third decade of life. Still, clinical course and sequence of muscle and cardiac signs may be variable and depends on the genotype. Cardiac abnormalities in patients with EDMD in pediatric age are not commonly seen. Here we describe five patients with different forms of EDMD (X-linked and autosomal-dominant) caused by the mutations in EMD and LMNA genes, presented with early onset of cardiac abnormalities and no prominent skeletal muscle phenotype. The predominant forms of cardiac pathology were atrial arrhythmias and conduction disturbances that progress over time. The presented cases discussed in the light of therapeutic strategy, including radiofrequency ablation and antiarrhythmic devices implantation, and the importance of thorough neurological and genetic screening in pediatric patients presenting with complex heart rhythm disorders.

Dynamical behavior of cardiac conduction system under external disturbances: simulation based on microcontroller technology

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigue Fonkou ◽  
Patrick Louodop ◽  
Pierre Kisito Talla
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Electric Current ◽  
Sinus Node ◽  
Dynamical Behavior ◽  
Heart Rhythm ◽  
Conduction System ◽  
Cardiac Conduction ◽  
Cardiac Conduction System ◽  
Very High Frequency ◽  
Purkinje Fibers

Abstract The heart rhythm is one of the most interesting aspects of the dynamic behavior of biological systems. Understanding heart rhythms is essential in the dynamic analysis of the heart. Each type of dynamic behaviour can describe normal or pathological physiology. The heart is made up of nodes ranging from SA node (natural pacemaker) to Purkinje fibers. The electric current originates in the sinus node and travels through the heart until it reaches the Purkinje fibers, causing after its passage through each of the nodes a heartbeat thus constituting the electrocardiogram (ECG). Since the origin of the electric current is the sinus node, in this article we study numerically and experimentally by microcontroller the influence of the sinus node on the propagation of electric current through the heart. A study of the sinus node in its autonomous state shows us that in their coupled state, the nodes of the heart qualitatively reproduce the time series of the action potential of this latter, which leads to the recording of the ECG. A study when the sinus node is subjected to periodic pulsed excitation E 1(t) = kP(t), assumed to come from blood pressure, with P(t) the blood pressure, shows that for some selected frequencies, it is found that the nodes of the heart and the ECG exhibit responses having the same shape and the same frequencies as those of the pulsatile blood pressure. This suggests the possibility of using such a conversion and excitation mechanism to replicate the functioning of cardiac conduction system. The chaotic analysis of the sinus node subjected to a sinusoidal type disturbance (E 0sin(ωt)) is also presented, it shows that in its chaotic state, the nodes of the heart, as well as the ECG, provide very high frequency signals. This requires the control of the sinus node (natural pacemaker) in such a situation

Inadekvát, aránytalan sinuscsomó-tachycardia: egy régi szívritmuszavar új megvilágításban (II.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 161 (46) ◽  
pp. 1953-1958
Author(s):  
József Borbola ◽  
Csaba Földesi ◽  
Attila Kardos ◽  
Zoltán Som
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Sinus Node ◽  
Heart Rhythm ◽  
Pharmacological Therapy ◽  
Dynamic Exercise ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Sinus Rate

Összefoglaló. Bevezetés: Az inadekvát, aránytalan sinuscsomó-tachycardia a szív nomotop ingerképzési zavarával járó, nem ritka klinikai szindróma. A szívritmuszavar-entitást a nem paroxysmalis, magas nyugalmi sinusfrekvencia, a fizikai/pszichés stresszre adott aránytalan sinustachycardia, valamint főként palpitációs panaszok jellemzik. Célkitűzés: Az aránytalan sinuscsomó-tachycardiás betegeink gyógyszeres kezelésével szerzett tapasztalataink ismertetése. Módszerek: 2008 és 2018 között 104 beteget (92 nő, 12 férfi; átlagéletkor 31 ± 10 év) kezeltünk ezzel a szívritmuszavarral. A betegek kivizsgálásuk után 12 elvezetéses EKG-, terheléses EKG-, valamint 24 órás Holter-monitoros EKG-megfigyeléseken vettek részt a gyógyszeres kezelés előtt és után (bizoprolol: 2 × 5 mg/nap; ivabradin: 2 × 5 mg/nap). Az életminőség változását a European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) tüneti skálája szerint állapítottuk meg. Eredmények: Mindkét gyógyszer jelentősen csökkentette a nyugalmi sinusfrekvenciát (kontroll: 102 ± 10/min; bizoprolol: 78 ± 6/min; ivabradin: 74 ± 8/min, mindkettő: p<0,0001). A gyógyszeres kezelés nélküli, 24 órás Holter-monitoros EKG-felvételek során mért szívfrekvenciák (minimum–maximum [átlag] sinusfrekvencia/min) a kontrollértékekről (58 ± 8–159 ± 14 [94 ± 6]/min) mindkét gyógyszerre egyaránt szignifikánsan csökkentek (bizoprolol: 53 ± 7–132 ± 13 [77 ± 9]/min [mindhárom: p<0,0001]; ivabradin 51 ± 6–134 ± 18 [77 ± 8]/min [mindhárom: p<0,0001]). A terheléses EKG-vizsgálatok előtt (kontroll: 99 ± 13/min; bizoprolol 81 ± 11/min [p<0,0001]; ivabradin: 84 ± 10/min [p<0,0001]) és a terhelés csúcspontján mért sinusfrekvenciák (kontroll: 164 ± 15/min; bizoprolol: 140 ± 16/min [p<0,0001]; ivabradin: 142 ± 14/min [p<0,0001]) is jelentősen mérséklődtek. Az azonos dózisban adott két gyógyszer szívfrekvencia-csökkentő hatásai között számottevő különbséget nem tapasztaltunk. Az életminőséget tükröző EHRA tüneti skálán (kontroll: 2,3 ± 0,7) mind a bizoprolol (1,4 ± 1,4; p<0,0001), mind az ivabradin (1,1 ± 0,2; p<0,0001) egyformán csökkentette a betegek tüneteit, panaszait. Számottevő cardiovascularis mellékhatás egyik betegcsoportban sem jelentkezett. Következtetések: Vizsgálati eredményeink alapján megállapítható, hogy az aránytalan sinuscsomó-tachycardiás betegek gyógyszeres kezelésére: (1) a kardiospecifikus adrenerg béta-blokkoló bizoprolol és az If-csatorna-gátló ivabradin egyaránt hatékonynak és biztonságosnak bizonyult; (2) az azonos adagban adott két gyógyszer hatékonysága között számottevő különbség nem volt; (3) a gyógyszeres kezelés nemcsak a sinusfrekvenciát csökkentette, hanem a betegek panaszait, tüneteit is mérsékelte. Orv Hetil. 2020; 161(46): 1953–1958. Summary. Introduction: The inadequate, inappropriate sinus-node tachycardia is not a rare clinical syndrome, defined as a disturbance of the nomotopic impulse formation of the heart. This cardiac arrhythmic entity is characterized by a non-paroxismal, increased sinus rate at rest, and/or inadequate response to physical and/or emotional stress and palpitations. Objective: The aim of this study was to describe our experiences with pharmacological therapy of patients with inappropriate sinus tachycardia syndrome. Methods: Between 2008 and 2018, 104 patients (92 women, 12 men, mean age: 31 ± 10 years) were treated with this cardiac arrhythmia entity. All patients underwent 12-lead ECG, 24-hour Holter-ECG monitoring and standard bicycle dynamic exercise tests before and after drug treatment (bisoprolol: 5 mg bid; ivabradine: 5 mg bid). Changes in the quality of life were estimated by using the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) score. Results: Both drugs decreased significantly the resting heart rate (control: 102 ± 10/min; bisoprolol 78 ± 6/min (p<0.0001), ivabradine: 74 ± 8/min (p<0.0001). The results of the parameters of the 24-hour Holter ECG recordings (expressed as minimal–maximal [average] heart rate/min) with drug therapy showed a significant decrease from control values in all three parameters: control 58 ± 8–159 ± 14 (94 ± 6)/min; bisoprolol 53 ± 7–132 ±13 (77 ± 9)/min (all three: p<0.0001); ivabradine: 51 ± 6–134 ± 18 (77 ± 8)/min (all three: p<0.0001). The sinus rate reduced significantly both before the bicycle dynamic exercise tests (control: 99 ± 13/min; bisoprolol: 81 ± 11/min [p<0.0001]; ivabradine: 84 ± 10/min [p<0.0001]) and at the peaks of the exercise test (control: 164 ± 15/min; bisoprolol: 140 ± 16/min [p<0.0001]; ivabradine 142 ± 14/min [p<0.0001]). The heart rate reducing effects of the two drugs did not differ significantly. The EHRA quality of life score was equally improved by the two drugs (control: 2.3 ± 0.7; bisoprolol: 1.4 ± 1.4 [p<0.0001]; ivabradine: 1.1 ± 0.2 [p<0.0001]). No cardiovascular side effects were observed while taking bisoprolol or ivabradine. Conclusions: Based on our clinical results, it can be pointed out that in the drug therapy of patients with inappropriate sinus node tachycardia: (1) bisoprolol (5 mg bid) and ivabradine (5 mg bid) proved to be equally effective and safe; (2) the heart rate reducing effect of the two drugs – given in the same dosage – did not differ considerably; (3) the pharmacological therapy significantly decreased not only the sinus frequency, but also reduced the symptoms of the patients. Orv Hetil. 2020; 161(46): 1953–1958.

Complexity and Predictability of the Heartbeat Time Series in Transplanted Subjects

1997 ◽  
Vol 07 (03) ◽  
pp. 759-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Balocchi ◽  
Michele Barbi ◽  
Clara Carpeggiani ◽  
Santi Chillemi ◽  
Angelo Di Garbo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Sinus Node ◽  
Heart Rhythm ◽  
Prognostic Indicator ◽  
Surrogate Data ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sinus Arrhythmia ◽  
Interval Time Series

Physiological fluctuations in heart rate, known as "sinus arrhythmia", are due to the influence of the autonomic nervous system on the sinus node, modulated by baroreceptor activity and respiration. Reduction in heart rate variability (HRV) correlated to age or disease has been reported by several investigators, together with its importance as prognostic indicator in pathophysiological situations. In this paper the heart rhythm is investigated in heart transplanted subjects, an apparently opposite condition with respect to normal hearts as for the influence of the autonomic system. Selected segments of the (first difference) interbeat interval time series are analyzed with an efficient approach [Sugihara, 1994] able to evaluate both the short term predictability and the nonlinearity of these data. Moreover, other more qualitative methods are used to better characterize the experimental sequences. The results indicate that these time series only occasionally exhibit some degree of predictability, as assessed by this metric. A careful examination of the predictability behavior, by means of surrogate data, reveals that it cannot be interpreted as evidence of nonlinearity. Rather, a stochastic-like dynamics seems to characterize the transplanted hearts.

Effect of Quaternary Nitrogen Compounds on the S.A. Node in Profound Hypothermia

1957 ◽  
Vol 188 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Cookson ◽  
J. R. DiPalma
Keyword(s):  
Ventricular Fibrillation ◽  
Sinus Node ◽  
Neuromuscular Blocking ◽  
Ventricular Rate ◽  
Profound Hypothermia ◽  
Blocking Agents ◽  
Severe Bradycardia ◽  
Ventricular Extrasystoles ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Tetrabutylammonium Iodide

Dogs anesthetized with sodium Pentothal and artificially respired with 100% oxygen characteristically go into a severe bradycardia when cooled to an average rectal temperature of 19°C. The onset of the severe bradycardia is usually quite abrupt (the ventricular rate dropping to a fifth of its former speed) and is associated with a change from sinus to nodal rhythm. This acute failure of sinus activity can be relieved by Q.N.C. injected i.v. The successful Q.N.C. are acetylcholine antagonists. These are either ganglionic blocking agents such as C.6., T.E.A., tetrabutylammonium iodide and WIN 2173 or neuromuscular blocking agents such as d-tubocurarine and Flaxedil. These drugs probably act directly on the sinus node. The unsuccessful Q.N.C. are either drugs such as thiamine whose ganglioplegic and curareform properties are weak or drugs such as choline and T.M.A. which mimic the action of acetylcholine. The restoration of sinus activity is frequently associated with ventricular extrasystoles and ventricular fibrillation. The drug with the lowest incidence of ventricular fibrillation is C.6, while WIN 2173 and T.E.A. have a high incidence.

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