The general principles of echocardiography

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madalina Garbi
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Image Acquisition ◽  
Image Interpretation ◽  
Post Processing ◽  
Ultrasound Waves ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
And Function

Knowledge of basic ultrasound principles and current echocardiography technology features is essential for image interpretation and for optimal use of equipment during image acquisition and post-processing.Echocardiography uses ultrasound waves to generate images of cardiovascular structures and to display information regarding the blood flow through these structures.The present chapter starts by presenting the physics of ultrasound and the construction and function of instruments. Image formation, optimization, display, presentation, storage, and communication are explained. Advantages and disadvantages of available imaging modes (M-mode, 2D, 3D) are detailed and imaging artefacts are illustrated. The biological effects of ultrasound and the need for quality assurance are discussed.

General principles of echocardiography

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madalina Garbi ◽  
Jan D’hooge ◽  
Evgeny Shkolnik
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Image Interpretation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Post Processing ◽  
Ultrasound Waves ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Biologic Effects ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
And Function

Echocardiography uses ultrasound waves to generate images of cardiovascular structures and to display information regarding the blood flow through these structures. Knowledge of basic ultrasound principles and current technology is essential for image interpretation and for optimal use of equipment during image acquisition and post-processing. This chapter starts by presenting the physics of ultrasound and the construction and function of instruments. Image formation, optimization, display, presentation, storage, and communication are explained. Advantages and disadvantages of available imaging modes (M-mode, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional) are detailed and imaging artefacts are illustrated. The potential biologic effects of ultrasound and the need for quality assurance are discussed.

The EACVI Textbook of Echocardiography

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
European Association ◽  
Image Interpretation ◽  
Cardiovascular Imaging ◽  
Medical Professionals ◽  
Post Processing ◽  
Ultrasound Waves ◽  
Current Technology ◽  
The Core ◽  
Flow Through

Echocardiography uses ultrasound waves to generate images of cardiovascular structures and to display information regarding the blood flow through these structures. Knowledge of basic ultrasound principles and current technology is essential for image interpretation and for optimal use of equipment during image acquisition and post-processing. This fully updated second edition of the official textbook of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) serves the educational requirements of cardiologists and all clinical medical professionals, underpinning the structural training in accordance with the EACVI goals and reflecting the core European syllabus throughout.

Effectiveness of an Advanced Critical Care Echocardiography Course

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (11) ◽  
pp. 1332-1337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pralay Kumar Sarkar ◽  
Michel Boivin ◽  
Paul H. Mayo
Keyword(s):  
Critical Care ◽  
Image Acquisition ◽  
Image Interpretation ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Critical Care Echocardiography ◽  
Ventricular Structure ◽  
Hands On ◽  
And Function

Background: Advanced critical care echocardiography (CCE) involves comprehensive assessment of cardiac structure and function for frontline critical care applications. This study reports the effectiveness of a 3-day course in advanced CCE. Methods: We studied the outcome of 5 consecutive advanced CCE courses delivered between 2013 and 2017. A total number of 239 learners were studied. The course included didactic lectures, image interpretation sessions, and hands-on training with normal individuals as models. Training domains included left ventricular structure and function, right ventricular structure and function, valve function using comprehensive 2-dimensional imaging, and Doppler-based measurements for cardiac pressures and flows. Measurements of course outcome included pre- and postcourse assessment of knowledge, image acquisition, and image interpretation skills. Learners rotated between hands-on training and interpretation sessions. The teacher-to-learner ratio was 1:3 during hands-on training. Interpretation sessions consisted of review of normal and abnormal echocardiographic videos with interactive small groups. Learners completed a video-based knowledge assessment examination before and after completion of the course. Hands-on image acquisition skills were tested at the completion of the course during all the years. For years 2016 and 2017, a precourse hands-on skill test was also performed. Results: There was a statistically significant improvement in knowledge and image interpretation skills in the cohort of 239 learners over 5 years of study period. There was improvement in image acquisition skills over the 2-year period when it was measured pre- and postcourse. Conclusions: A 3-day course on advanced CCE resulted in improvement knowledge/image interpretation and hands-on image acquisition skills. Clinical Implications: Advanced CCE has assumed an important place in hemodynamic monitoring of critically ill patients. A course of similar design may facilitate training of frontline clinicians in advanced CCE.

Mechanisms regulating neurohypophysial blood flow and function during isotonic volume expansion

1992 ◽  
Vol 262 (1) ◽  
pp. H177-H183
Author(s):  
M. N. Diringer ◽  
D. A. Wilson ◽  
D. F. Hanley ◽  
K. C. Wu ◽  
P. W. Ladenson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Volume Expansion ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Pulmonary Capillary ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Plasma Arginine ◽  
And Function ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Baroreceptors

Regional cerebral and neurohypophysial blood flow responses to isotonic extracellular fluid volume expansion were studied in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs using radiolabeled microspheres. Measurements were made at baseline and after increasing pulmonary capillary wedge pressure by 8 +/- 2 mmHg. Plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) decreased by 50%, and neural lobe blood flow (NLBF) decreased by 47%. Blood flow through median eminence and other brain regions was unchanged. We investigated potential mechanisms responsible for the NLBF changes. Following control vagotomy, AVP concentration increased during the first hour and then returned to control values for hours 2 and 3, whereas NLBF was unchanged for the first hour and fell after 2 and 3 h. Vagus section abolished the decrease in NLBF but not the AVP response to volume expansion. The contribution of left atrial and pulmonary baroreceptors to this response was tested by inflation of a balloon in the left atria to produce a 13 +/- 1 mmHg rise in atrial pressure. This led to a 20% reduction in NLBF, a 35% reduction in AVP concentration, and a 270% increase in plasma atrial natriuretic factor (ANF). However, ANF release does not account for the NLBF changes, since intravenous ANF infusion had no effect on NLBF or AVP concentration. These data suggest that the NLBF response to volume expansion is mediated by the vagus with input from multiple cardiopulmonary baroreceptors.

scholarly journals Measurement of Liver Blood Flow: A Review

HPB Surgery ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Seifalian ◽  
G. P. Stansby ◽  
K. E. F. Hobbs ◽  
D. J. Hawkes ◽  
A. C. F. Colchester
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Liver Blood Flow ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Microcirculatory Blood Flow ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Portosystemic Shunting ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
The Many

The study of hepatic haemodynamics is of importance in understanding both hepatic physiology and disease processes as well as assessing the effects of portosystemic shunting and liver transplantation. The liver has the most complicated circulation of any organ and many physiological and pathological processes can affect it1,2. This review surveys the methods available for assessing liver blood flow, examines the different parameters being measured and outlines problems of applicability and interpretation for each technique.The classification of these techniques is to some extent arbitrary and several so called “different” methods may share certain common principles. The methods reviewed have been classified into two groups (Table 1): those primarily reflecting flow through discrete vessels or to the whole organ and those used to assess local microcirculatory blood flow. All techniques have their advantages and disadvantages and in some situations a combination may provide the most information. In addition, because of the many factors affecting liver blood flow and sinusoidal perfusion, readings in a single subject may vary depending on positioning, recent food intake, anxiety, anaesthesia and drug therapy. This must be borne in mind if different studies are to be meaningfully compared.

scholarly journals Imaging the construction of capillary networks in the neonatal mouse brain

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (26) ◽  
pp. e2100866118
Author(s):  
Vanessa Coelho-Santos ◽  
Andrée-Anne Berthiaume ◽  
Sharon Ornelas ◽  
Heidi Stuhlmann ◽  
Andy Y. Shih
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Brain Capillary ◽  
Capillary Networks ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Capillary Bed ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
And Function ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier Integrity

Capillary networks are essential for distribution of blood flow through the brain, and numerous other homeostatic functions, including neurovascular signal conduction and blood–brain barrier integrity. Accordingly, the impairment of capillary architecture and function lies at the root of many brain diseases. Visualizing how brain capillary networks develop in vivo can reveal innate programs for cerebrovascular growth and repair. Here, we use longitudinal two-photon imaging through noninvasive thinned skull windows to study a burst of angiogenic activity during cerebrovascular development in mouse neonates. We find that angiogenesis leading to the formation of capillary networks originated exclusively from cortical ascending venules. Two angiogenic sprouting activities were observed: 1) early, long-range sprouts that directly connected venules to upstream arteriolar input, establishing the backbone of the capillary bed, and 2) short-range sprouts that contributed to expansion of anastomotic connectivity within the capillary bed. All nascent sprouts were prefabricated with an intact endothelial lumen and pericyte coverage, ensuring their immediate perfusion and stability upon connection to their target vessels. The bulk of this capillary expansion spanned only 2 to 3 d and contributed to an increase of blood flow during a critical period in cortical development.

Instrumental Assessment in Cleft Palate Care

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie Perry ◽  
Graham Schenck
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Palate ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Perceptual Evaluation ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Instrumental Assessment ◽  
Speech Language Pathologist ◽  
Hypernasal Speech ◽  
Perceptual Assessment ◽  
Velopharyngeal Function ◽  
And Function

Despite advances in surgical management, it is estimated that 20–30% of children with repaired cleft palate will continue to have hypernasal speech and require a second surgery to create normal velopharyngeal function (Bricknell, McFadden, & Curran, 2002; Härtel, Karsten, & Gundlach, 1994; McWilliams, 1990). A qualitative perceptual assessment by a speech-language pathologist is considered the most important step of the evaluation for children with resonance disorders (Peterson-Falzone, Hardin-Jones, & Karnell, 2010). Direct and indirect instrumental analyses should be used to confirm or validate the perceptual evaluation of an experienced speech-language pathologist (Paal, Reulbach, Strobel-Schwarthoff, Nkenke, & Schuster, 2005). The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of current instrumental assessment methods used in cleft palate care. Both direct and indirect instrumental procedures will be reviewed with descriptions of the advantages and disadvantages of each. Lastly, new developments for evaluating velopharyngeal structures and function will be provided.

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