Principles and control methods

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen E Goldstone
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Protection ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Alara Principle ◽  
Radiation Sources ◽  
Dose Limits ◽  
Dose Constraints ◽  
And Control ◽  
Dose Levels

Justification, optimization, and limitation are the three underlying principles of good radiation protection. This chapter considers how these principles apply in a variety of exposure situations. Risk-based application of the principles results in control methods comprising control over areas, control over people, and control over radiation sources. These are implemented through judgements based on the use of dose limits, dose constraints, and application of the ALARA principle. Potential dose levels and possible control measures appropriate to each situation are reviewed and evaluated in risk assessments prior to work being undertaken.

Diagnostic radiology—Facility

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G Sutton ◽  
Colin J Martin
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Protection ◽  
Scattered Radiation ◽  
Patient Dose ◽  
Diagnostic Radiology ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Public ◽  
Room Design ◽  
Time Distance ◽  
Dose Constraints ◽  
Dose Levels

The exposure to radiation of staff and members of the public is restricted by seeking suitable compromises between the three basic elements of time, distance, and shielding. This chapter deals with the design of X-ray facilities to ensure that the distance and shielding elements are used appropriately. Criteria in the form of dose constraints for staff and the public based on the ALARP principle are used together with occupancies of adjacent areas to determine acceptable dose levels. Methods for calculating doses from workloads in terms of patient dose data are described. The results are then combined with the dose criteria to derive transmission requirements for protective barriers. Specific requirements for secondary scattered radiation and primary beams in radiography are considered. The methodology is described together with practical examples of room design for different X-ray techniques and elements of personnel radiation protection are discussed.

scholarly journals Behavior of the Avian Parasite Philornis downsi (Diptera: Muscidae) in and Near Host Nests in the Galapagos Islands

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney L. Pike ◽  
Ismael E. Ramirez ◽  
David J. Anchundia ◽  
Birgit Fessl ◽  
George E. Heimpel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Mating Behavior ◽  
Galapagos Islands ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Galápagos Islands ◽  
Nest Cavity ◽  
Philornis Downsi ◽  
And Control

AbstractThe Avian Vampire Fly, Philornis downsi, has invaded the Galapagos Islands, where it causes high mortality of endemic and native landbird species, including most species of Darwin’s finches. Control methods are under development, but key information is missing about the reproductive biology of P. downsi and the behavior of flies in and near nests of their hosts. We used external and internal nest cameras to record the behavior of P. downsi adults within and outside nests of the Galapagos Flycatcher, Myiarchus magnirostris, throughout all stages of the nesting cycle. These recordings showed that P. downsi visited flycatcher nests throughout the day with higher fly activity during the nestling phase during vespertine hours. The observations also revealed that multiple P. downsi individuals can visit nests concurrently, and that there are some interactions among these flies within the nest. Fly visitation to nests occurred significantly more often while parent birds were away from the nest than in the nest, and this timing appears to be a strategy to avoid predation by parent birds. We report fly mating behavior outside the nest but not in the nest cavity. We discuss the relevance of these findings for the adaptive forces shaping P. downsi life history strategies as well as rearing and control measures.

Prospects of Pesticide Contamination and Control Measures in Aquatic Systems

2019 ◽  
pp. 369-386
Author(s):  
Roopa Rani ◽  
Prem Kishore Patnala ◽  
Vinayak V. Pathak
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Aquatic Systems ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Relative Toxicity ◽  
Water Reservoirs ◽  
Pesticide Pollution ◽  
And Control

In this chapter, up-to-date knowledge on extenuation strategies to diminish pesticide accumulation in aquatic systems, which has remained a major concern for ground water as well as surface water, adversely affecting aquatic ecosystems and humans through bio-magnification, are included. Several factors affect the toxicity of pesticides like dosage of concentration, relative toxicity, and chemical interactions. The best approach to decrease pesticide pollution in environment is to use safer, non-chemical control methods, and industrial or sewage superfluous should not be dumped into water reservoirs without proper pretreatment. Biological and chemical methods used for the control measures of pesticides pollution in aquatic systems. Thus, a greener approach for remedy of pesticide-contaminated aquatic system could be more cost-effective and sustainable.

scholarly journals Knowledge of malaria prevention and control methods and associated factors among rural households in West Belesa district, North West Ethiopia, 2019.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsigie Baye Aragie
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Malaria Prevention ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Model ◽  
North West ◽  
North West Ethiopia ◽  
And Control ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Abstract Introduction: In Ethiopia malaria is one of the top ten leading causes of morbidity and mortality.The two major malaria prevention services implemented in Ethiopia are targeted Indoor Residual Spray (IRS) with insecticides and distribution of Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLIN). Community knowledge towards prevention and control methods had been proven to play important role for the implementation of effective and sustainable interventions against malaria. This information is limited in the study area regarding to knowledge and practice on malaria prevention and control. This study aimed to assess knowledge towards malaria prevention and control methods and its associated factors among households in West Bellessa district, 2019. Methods: Community based cross-sectional mixed quantitative and qualitative study was conducted from April to June 2019 in West Bellessa district, Amhara region, North West Ethiopia. Multistage sampling was used to select an estimated sample size of 770. Pretested structured questionnaire was used for the quantitative component and semi-structured questionnaire for qualitative one. Quantitative data were coded and entered using Epi info software version 7 and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Binary logistic regression model was fitted to identify the associated factors. Odds Ratio (OR) with 95 % Confidence Interval (CI) was used to assess the strength of association. The qualitative data transcribed manually in thematic approach. Result: A total of 770 subjects were included in this study with 99.5% response rate. Of the total respondents 75.6% had good compressive knowledge about malaria prevention measures. Poorest wealth quintiles [AOR= 0.40, 95% CI: 0.23, 0.73], poor wealth quintiles [AOR= 0.38, 95% CI: 0.21, 0.70], and medium wealth quintiles [AOR= 0.41, 95% CI: 0.22, 0.75], living in Menti Kebele [AOR= 3.01, 95% CI 1.87, 5.15], living in Abay tera kebele [AOR= 2.03, 95% CI 1.23, 3.34] were significantly associated with compressive knowledge about malaria prevention control.Conclusion: In overall there was relatively high knowledge of malaria prevention and control measures. There was decrement in the effect of LLIN and IRS as compared with the previous brands. Wealth index and respondents living kebele are predictors for malaria prevention knowledge of malaria.

scholarly journals Simuliidae and the transmission and control of human Onchocerciasis in Latin America

1991 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 310-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Shelley
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Onchocerca Volvulus ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Filarial Worm ◽  
And Control

Factors that affect the propensity of a simuliid species to act as a host to Onchocerca volvulus and to naturally transmit this filarial worm in nature are discussed. Presence or absence of a cibarial armature is believed to be a major factor that has been previously overlooked and this is considered in relation to the choice of control methods currently advocated for onchocerciasis. The current epidemiological studies, transmission dynamics and relevant control measures are discussed for each onchocerciasis focus in Latin America.

scholarly journals Management of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier in the Gulf and Mediterranean region

CORD ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (02) ◽  
pp. 34 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.P. Ramachandran
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid Sterility ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Rhynchophorus Ferrugineus ◽  
Jordan Valley ◽  
Pheromone Trapping ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Palm Species ◽  
And Control

The red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier is the most deadly and dangerous pest of coconut, date, oil, sago and other palms. R. ferrugineus is distributed in over 33 countries over a wide range of area under different agro-climatic conditions and attacks more than two dozen palm species. In the Middle East the weevil is the most destructive pest of the date palms. The hidden nature of the pest attack makes timely detection of the infestation and control measures difficult.  The earlier reviews provide details of biology and control methods viz. phyto-sanitary and preventive, curative, biological, baiting and trapping etc. Different combinations of above mentioned control methods have also been tried with varying degrees of success. Results of two major IPM programmes carried out in the gulf countries, the first during 1993-1998 mainly based on chemical and pheromone trapping and the second from 1998-2002 using bio-agents and pheromone trapping are discussed.  In Jordan valley intensive pheromone trapping and incorporation of systemic insecticide in irrigation water could not control the pest even after three years. Development of ecofriendly pest control strategies like hybrid sterility, incompatibility and disruption of tolerance to high temperatures in Gulf and Mediterranean regions is suggested to combat the pest.

Knowledge and Awareness of Dengue Fever

2018 ◽  
pp. 219-222
Author(s):  
Y. Arockia Suganthi ◽  
Chitra K. ◽  
J. Magelin Mary
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infection Transmission ◽  
Standard Guideline ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Dengue Prevention ◽  
And Control

Dengue fever is a painful mosquito-borne infection caused by different types of virus in various localities of the world. There is no particular medicine or vaccine to treat person suffering from dengue fever. Dengue viruses are transmitted by the bite of female Aedes (Ae) mosquitoes. Dengue fever viruses are mainly transmitted by Aedes which can be active in tropical or subtropical climates. Aedes Aegypti is the key step to avoid infection transmission to save millions of people in all over the world. This paper provides a standard guideline in the planning of dengue prevention and control measures. At the same time gives the priorities including clinical management and hospitalized dengue patients have to address essentially.

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