Diagnostic radiology—Facility

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G Sutton ◽  
Colin J Martin
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Protection ◽  
Scattered Radiation ◽  
Patient Dose ◽  
Diagnostic Radiology ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Public ◽  
Room Design ◽  
Time Distance ◽  
Dose Constraints ◽  
Dose Levels

The exposure to radiation of staff and members of the public is restricted by seeking suitable compromises between the three basic elements of time, distance, and shielding. This chapter deals with the design of X-ray facilities to ensure that the distance and shielding elements are used appropriately. Criteria in the form of dose constraints for staff and the public based on the ALARP principle are used together with occupancies of adjacent areas to determine acceptable dose levels. Methods for calculating doses from workloads in terms of patient dose data are described. The results are then combined with the dose criteria to derive transmission requirements for protective barriers. Specific requirements for secondary scattered radiation and primary beams in radiography are considered. The methodology is described together with practical examples of room design for different X-ray techniques and elements of personnel radiation protection are discussed.

Radiological safety and assessment of the performance of X-ray systems in veterinary facilities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Economides ◽  
C.J. Hourdakis ◽  
C. Pafilis ◽  
G. Simantirakis ◽  
P. Tritakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Radiation Protection ◽  
Atomic Energy Commission ◽  
Atomic Energy ◽  
Regulatory Control ◽  
Continuous Training ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Public ◽  
Radiological Safety ◽  
High Level

This paper concerns an analysis regarding the performance of X-ray equipment as well as the radiological safety in veterinary facilities. Data were collected from 380 X-ray veterinary facilities countrywide during the on-site regulatory inspections carried out by the Greek Atomic Energy Commission. The analysis of the results shows that the majority of the veterinary radiographic systems perform within the acceptable limits; moreover, the design and shielding of X-ray rooms as well as the applied procedures ensure a high level of radiological safety for the practitioners, operators and the members of the public. An issue that requires specific attention in the optimization process for the proper implementation of veterinary radiology practices in terms of radiological safety is the continuous training of the personnel. The above findings and the regulatory experience gained were valuable decision-making elements regarding the type of the regulatory control of veterinary radiology practices in the new radiation protection framework.

Principles and control methods

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen E Goldstone
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Protection ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Alara Principle ◽  
Radiation Sources ◽  
Dose Limits ◽  
Dose Constraints ◽  
And Control ◽  
Dose Levels

Justification, optimization, and limitation are the three underlying principles of good radiation protection. This chapter considers how these principles apply in a variety of exposure situations. Risk-based application of the principles results in control methods comprising control over areas, control over people, and control over radiation sources. These are implemented through judgements based on the use of dose limits, dose constraints, and application of the ALARA principle. Potential dose levels and possible control measures appropriate to each situation are reviewed and evaluated in risk assessments prior to work being undertaken.

scholarly journals Characterisation and mapping of scattered radiation fields in interventional radiology theatres

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Nowak ◽  
P. Carbonez ◽  
M. Krauss ◽  
F. R. Verdun ◽  
J. Damet
Keyword(s):  
Interventional Radiology ◽  
Radiation Protection ◽  
Staff Member ◽  
Scattered Radiation ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Medical Personnel ◽  
Pixel Detector ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Radiation Fields ◽  
Surveillance Programs

Abstract We used the Timepix3 hybrid pixel detector technology in order to determine the exposure of medical personnel to ionizing radiation in an interventional radiology room. We measured the energy spectra of the scattered radiation generated by the patient during X-ray image-guided interventional procedures. We performed measurements at different positions and heights within the theatre. We first observed a difference in fluence for each staff member. As expected, we found that the person closest to the X-ray tube is the most exposed while the least exposed staff member is positioned at the patient’s feet. Additionally, we observed a shift in energy from head to toe for practitioners, clearly indicating a non-homogenous energy exposure. The photon counting Timepix3 detector provides a new tool for radiation field characterisation that is easier-to-use and more compact than conventional X-ray spectrometers. The spectral information is particularly valuable for optimising the use of radiation protection gear and improving dosimetry surveillance programs. We also found the device very useful for training purposes to provide awareness and understanding about radiation protection principles among interventional radiology staff.

scholarly journals Radiation protection x-ray in the diagnostic radiology unit kasih ibu kedonganan hospital

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 18-24
Author(s):  
I Ketut Putra ◽  
Ida Bagus Made Suryatika ◽  
I Gusti Agung Ayu Ratnawati ◽  
Gusti Ngurah Sutapa
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Radiation Protection ◽  
General Public ◽  
Radiation Safety ◽  
Primary Wall ◽  
Dose Limit ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
Room Design ◽  
Radiation Workers

One source of radiation is X-ray aircraft, which utilization must pay attention to safety aspects. Room design is the first step that must be done before the operation of X-ray aircraft. Radiology Unit Kasih Ibu Kedonganan Hospital operates an X-ray aircraft with specifications of 250 kV-85 mA, needs to be tested for radiation exposure which is an integral part of the verification of radiation protection. Test for radiation exposure at least once a year. The purpose of the installation room design is to ensure that workers or the general public around the plant receive radiation exposure that is smaller than the applicable dose limit value (DLV), by the radiation safety provisions that refer to the Decree. BAPETEN No. 7 of 2009 concerning Radiation Safety in the use of radiographic equipment. This study will test exposure to room wall shields associated with radiation workers and the general public. The results showed that all walls A, B, C, D, and E could still completely weaken the rate of X-ray radiation. The highest radiation dose detected on wall B is the primary wall for the Buky stand examination.

PATIENT DOSE IN DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY UTILISING BMI CLASSIFICATION

2018 ◽  
Vol 184 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasileios I Metaxas ◽  
Gerasimos A Messaris ◽  
Aristea N Lekatou ◽  
Theodore G Petsas ◽  
George S Panayiotakis
Keyword(s):  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Radiation Protection ◽  
Digital Radiography ◽  
Patient Dose ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Whitney Test ◽  
Mann Whitney Test ◽  
Diagnostic Radiography

Abstract Dose audit is important towards optimisation of patients’ radiation protection in diagnostic radiography. In this study, the effect of the body mass index (BMI) on radiation dose received by 1869 adult patients undergoing chest, abdomen, lumbar spine, kidneys and urinary bladder (KUB) and pelvis radiography in an X-ray room with a digital radiography system was investigated. Patients were categorised into three groups (normal, overweight and obese) based on the BMI values. The patients’ entrance surface air kerma (ESAK) and the effective dose (ED) were calculated based on the X-ray tube output, exposure parameters and technical data, as well as utilising appropriate conversion coefficients of the recorded kerma area product (KAP) values. The local diagnostic reference levels (LDRLs) were established at the 75th percentile of the distribution of ESAK and KAP values. Statistically, a significant increase was found in ESAK, KAP and ED values, for all examinations, both for overweight and obese patients compared to normal patients (Mann–Whitney test, p < 0.0001). Regarding the gender of the patients, a statistically significant increase was found in the dose values for male patients compared to female patients, except for the chest LAT examinations (Mann–Whitney test, p = 0.06). The percentage increase for chest PA, chest LAT, abdomen AP, lumbar spine AP, lumbar spine LAT, pelvis AP and KUB AP in overweight patients was 75%, 100%, 136%, 130%, 70%, 66% and 174% for median ESAK, 67%, 81%, 135%, 134%, 85%, 63% and 172% for median KAP, as well as 89%, 54%, 146%, 138%, 82%, 57% and 183% for median ED values, respectively. For obese patients, the corresponding increases were 200%, 186%, 459%, 345%, 203%, 150% and 785% for median ESAK, 200%, 185%, 423%, 357%, 227%, 142% and 597% for median KAP, as well as 222%, 156%, 446%, 363%, 218%, 136% and 625% for median ED. The corresponding LDRLs for overweight patients were 0.17 mGy, 1.21 mGy, 3.74 mGy, 7.70 mGy, 7.99 mGy, 4.07mGy, 5.03 mGy and 0.13 Gy cm2, 0.69 Gy cm2, 2.35 Gy cm2, 2.10 Gy cm2, 2.59 Gy cm2, 2.13 Gy cm2, 2.49 Gy cm2 in terms of ESAK and KAP values, respectively, while in the case of obese patients were 0.28 mGy, 1.82 mGy, 7.26 mGy, 15.10 mGy, 13.86 mGy, 6.89 mGy, 13.40 mGy and 0.21 Gy cm2, 1.10 Gy cm2, 4.68 Gy cm2, 4.01 Gy cm2, 4.80 Gy cm2, 3.27 Gy cm2, 6.02 Gy cm2, respectively. It can be concluded that overweight and obese patients received a significantly increased radiation dose. Careful adjustment of imaging protocols is needed for these patients to reduce patient dose, while keeping the image quality at an acceptable level. Additional studies need to be conducted for these patient groups, that could further contribute to the development of radiation protection culture in diagnostic radiography.

scholarly journals An assessment of scattered radiation during fluoroscopic procedures in diagnostic radiology

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 204-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivera Ciraj-Bjelac ◽  
Danijela Arandjic ◽  
Dusko Kosutic ◽  
Djordje Lazarevic
Keyword(s):  
Dose Rate ◽  
Scattered Radiation ◽  
Ionization Chamber ◽  
Diagnostic Radiology ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Tube Arrangement ◽  
Vertical Beam ◽  
Exposure Conditions

The results of measurements of scattered radiation in the vicinity of a fluoroscopic X-ray facility are presented in this paper. Two different fluoroscopic systems, one with an undercouch tube and one with an overcouch tube, were compared. The dose rate was measured during the simulation of a fluoroscopy procedure, using an ionization chamber as a dosemeter. The distribution of scattered radiation has been determined and results show a much higher dose rate in cases of an overcouch tube arrangement. When X-ray units with an undercouch tube are concerned, under same exposure conditions, the dose rate is higher in cases of a vertical beam. Prior to the measurements, the ionization chamber was examined in order to evaluate its suitability as a survey meter used in diagnostic radiology. Measurements show that below 1.2 s, the ionization chamber gives an underestimation of dose rates. Therefore, in order to perform accurate measurements using this instrument, exposure times should be above 1.2 s.

scholarly journals Features of radiation protection equipment for the staff of X-ray operating rooms

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 76-84
Author(s):  
S. S. Sarycheva
Keyword(s):  
Operating Room ◽  
Radiation Protection ◽  
Scattered Radiation ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Operating Rooms ◽  
Protection System ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Radiation Distribution ◽  
International Regulations

This survey is devoted to the staff radiation protection in X-ray operating rooms. For self-safety staff must regularly and correctly use the protective equipment, which is ensured by their availability, convenience and manoeuvrability during procedures performing. The rapid development of interventional radiology led to the fact that the staff work in this area have one of the highest levels of occupational exposure. Unfortunately, domestic radiation protection system does not keep pace with such a rapid development of this branch of medicine. The article shows the basic principles of the distribution of scattered radiation in the X-ray operating room during the procedures performing. The distribution of scattered radiation around the patient for various modes of C-arm angiographic systems is shown. Graphical examples of scattered radiation distribution in X-ray operating rooms are given. Collective and individual protective equipment specifically designed for staff radiation protection in X-ray operating room are considered in detail. The common data on the protection features of the recommended staff protection equipment are presented. Most of the considered protection equipment is mandatory in many European countries, but not mentioned in domestic regulatory documents yet. The proposals for the modernization of the domestic radiation protection system for staff of X-ray operating rooms have been made. These recommendations focused on providing X-ray operating rooms with relevant radiation protection equipment, including eye protection, following the accumulated world experience and international regulations.

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