Prospects of Pesticide Contamination and Control Measures in Aquatic Systems

2019 ◽  
pp. 369-386
Author(s):  
Roopa Rani ◽  
Prem Kishore Patnala ◽  
Vinayak V. Pathak
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Aquatic Systems ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Relative Toxicity ◽  
Water Reservoirs ◽  
Pesticide Pollution ◽  
And Control

In this chapter, up-to-date knowledge on extenuation strategies to diminish pesticide accumulation in aquatic systems, which has remained a major concern for ground water as well as surface water, adversely affecting aquatic ecosystems and humans through bio-magnification, are included. Several factors affect the toxicity of pesticides like dosage of concentration, relative toxicity, and chemical interactions. The best approach to decrease pesticide pollution in environment is to use safer, non-chemical control methods, and industrial or sewage superfluous should not be dumped into water reservoirs without proper pretreatment. Biological and chemical methods used for the control measures of pesticides pollution in aquatic systems. Thus, a greener approach for remedy of pesticide-contaminated aquatic system could be more cost-effective and sustainable.

The Biology and Control of the Sugar-cane Chafer Beetles in Tanganyika

1956 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. Jepson
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Cultural Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Mortality Factors ◽  
Resistant Varieties ◽  
And Control ◽  
Clemora Smithi

The principal pest of sugar-cane in northern Tanganyika is the Red Cane Beetle, Cochliotis melolonthoides (Gerst.) (Melolonthidae). Descriptions of adults and larvae of Cochliotis and of allied beetles found in the same area are given.The bionomics of Cochliotis have been studied in the field over two seasons. The life-cycle is annual with adult swarming in early October and a season of maximum larval damage in July–August.The intensity of infestation and the nature of the losses are discussed, and the mortality factors which act upon Cochliotis in nature are reviewed.Cultural control measures suggested include the deferment of planting until July to October, when larval activity has waned; introduction of quick-maturing varieties, mechanically cultivated so that long ratooning can be gradually eliminated; regulation of the water table by control of irrigation, and the trial of resistant varieties. The Mauritius varieties M. 134/32 and M. 165/38 are suggested in this connection.Biological control is discussed and a review of the parasite species that might possibly be introduced is made largely from the writer's Mauritius work on Clemora smithi (Arr.).Experiments in the chemical control of Cochliotis are described and the final recommendation is the application at planting of ½ lb. per 50 ft. of furrow of a BHC powder containing 2·5 per cent, of γ BHC. This practice has been adopted by the infested estate with successful results in virgins and first ratoons.Further work is suggested on the chemical protection of second and later ratoons by surface application of BHC or aldrin.

scholarly journals Mechanical and physical control in apple orchards as preventative fungal disease management

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. Holb
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Fungal Disease ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Control Efficacy ◽  
Inoculum Sources ◽  
Physical Control ◽  
Labour Costs

In this minreview, mechanical and physical control against apple fungal diseases among non-chemical control approaches were summarized. This overview listed five groups of mechanical and physical control methods:  pruning, removal of inoculum sources, shredding of leaf litter, burying of inoculum sources and flaming of leaf litter. These methods were shown to reduce succesfully infection potential of inoculum sources in orchards and these non-chemical control measures are one of the most essential approaches for preventative fungal disease management. However, most of these methods are not widely spread in the apple-growing practice due to relatively low control efficacy, medium to high labour costs and/or time limits during the season.

Principles and control methods

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen E Goldstone
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Protection ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Alara Principle ◽  
Radiation Sources ◽  
Dose Limits ◽  
Dose Constraints ◽  
And Control ◽  
Dose Levels

Justification, optimization, and limitation are the three underlying principles of good radiation protection. This chapter considers how these principles apply in a variety of exposure situations. Risk-based application of the principles results in control methods comprising control over areas, control over people, and control over radiation sources. These are implemented through judgements based on the use of dose limits, dose constraints, and application of the ALARA principle. Potential dose levels and possible control measures appropriate to each situation are reviewed and evaluated in risk assessments prior to work being undertaken.

Nonmotorized Interference and Control Measures at Signalized Intersections in China

2003 ◽  
Vol 1846 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heng Wei ◽  
Feng Lu ◽  
Gang Hou ◽  
Abi Mogharabi
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Signalized Intersections ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Mixed Traffic ◽  
Vehicle Traffic ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
And Control

The adverse effects of bicycles and pedestrians on motor vehicle traffic in at-grade, signalized intersections under mixed-traffic conditions have been observed at several typical intersections in Beijing. Mixed bicycle and motor vehicle traffic is a major characteristic of urban transport in China and has led to serious congestion and capacity reduction in at-grade signalized intersections in urban areas. A method is presented to quantitatively measure nonmotorized effects, and values are recommended for adjusting the model to estimate the capacity of through vehicle lanes. Several temporal segregation solutions to mixed-traffic problems in at-grade signalized intersections are described that have proven cost-effective in several Chinese cities, and suggestions for their application are provided.

scholarly journals The prevalence and genetic diversity of hepatitis C infection in antenatal clinic attenders in two regions of England

2000 ◽  
Vol 125 (3) ◽  
pp. 705-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. BALOGUN ◽  
M. E. RAMSAY ◽  
J. V. PARRY ◽  
L. DONOVAN ◽  
N. J. ANDREWS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Antenatal Clinic ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Hcv Rna ◽  
Hepatitis C Infection ◽  
Serum Residues ◽  
The Uk ◽  
And Control

The prevalence and genetic diversity of hepatitis C infection in women attending antenatal clinics in two regions of England was investigated to inform future surveillance and control measures. Women booking into antenatal care are routinely offered a test for immunity to rubella. Serum residues from these tests were unlinked, anonymized and archived as part of the Unlinked Anonymous Prevalence Monitoring Programme (UAPMP). The serum specimens were tested for anti-HCV using a cost-effective pooling strategy. After taking into account differential sampling from the UAPMP serum archive, the adjusted overall prevalence of anti-HCV was 0·43% (95% CI: 0·32–0·53) in London and 0·21% (95% CI: 0·14–0·28) in the Northern and Yorkshire region. Restriction fragment length polymorphism of amplified HCV RNA identified type 3a as the most common HCV genotype in these antenatal women. The prevalence of anti-HCV in antenatal women in the UK is low and consistent with that expected from injecting drug use.

scholarly journals Behavior of the Avian Parasite Philornis downsi (Diptera: Muscidae) in and Near Host Nests in the Galapagos Islands

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney L. Pike ◽  
Ismael E. Ramirez ◽  
David J. Anchundia ◽  
Birgit Fessl ◽  
George E. Heimpel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Mating Behavior ◽  
Galapagos Islands ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Galápagos Islands ◽  
Nest Cavity ◽  
Philornis Downsi ◽  
And Control

AbstractThe Avian Vampire Fly, Philornis downsi, has invaded the Galapagos Islands, where it causes high mortality of endemic and native landbird species, including most species of Darwin’s finches. Control methods are under development, but key information is missing about the reproductive biology of P. downsi and the behavior of flies in and near nests of their hosts. We used external and internal nest cameras to record the behavior of P. downsi adults within and outside nests of the Galapagos Flycatcher, Myiarchus magnirostris, throughout all stages of the nesting cycle. These recordings showed that P. downsi visited flycatcher nests throughout the day with higher fly activity during the nestling phase during vespertine hours. The observations also revealed that multiple P. downsi individuals can visit nests concurrently, and that there are some interactions among these flies within the nest. Fly visitation to nests occurred significantly more often while parent birds were away from the nest than in the nest, and this timing appears to be a strategy to avoid predation by parent birds. We report fly mating behavior outside the nest but not in the nest cavity. We discuss the relevance of these findings for the adaptive forces shaping P. downsi life history strategies as well as rearing and control measures.

scholarly journals Cost-Effective Power Converters for Small Wind Turbines

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 5906
Author(s):  
Sławomir Karyś ◽  
Paweł Stawczyk
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Power Converters ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Small Wind Turbines ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
And Control ◽  
First Time

This paper presents AC/DC converters for cost-effective small wind turbine systems. The analysis focuses on reliable, sensor-less, and low-cost solutions. A recently developed type of the three phase AC/DC two-switch converter is compared, for the first time, using simulations and experiments, with two other converters. The operating principles and control methods are discussed. Simulation results are verified experimentally and interesting conclusions are drawn. It is shown that less known converters are also attractive solutions for use in small wind turbines.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Ectoparasites (Ticks, Lice, and Mites) in the Livestock of Pakistan: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Muhammad ◽  
Rida Bashir ◽  
Majid Mahmood ◽  
Muhammad Sohail Afzal ◽  
Sami Simsek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Veterinary Services ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
And Control ◽  
Ectoparasite Infestation

Ectoparasites, including lice, ticks, and mites, inhabit the host skin and depend on their host for sustenance, maturation, and multiplication. Among these, ticks are more prevalent in various regions of Pakistan because of favorable climatic conditions, lack of awareness of livestock keepers' regarding ectoparasite infestation rate, insufficient veterinary services, and inadequate control measures. Ectoparasitic infestation is a primary threat to cost-effective livestock production by damaging skin and transmitting multiple diseases between animals. This review aimed to determine the infestation rates of various ectoparasites in cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, camels, equids and to ascertain the prevalence and epidemiology of ectoparasites in different regions of Pakistan. This review could be useful in devising prevention and control strategies and identifying the risk factors associated with ectoparasites to enhance animal productivity. It provides directions for veterinary schools, researchers, and organizations aiming to collaborate with neighboring countries to eradicate these parasites. Future studies could support working veterinarians and administrators and contribute to human well-being.

A review of the biology and control of the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

2000 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 453-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Damon
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Organochlorine Insecticide ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Hypothenemus Hampei ◽  
Coffee Berry ◽  
Coffee Berry Borer ◽  
Weak Points ◽  
And Control

AbstractThe coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari, is a serious problem for the majority of the world‘s coffee growers and has proved to be one of the most intractable of present day pests. Despite a great deal of research, control still depends largely on the application of the organochlorine insecticide endosulfan, which is damaging to the environment, or a series of cultural and biological control methods which give variable and unpredictable results. This review summarizes the most important aspects of the biology and ecology of H. hampei and its control and identifies weak points in the knowledge about this pest. Emphasis is placed upon an analysis of the non-chemical control methods available and suggestions are offered for novel ecological and environmental factors worthy of further research, in the search for viable and sustainable control methods.

The Source and Control of Nitrate Pollution to Surface and Underground Water

2011 ◽  
Vol 322 ◽  
pp. 177-180
Author(s):  
Hui Wang ◽  
Qian Li ◽  
Li Yuan Yang ◽  
Shu Bin Yu ◽  
Zhen Min Ma
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Human Disturbance ◽  
Research Direction ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Nitrate Pollution ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
The World ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
And Control

In recent years, due to population growth, increasing demand for the food and human disturbance to natural ecological processes etc, the nitrate pollution to water body is serious throughout the world. Based on the harmfulness of nitrate pollution, this article reviewed the contamination sources of nitrate in surface water and groundwater and the control measures in the present research. Based on the previous research, the research direction and emphasis were proposed in this paper.

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