Metabolism

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthea Hatfield
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Recovery Room ◽  
Stress Hormones ◽  
The Body ◽  
Thyroid Storm ◽  
Hydrogen Ions ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
As Stress

This chapter tells you how homeostasis in the body is achieved. Contributing factors such as stress, hormones, and the automatic nervous system are integrated into the discussion in a thoughtful way. The problem of cold postoperative patients is thoroughly referenced to modern investigation. Diabetes, how surgery destabilizes diabetics, and how to use insulin is explained. Malignant hyperthermia, thyroid storm, and acid—base disorders are all problems that can occur in the recovery room and guidelines for the management of these patients are outlined. Hydrogen ions affect haemoglobin and biochemical reactions and can cause acidosis and alkalosis—this chapter outlines how to interpret the blood gas results. How to distinguish between respiratory and metabolic causes of acid—base disorders is simply and clearly explained.

Metabolism

2020 ◽  
pp. 363-386
Author(s):  
Anne Craig ◽  
Anthea Hatfield
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Malignant Hyperthermia ◽  
Recovery Room ◽  
Stress Hormones ◽  
The Body ◽  
Thyroid Storm ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Biochemical Reactions ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
As Stress

This chapter tells you how homeostasis in the body is achieved. Contributing factors such as stress, hormones, and the automatic nervous system are integrated into the discussion in a thoughtful way. The problem of cold postoperative patients is thoroughly referenced to modern investigation. Diabetes, how surgery destabilizes diabetics, and how to use insulin is explained. Malignant hyperthermia, thyroid storm, and acid–base disorders are all problems that can occur in the recovery room and guidelines for the management of these patients are outlined. Hydrogen ions affect haemoglobin and biochemical reactions and can cause acidosis and alkalosis—this chapter outlines how to interpret the blood gas results. How to distinguish between respiratory and metabolic causes of acid–base disorders is simply and clearly explained.

scholarly journals ВИВЧЕННЯ АДАПТАЦІЙНИХ МЕХАНІЗМІВ ПРИ КОМПРЕСІЇ ПЛЕЧА МАНЖЕТОЮ

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. V. Vakulenko ◽  
L. O. Vakulenko ◽  
O. V. Kutakova
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Spectral Analysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pressure Measurements ◽  
Adaptive Mechanisms ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
As Stress ◽  
Increased Activity

It were studied the adaptive mechanisms of the organism to compression of shoulder with cuff. Shoulder compression during blood pressure measurements perceived by the body as stress. The adaptation of the body to the shoulder compression in young adults (18-20 years old) accompanied by an increased activity of peripheral, autonomic, hypothalamic-pituitary level of regulation of the cardiovascular system; but the activity of the central nervous system do not increasing. Extension studies using time and spectral analysis of ECG in various intervals will make it possible to re-use the obtained data to study the adaptive capacity of individual sections of the myocardium during compression of shoulder and under the influence of other factors.

scholarly journals Interpretation of arterial blood gases

Pulse ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-19
Author(s):  
CP Dokwal
Keyword(s):  
Blood Gases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Respiratory Physiology ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Arterial Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Life Threatening

Measuring arterial blood gas is routinely performed in critically ill patients, and may unravel severe life-threatening acid-base disorders or hypoxemia. It provides the vital information about ventilation, oxygenation, and acid-base status in such persons. These three processes are intimately related to each other in achieving normal oxygenation and acid-balance in the body.The interpretation of arterial blood gas requires a reasonable understanding of respiratory physiology and acid-base balance in the body. Hence, in the following section, first the role of alveolar ventilation, oxygenation, and the maintenance of acid-base homeostasis have been discussed. This is followed by a step-wise approach to analyze the acid-base disorders, if present.DOI: 10.3329/pulse.v3i1.6547Pulse Vol.3(1) July 2009 p15-19

Acid-Base Disorders

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Skolnik ◽  
Jessica Monas
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Acidosis ◽  
Renal Tubular Acidosis ◽  
Metabolic Alkalosis ◽  
Respiratory Acidosis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Anion Gap ◽  
Hydrogen Ions ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Renal Tubular

Under physiologic conditions, the acid-base balance of the body is maintained via changes in ventilation that eliminate carbon dioxide, buffering of acid loads, and renal excretion of hydrogen ions. Failure to maintain the pH of the blood between 7.35 and 7.45 can result in life-threatening conditions. This review details the pathophysiology, stabilization and assessment, diagnosis and treatment, and disposition and outcomes of acid-base disorders. Figures show the relationship between hydrogen ions and blood pH, proximal tubular bicarbonate reabsorption, the secretion of hydrogen ions, renal ammonia production, ammonium diffusion, metabolic alkalosis, electrocardiographic changes in hypokalemia and hyperkalemia, pseudoinfarction caused by hyperkalemia, and an algorithmic approach to suspected acid-base disorders. Tables list causes of high–anion gap metabolic acidosis, metabolic acidosis with a normal anion gap, type 1 renal tubular acidosis, type 4 renal tubular acidosis and aldosterone resistance, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, and respiratory alkalosis; treatment of hyperkalemia; and a stepwise approach for the evaluation of suspected acid-base disorders. This review contains 9 highly rendered figures, 9 tables, 64 references, and a list of pertinent Web sites.

Acid-Base Disorders

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Skolnik ◽  
Jessica Monas
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Acidosis ◽  
Renal Tubular Acidosis ◽  
Metabolic Alkalosis ◽  
Respiratory Acidosis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Anion Gap ◽  
Hydrogen Ions ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Renal Tubular

Under physiologic conditions, the acid-base balance of the body is maintained via changes in ventilation that eliminate carbon dioxide, buffering of acid loads, and renal excretion of hydrogen ions. Failure to maintain the pH of the blood between 7.35 and 7.45 can result in life-threatening conditions. This review details the pathophysiology, stabilization and assessment, diagnosis and treatment, and disposition and outcomes of acid-base disorders. Figures show the relationship between hydrogen ions and blood pH, proximal tubular bicarbonate reabsorption, the secretion of hydrogen ions, renal ammonia production, ammonium diffusion, metabolic alkalosis, electrocardiographic changes in hypokalemia and hyperkalemia, pseudoinfarction caused by hyperkalemia, and an algorithmic approach to suspected acid-base disorders. Tables list causes of high–anion gap metabolic acidosis, metabolic acidosis with a normal anion gap, type 1 renal tubular acidosis, type 4 renal tubular acidosis and aldosterone resistance, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, and respiratory alkalosis; treatment of hyperkalemia; and a stepwise approach for the evaluation of suspected acid-base disorders. This review contains 9 highly rendered figures, 9 tables, 64 references, and a list of pertinent Web sites.

Blood acid-base balance and its regulation

1934 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 452-464
Author(s):  
M. N. Lyubimova
Keyword(s):  
Physical Chemistry ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hydrogen Ions ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
In Cells

Until recently, the acid-alkaline balance of the body was understood to be a balance of the total amount of acids and alkalis introduced into and excreted from our bodies. Colossal advances in the development of physical chemistry at the beginning of this century have changed our ideas fundamentally. First of all, it became quite obvious that the effect of acids and alkalis on cells, on processes going on in cells, depends not on the total amount of acid, but only on the amount of hydrogen ions (H). And in this respect not all acids are the same.

Neuron-glia relationship during the early postembryonic development of the nervous system in some oligochaetes

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 600-601
Author(s):  
Wiktor Djaczenko ◽  
Carmen Calenda Cimmino
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Postembryonic Development ◽  
Ruthenium Red ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tubifex Tubifex ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Cell Processes ◽  
Cytoplasmic Processes

The simplicity of the developing nervous system of oligochaetes makes of it an excellent model for the study of the relationships between glia and neurons. In the present communication we describe the relationships between glia and neurons in the early periods of post-embryonic development in some species of oligochaetes.Tubifex tubifex (Mull. ) and Octolasium complanatum (Dugès) specimens starting from 0. 3 mm of body length were collected from laboratory cultures divided into three groups each group fixed separately by one of the following methods: (a) 4% glutaraldehyde and 1% acrolein fixation followed by osmium tetroxide, (b) TAPO technique, (c) ruthenium red method.Our observations concern the early period of the postembryonic development of the nervous system in oligochaetes. During this period neurons occupy fixed positions in the body the only observable change being the increase in volume of their perikaryons. Perikaryons of glial cells were located at some distance from neurons. Long cytoplasmic processes of glial cells tended to approach the neurons. The superimposed contours of glial cell processes designed from electron micrographs, taken at the same magnification, typical for five successive growth stages of the nervous system of Octolasium complanatum are shown in Fig. 1. Neuron is designed symbolically to facilitate the understanding of the kinetics of the growth process.

Characteristics of the dynamics of the central nervous system and att ention function in workers of shoe production

2020 ◽  
pp. 64-68
Author(s):  
F. L. Azizova ◽  
U. A. Boltaboev
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Women Workers ◽  
Functional State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Conflict Of Interests ◽  
Professional Groups ◽  
Universal Device ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Working Day

The features of production factors established at the main workplaces of shoe production are considered. The materials on the results of the study of the functional state of the central nervous system of women workers of shoe production in the dynamics of the working day are presented. The level of functional state of the central nervous system was determined by the speed of visual and auditory-motor reactions, installed using the universal device chronoreflexometer. It was revealed that in the body of workers of shoe production there is an early development of inhibitory processes in the central nervous system, which is expressed in an increase in the number of errors when performing tasks on proofreading tables. It was found that the most pronounced shift s in auditory-motor responses were observed in professional groups, where higher levels of noise were registered in the workplace. The correlation analysis showed a close direct relationship between the growth of mistakes made in the market and the decrease in production. An increase in the time spent on the task indicates the occurrence and growth of production fatigue.Funding. The study had no funding.Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Neurophysiological and morphological effects in the post-exposure vibration period during experimental modeling

2019 ◽  
pp. 284-290
Author(s):  
Natalya L. Yakimova ◽  
Vladimir A. Pankov ◽  
Aleksandr V. Lizarev ◽  
Viktor S. Rukavishnikov ◽  
Marina V. Kuleshova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Evoked Potentials ◽  
Experimental Model ◽  
Visual Evoked Potentials ◽  
The Body ◽  
Behavioral Activity ◽  
Contact Period ◽  
Vibration Exposure ◽  
Visual Evoked

Introduction. Vibration disease continues to occupy one of the leading places in the structure of professional pathology. In workers after the termination of contact with vibration generalization and progression of violations in an organism is noted. The pathogenetic mechanisms of the progredient course of disturbances in the nervous system in the post-contact period of vibration exposure remain insufficiently studied.The aim of the study was to test an experimental model of vibration exposure to assess the neurophysiological and morphological effects of vibration in rats in the dynamics of the post-contact period.Materials and methods. The work was performed on 168 white male outbred rats aged 3 months weighing 180–260 g. The vibration effect was carried out on a 40 Hz vibrating table for 60 days 5 times a week for 4 hours a day. Examination of animals was performed after the end of the physical factor, on the 30th, 60th and 120th day of the post-contact period. To assess the long-term neurophysiological and morphofunctional effects of vibration in rats, we used indicators of behavioral reactions, bioelectric activity of the somatosensory zone of the cerebral cortex, somatosensory and visual evoked potentials, parameters of muscle response, morphological parameters of nervous tissue.Results. In the dynamics of the post-contact period observed the preservation of violations of tentatively research, motor and emotional components of behavior. In the Central nervous system instability of activity of rhythms of an electroencephalogram, decrease in amplitude of visual evoked potentials, lengthening of latency of somatosensory evoked potentials, decrease in total number of normal neurons and astroglia is established. In the peripheral nervous system remained changes in indicators: increasing duration and latency, reducing the amplitude of the neuromuscular response.Conclusions: The experimental model allows us to study the long-term neurophysiological and morphological effects of vibration on the body. The formation and preservation of changes in behavioral activity, neurophysiological and morphological effects of vibration from the 30th to the 120th day of the post-contact period were confirmed.

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