Incorporating Evaluation and Ethics

2016 ◽  
pp. 219-246
Author(s):  
John C. Norcross ◽  
Thomas P. Hogan ◽  
Gerald P. Koocher ◽  
Lauren A. Maggio
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Clinical Performance ◽  
Health Professions ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Administrative Unit ◽  
Ethics Code ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Ebp Implementation ◽  
Liability Standards

The final core step in evidence-based practice (EBP) is evaluating the effectiveness of the entire process: the E(valuation) in the mnemonic AAA TIE. In the literature, this skill is typically referred to as monitoring, measuring, or auditing clinical performance. This chapter reviews the evaluation of EBP implementation at three levels: the individual practitioner, the program or administrative unit, and the profession as a whole. The chapter then focuses on risk management, liability standards, and ethical issues—matters typically ignored when considering EBPs. The key ethical considerations in EBP revolve around competence, consent, and public statements; all of these are considered according to the American Psychological Association’s ethics code, which is used as an exemplar for the various codes of behavioral health professions.

Learning Behavioral Differences Among Students and Ethical Issues in a University Cloud Classroom System

2018 ◽  
pp. 183-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Liu ◽  
Hai Liu ◽  
Hao Zhang ◽  
Sannyuya Liu
Keyword(s):  
Learning Process ◽  
Liberal Arts ◽  
Sequential Analysis ◽  
User Study ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Learning Tasks ◽  
The Individual

In a private learning environment, each learner's interactions with course contents are treasured clues for educators to understand the individual and collective learning process. To provide educators with evidence-based insights, this chapter intends to adopt sequential analysis method to unfold learning behavioral differences among different groups of students (grade, subject, and registration type) in a university cloud classroom system. Experimental results indicate that sophomores undertake more learning tasks than other grades. There are significant differences in task-related and self-monitoring behaviors between liberal arts and science learners. Registered learners have higher participation levels than non-registered ones. Meanwhile, a user study aiming to analyze students' learning feelings indicates that a fraction of students have dishonest behaviors for achieving a good online performance. Finally, this study discusses behavioral ethical issues emerged in cloud classroom, which deserve the attention of educators for regulating and optimizing the online learning process of students.

Professional practice.

2021 ◽  
pp. 148-185
Author(s):  
James Woodall ◽  
Simon Rowlands
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Settings Approach ◽  
Societal Level ◽  
The Individual

Abstract This book chapter seeks to: (i) explore the role of the settings approach to health promotion and the need for organizational change; (ii) discuss the importance of evidence-based practice and evaluation; (iii) describe some of the ethical issues in practising health promotion; (iv) suggest a means of overcoming the top-down/bottom-up tensions in practice; (v) explore the need for developing partnerships between civil society, NGOs, and private and public sectors; and (vi) outline the skills and competencies of health promoters practising in the 21st century. This chapter has attempted to discuss some challenges in the practice of health promotion, ending on the challenges in terms of the skills required to do health promotion work. Some of these challenges reoccur in the next chapter, particularly when discussing capacity building for health promotion at a societal level rather than the individual level.

Professional practice.

2021 ◽  
pp. 148-185
Author(s):  
James Woodall ◽  
Simon Rowlands
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Settings Approach ◽  
Societal Level ◽  
The Individual

Abstract This book chapter seeks to: (i) explore the role of the settings approach to health promotion and the need for organizational change; (ii) discuss the importance of evidence-based practice and evaluation; (iii) describe some of the ethical issues in practising health promotion; (iv) suggest a means of overcoming the top-down/bottom-up tensions in practice; (v) explore the need for developing partnerships between civil society, NGOs, and private and public sectors; and (vi) outline the skills and competencies of health promoters practising in the 21st century. This chapter has attempted to discuss some challenges in the practice of health promotion, ending on the challenges in terms of the skills required to do health promotion work. Some of these challenges reoccur in the next chapter, particularly when discussing capacity building for health promotion at a societal level rather than the individual level.

Chromosomal microarray analysis in prenatal diagnosis: ethical considerations of the Belgian approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joke Muys ◽  
Bettina Blaumeiser ◽  
Katrien Janssens ◽  
Patrick Loobuyck ◽  
Yves Jacquemyn
Keyword(s):  
Reporting System ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Copy Number Variants ◽  
Chromosomal Microarray ◽  
Chromosomal Microarray Analysis ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Variant Interpretation ◽  
Parental Anxiety ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Chorion Villus

Detection of genetic aberrations in prenatal samples, obtained through amniocentesis or chorion villus biopsy, is increasingly performed using chromosomal microarray (CMA), a technique that can uncover both aneuploidies and copy number variants throughout the genome. Despite the obvious benefits of CMA, the decision on implementing the technology is complicated by ethical issues concerning variant interpretation and reporting. In Belgium, uniform guidelines were composed and a shared database for prenatal CMA findings was established. This Belgian approach sparks discussion: it is evidence-based, prevents inconsistencies and avoids parental anxiety, but can be considered paternalistic. Here, we reflect on the cultural and moral bases of the Belgian reporting system of prenatally detected variants.

scholarly journals Research Ethics of Twitter for MOOCs

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eamon Costello ◽  
Enda Donlon ◽  
Mark Brown
Keyword(s):  
Research Ethics ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Ethical Practices ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Twitter Activity ◽  
A Site

This study examined the ethical considerations researchers have made when investigating MOOC learners’ and teachers’ Twitter activity. In so doing, it sought to addresses the lack of an evidence-based understanding of the ethical implications of research into Twitter as a site of teaching and learning. Through an analysis of 31 studies we present a mapping of the ethical practices of researchers in this area. We identified potential ethical issues and concerns that have arisen. Our main contribution is to seek to challenge researchers to engage critically with ethical issues and hence develop their own understanding of ethically- appropriate approaches. To this end, we also reflected and reported on our own evolving practice.

MAMA on the Web

2008 ◽  
pp. 3142-3156
Author(s):  
Barbara A. Schuldt
Keyword(s):  
World Wide ◽  
Technology Innovation ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Web Based ◽  
User Behaviors ◽  
The World ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Web

This chapter introduces ethical considerations that are especially relevant for the current networked world. It discusses the use of a mnemonic, MAMA — multicultural, adaptive, multifaceted, and archival — as a way to categorize ethical issues as we discover and discuss them today and in the future. By using these categories, the reader can evaluate how the Internet and, more specifically, the World Wide Web (Web) create new ethical concerns as information technology innovation and users drive new Web-based applications and discoveries. In addition, this chapter will pose key ethical questions that will help stimulate the reader to think about Web ethics. In thinking about these questions the reader will explore and hopefully discover his or her own past learned user behaviors and their potential for adverse ethical consequences to the individual and to society. It is through thinking and discussing the ethical consequences of Web-based applications that society will become aware of our own ethical norms and assess how we would respond before we electronically encounter ethical dilemmas.

MAMA on the Web

2011 ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara A. Schuldt
Keyword(s):  
World Wide ◽  
Technology Innovation ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Web Based ◽  
User Behaviors ◽  
The World ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Web

This chapter introduces ethical considerations that are especially relevant for the current networked world. It discusses the use of a mnemonic, MAMA — multicultural, adaptive, multifaceted, and archival — as a way to categorize ethical issues as we discover and discuss them today and in the future. By using these categories, the reader can evaluate how the Internet and, more specifically, the World Wide Web (Web) create new ethical concerns as information technology innovation and users drive new Web-based applications and discoveries. In addition, this chapter will pose key ethical questions that will help stimulate the reader to think about Web ethics. In thinking about these questions the reader will explore and hopefully discover his or her own past learned user behaviors and their potential for adverse ethical consequences to the individual and to society. It is through thinking and discussing the ethical consequences of Web-based applications that society will become aware of our own ethical norms and assess how we would respond before we electronically encounter ethical dilemmas.

scholarly journals Ethical considerations regarding the inclusion of children in nursing research

2020 ◽  
pp. 096973302094812
Author(s):  
Aliza Damsma Bakker ◽  
René van Leeuwen ◽  
Petrie Roodbol
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Practice Research ◽  
Nursing Interventions ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Nursing Research ◽  
Ethical Aspects ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Vulnerable Group ◽  
Research With Children ◽  
Evidence Based Nursing

Evidence-based nursing practice is based on three pillars: the available research, known preferences of the patient or patient group and the professional experience of the nurse. For all pillars, research is the tool to expand the evidence we have, but when implementing evidence-based practice in paediatric nursing two of the pillars demand that children are included as respondents: practice research on the nursing interventions in paediatrics and the preferences of patients, something recognized by scholars and practitioners. But including a vulnerable group as children in nursing research raises specific ethical issues that need to be considered by researchers. What are ethical considerations that are currently raised about doing research with children and what do we learn by synthesizing the narrative of these studies of why the issues are raised and which solutions can be offered for these issues? In this article, considerations on three ethical principles according to the Belmont report are described by examining recent research. Twenty-one studies were found addressing relevant ethical aspects including vulnerability, gaining consent, designing quantitative or qualitative research methods and considerations regarding the execution of the study. Ethical considerations should be much more a case of continuous awareness and attitude, then box-ticking exercise, although there are sufficient international guidelines available specifically for research that includes children to aid researchers.

scholarly journals Quaternary prevention: first, do not harm

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (35) ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Jamoulle
Keyword(s):  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Family Doctors ◽  
Medicine Quality ◽  
Based Medicine ◽  
Fourth Form ◽  
Quaternary Prevention

Towards patient-doctor relationship based careClinical prevention, under the influence of public health, has been organised in a chronologicalmanner since the middle of the 20th century. A paradigm shift from a chronological to a constructivist relationship-based preventive pattern of care1 offers new insights into the practice of doctors. This paradigm shift brings to light the concept of quaternary prevention, a critical look at medical activities with an emphasis on the need not to harm. Quaternary prevention addresses the fundamental question of what constitutes too much or too little medicine. It is the fourth form of disease prevention, but also the fourth frame of action for family doctors (Figure 1). The shift from time-based prevention towards a relationship-based organisation offers new perspectives into physicians’ work. The physicians observe themselves and question the ethical limits of their activities. In this sense, quaternary prevention is aimed more at the doctor than the patient. Moreover, the four definitions of prevention, published in the Wonca Dictionary of Family Medicine,2 offer a structured way to discuss the activities of family doctors, including ethical considerations on the patient-doctor encounter. Quaternary prevention, also known as P4, is a new term for an old concept: first, do not harm. This concept enforces disciplines and attitudes such as evidence-based medicine, quality assurance, defensive medicine, avoiding abusive nosographic diagnoses and ethical issues including those linked to overinformation, and overmedicalisation.

scholarly journals Discussing motherhood when the oncological prognosis is dire: ethical considerations for physicians

ESMO Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. e000956
Author(s):  
Alma Linkeviciute ◽  
Barbara Buonomo ◽  
Nicola Fazio ◽  
Francesca Spada ◽  
Fedro A Peccatori
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Personal Autonomy ◽  
Biomedical Ethics ◽  
Unborn Child ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
After Cancer ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Seriously Ill Patients ◽  
Maternal Autonomy

Physicians are increasingly open to discussing and supporting pregnancy after cancer treatment. However, counselling patients who are seeking pregnancy despite advanced oncological disease and/or uncertain prognosis is still challenging. Two paradigmatic cases are presented and analysed to illustrate the ethical uneasiness faced by treating physicians when seriously ill patients seek fertility preservation and/or pregnancy. Review of ethical issues is built around the four principles of biomedical ethics. Respect for patients autonomy in relation to managing realistic expectations and avoiding giving patients false hopes opens the analysis. It is followed by considering fair allocation of resources and meaningful distinction between protecting patients from harm and contributing to their welfare. Responsibilities towards the unborn child are discussed in a light of maternal and fetal interdependency. Respecting personal autonomy requires abstaining from controlling inferences to the individual patient’s choices, but it does not mean that patients should be left on their own to pick and choose their disease management approaches without advice and guidance from healthcare professionals. Physicians should reason evaluating the potential harms and checking if benefits will outweigh the risks and if costs will produce the best overall results. Responsibilities towards the unborn child can be managed by balancing the respect for maternal autonomy and beneficence for pregnant woman and her fetus. The oncologist cannot determine how patients should view their disease but with empathy and compassion can help them understand the logical rationale behind clinical advice.

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