scholarly journals Shared environmental influences on electronic cigarette use among adolescent and young adult females

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Bares ◽  
Catalina Lopez Quintero
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Genetics ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Monozygotic Twins ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Adolescent And Young Adult ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Shared Environment ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Behavioral Genetic

Abstract Introduction Electronic cigarettes are now the most commonly used form of tobacco product among youth in the United States. Current evidence suggests that although e-cigarettes are perceived as less harmful and preferred over combustible cigarettes by adolescents, adolescents who try e-cigarettes are at greater risk of transitioning to combustible cigarettes. The genetic and environmental contributions to liability for e-cigarette use have not yet been examined using a behavioral genetic design. Methods Behavioral genetic models of lifetime and current e-cigarette use and friends who use e-cigarettes were examined among female monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Results A total of 41 female twin pairs (65.9% monozygotic twins; age = 19.7, SD = 1.6) with complete data on the study variables were included in the present analyses. The majority of the sample (68.1%) had at least some friends who use e-cigarettes. Additive genetic effects on e-cigarette use were not present, but the shared environment explained 98.7% of the variance in lifetime e-cigarette use, 96.6% in current e-cigarette use, and 94.9% in affiliation with friends who use e-cigarettes. Conclusion This first study on the behavioral genetics of e-cigarette use among adolescents and young adults suggest that environmental factors shared by twins within a family seem to play a predominant role in the initial stages of e-cigarette use, a finding that is consistent with what has been found for tobacco. The findings emphasize the importance of continuing population-based tobacco control interventions to reduce the burden of e-cigarette use among adolescents.

scholarly journals E-Cigarette Health Harm Awareness and Discouragement: Implications for Health Communication

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 1131-1138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob A Rohde ◽  
Seth M Noar ◽  
Jennifer R Mendel ◽  
Marissa G Hall ◽  
Sabeeh A Baig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Communication ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Respiratory Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Health Warnings ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Chemical Exposures

Abstract Introduction Evidence for the health harms of e-cigarettes is growing, yet little is known about which harms may be most impactful in health messaging. Our study sought to identify which harms tobacco product users were aware of and which most discouraged them from wanting to vape. Methods Participants were a convenience sample of 1,872 U.S. adult e-cigarette-only users, cigarette-only smokers, and dual users recruited in August 2018. In an online survey, participants evaluated 40 e-cigarette harms from seven categories: chemical exposures, device explosions, addiction, cardiovascular harm, respiratory harm, e-liquid toxicity, and other harms. Outcomes were awareness of the harms (“check all that apply”) and the extent to which the harms discouraged vaping (5-point scale; (1) “not at all” to (5) “very much”). Results Awareness of most e-cigarette harms was modest, being highest for harms in the device explosions category of harms (44%) and lowest for the e-liquid toxicity category (16%). The harms with the highest mean discouragement from wanting to vape were the respiratory harm (M = 3.82) and exposure to chemicals (M = 3.68) categories. Harms in the addiction category were the least discouraging (M = 2.83) compared with other harms (all p < .001). Findings were similar for e-cigarette-only users, cigarette-only smokers, and dual users. Conclusions Addiction was the least motivating e-cigarette harm, a notable finding given that the current FDA e-cigarette health warning communicates only about nicotine addiction. The next generation of e-cigarette health warnings and communication campaigns should highlight other harms, especially respiratory harms and the chemical exposures that may lead to health consequences. Implications E-cigarette health harms related to respiratory effects, chemical exposures, and other health areas most discouraged vaping among tobacco users. In contrast, health harms about addiction least discouraged use. Several countries have begun implementing e-cigarette health warnings, including the United States, and many others are considering adopting similar policies. To increase impact, future warnings and other health communication efforts should communicate about health harms beyond addiction, such as the effects of e-cigarette use on respiratory health. Such efforts should communicate that e-cigarette use is risky and may pose less overall risk to human health than smoking, according to current evidence.

scholarly journals Dual Users Compared to Smokers: Demographics, Dependence, and Biomarkers

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 1279-1284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan E Piper ◽  
Timothy B Baker ◽  
Neal L Benowitz ◽  
Kate H Kobinsky ◽  
Douglas E Jorenby
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Observational Cohort ◽  
Education Report ◽  
Cigarette Dependence

Abstract Introduction The availability of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has profoundly changed the tobacco product landscape. In the United States, almost 6 million adults use both combustible and e-cigarettes (ie, dual users). The goal of this study was to understand how smokers and dual users differ in terms of demographics, cigarette dependence, and exposure to carcinogens. Methods An observational cohort (smokers, n = 166, ≥5 cigarettes/day for 6 months and no e-cigarette use in 3 months; dual users, n = 256, smoked daily for 3 months and used e-cigarettes at least once/week for the past 3 months) completed baseline assessments of demographics, tobacco use, and dependence. They also provided breath samples for carbon monoxide (CO) assay and urine samples for cotinine, 3-hydroxycotinine, and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) assays. Results Compared to smokers, dual users (mean e-cigarette use = 5.5 days/week [SD = 1.9]) were significantly younger and more likely to be white, have more education, report a history of psychiatric co-morbidity, and smoke fewer cigarettes per day. There were no differences in CO, cotinine, or 3-hydroxycotinine levels; however, dual users had significantly lower levels of NNAL than did smokers. Most smokers and dual users had no plans to quit smoking within the next year; 91% of dual users planned to continue using e-cigarettes for at least the next year. Conclusions In this community sample, dual users are supplementing their smoking with e-cigarette use. Dual users, versus smokers, smoked fewer cigarettes per day and delayed their first cigarette of the day, but did not differ in quitting intentions. Implications This comparison of a community sample of established dual users and exclusive smokers addresses key questions of dependence and health risks of dual use in real-world settings. Dual users were more likely to be white, younger, have more than a high school education and have a psychiatric history. Dual users also smoked significantly fewer cigarettes and had lower levels of NNAL (a carcinogen), but they did not differ from exclusive smokers in CO or cotinine levels, suggesting that they supplemented their nicotine intake via e-cigarettes.

scholarly journals Changes in electronic cigarette use and label awareness among smokers before and after the European Tobacco Products Directive implementation in six European countries: findings from the EUREST-PLUS ITC Europe Surveys

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. iii62-iii67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katerina Nikitara ◽  
Charis Girvalaki ◽  
Christina N Kyriakos ◽  
Pete Driezen ◽  
Filippos T Filippidis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Safety Information ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Binary Outcomes ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Warning Labels ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Design Attributes ◽  
Before And After

Abstract Background Article 20 of the European Tobacco Product Directive (TPD), which went into effect in May 2016, regulates electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) in the European Union (EU). The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in e-cigarette use, design attributes of the products used and awareness of e-cigarette labelling and packaging among smokers from six EU Member States (MS) before and after TPD implementation. Methods Data come from Wave 1 (2016, pre-TPD) and Wave 2 (2018, post-TPD) of the ITC Six European Country Survey among a sample of smokers and recent quitters who use e-cigarettes from six EU MS. Weighted logistic generalized estimating equations regression models were estimated to test the change in binary outcomes between Waves 1 and 2 using SAS-callable SUDAAN. Results In 2018, current daily/weekly e-cigarette use among adult smokers was just over 2%, but this varied from the highest in Greece (4%) to lowest in Poland (1.2%). From Waves 1 to 2, there was a significant increase in respondents reporting noticing and reading health and product safety information on leaflets inside e-cigarette packaging (8.39–11.62%, P < 0.001). There were no significant changes between waves of respondents reporting noticing or reading warning labels on e-cigarette packages/vials. Conclusions e-cigarette use among smokers in these six EU countries is low. Although reported noticing and reading leaflets included in the packaging of e-cigarettes increased significantly from before to after the TPD, there was no significant change in reported noticing and reading of warning labels. Findings indicate the importance of continued monitoring of TPD provisions around e-cigarettes.

scholarly journals Are Political Orientations Genetically Transmitted?

2005 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN R. ALFORD ◽  
CAROLYN L. FUNK ◽  
JOHN R. HIBBING
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Political Attitudes ◽  
Behavioral Genetics ◽  
Party Identification ◽  
Monozygotic Twins ◽  
The United States ◽  
Genetic Heritability ◽  
Political Orientations ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Analyze Data

We test the possibility that political attitudes and behaviors are the result of both environmental and genetic factors. Employing standard methodological approaches in behavioral genetics—specifically, comparisons of the differential correlations of the attitudes of monozygotic twins and dizygotic twins—we analyze data drawn from a large sample of twins in the United States, supplemented with findings from twins in Australia. The results indicate that genetics plays an important role in shaping political attitudes and ideologies but a more modest role in forming party identification; as such, they call for finer distinctions in theorizing about the sources of political attitudes. We conclude by urging political scientists to incorporate genetic influences, specifically interactions between genetic heritability and social environment, into models of political attitude formation.

scholarly journals Developmental Changes in Genetic and Shared Environmental Contributions to Smoking Initiation and Subsequent Smoking Quantity in Adolescence and Young Adulthood

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 497-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina B. Bares ◽  
Kenneth S. Kendler ◽  
Hermine H. Maes
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Smoking Initiation ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Adolescent And Young Adult ◽  
Shared Environment ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Smoking Quantity

Background: Few studies examining the genetic architecture of cigarette smoking have focused on adolescents or examined developmental changes in additive genetic, shared environment, and unique environmental influences on liability to initiate cigarette smoking and quantity of cigarettes smoked. The aim of this study was to add to the literature on liability to initiate and use cigarettes during adolescence using a nationally representative sample. Method: Data for this study came from adolescent and young adult twin pairs (aged 14–33 years) from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. We ran a series of developmental causal–contingent–common pathway models to examine whether additive genetic, shared, and unique environmental influences on liability to the initiation of cigarette use are shared with those on smoking quantity, and whether their contributions change across development. Results: We found evidence for a developmental shift in genetic and shared environmental contributions to cigarette use. Early in adolescence, genetic and environmental influences work independently on liability to cigarette smoking initiation and quantity of cigarettes smoked, but liability to these behaviors becomes correlated as individuals age into young adulthood. Conclusions: These findings provide insight into the causal processes underlying the liability to smoke cigarettes. With age, there is greater overlap in the genetic and environmental factors that influence the initiation of cigarette smoking and quantity of cigarettes smoked.

scholarly journals Smoking, Vaping, and the Benefits Cessation in Times of COVID-19: A Public Health Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahma Mungia ◽  
Danielle Nicole Valdez
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Lung Function ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
School Students ◽  
Public Health Perspective ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Dental Practitioners

The goal of this article is to inform dental practitioners and specialists of the benefits of smoking and vaping cessation in relation to COVID-19 transmission. COVID-19 caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has affected more than 31.7 million people globally with infection rates continuing to rise rapidly. Smoking dramatically impairs lung function and gives rise to an increase in susceptibility for infection, allowing for a more difficult recovery due, in part, to the damage SARS-CoV-2 does to the lungs. Tobacco smoking is one of the primary causes of death in the United States (US), however, nearly 40 million adults still smoke cigarettes, with 4.7 million middle and high school students using at least one tobacco product, including electronic cigarettes. COVID-19 is transmitted through salivary droplets, causing severe bilateral pneumonia and significantly reduced lung function, putting smokers and vapers at greater risk through cross-contamination and face touching. So far, data from animal studies suggest that vaping leads to an increased susceptibility to infection, which coincides with evidence of increased rates of chronic bronchitis in vapers. There is yet to be data regarding the benefits of smoking and vaping cessation during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there is evidence suggesting that 4 weeks or more of smoking cessation intervention reduces the risk of contracting COVID-19 and developing severe complications. Because of these probable connections, dental practitioners should advise their patients to stop smoking and/or vaping via the 5 As Cessation Strategy.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular autonomic effects of electronic cigarette use: a systematic review

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 507-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phoebe D. Garcia ◽  
Jeffrey A. Gornbein ◽  
Holly R. Middlekauff
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cardiovascular Effects ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Prisma Statement ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Acute And Chronic Effects

Abstract Purpose Electronic cigarettes (ECs) are the fastest growing tobacco product in the USA, and ECs, like tobacco cigarettes (TCs), have effects on the cardiovascular autonomic nervous system, with clinical implications. The purpose of this review was to collect and synthesize available studies that have investigated the autonomic cardiovascular effects of EC use in humans. Special attention is paid to the acute and chronic effects of ECs, the relative contributions of the nicotine versus non-nicotine constituents in EC emissions and the relative effects of ECs compared to TCs. Methods Using the methodology described in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement, we conducted a literature search of the Ovid PubMed and Embase databases on 6 December 2019 using keywords in titles and abstracts of published literature. Acute (minutes to hours) and chronic (days or longer) changes in heart rate variability (HRV), heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) were used as estimates of cardiovascular autonomic effects. Results Nineteen studies were included in this systematic review, all of which used earlier generation EC devices. Acute EC vaping increased HR and BP less than acute TC smoking. Nicotine but not non-nicotine constituents in EC aerosol were responsible for the sympathoexcitatory effects. The results of chronic EC vaping studies were consistent with a chronic sympathoexcitatory effect as estimated by HRV, but this did not translate into chronic increases in HR or BP. Conclusions Electronic cigarettes are sympathoexcitatory. Cardiac sympathoexcitatory effects are less when vaping using the earlier generation ECs than when smoking TCs. Additional studies of the latest pod-like EC devices, which deliver nicotine similarly to a TC, are necessary.

scholarly journals Electronic Cigarettes and Youth in the United States: A Call to Action (at the Local, National and Global Levels)

Children ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian P. Jenssen ◽  
Rachel Boykan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Call To Action ◽  
Surgeon General ◽  
Transnational Tobacco Companies ◽  
Advertising Restrictions ◽  
Us Children

E-cigarettes have emerged and soared in popularity in the past ten years, making them the most common tobacco product used among youth in the United States (US). In this review, we discuss what the Surgeon General has called a public health “epidemic”—the precipitous increase in youth use of e-cigarettes and the health consequences of this behavior. Further, we review tobacco control policy efforts (e.g., Tobacco 21, banning flavors, advertising restrictions, and clean indoor air laws)—efforts proven to be critical in reducing cigarette smoking and smoking-related disease and death among US children and adults—including their potential and challenges regarding managing and mitigating the emergence of e-cigarettes. Finally, we close with a discussion of the efforts of transnational tobacco companies to rebrand themselves using e-cigarettes and other new products.

Electronic Cigarettes: Their Role in the Lives of College Students

2021 ◽  
pp. 089719002110268
Author(s):  
Carla Daniel ◽  
Christa Haddad ◽  
Jamie L. McConaha ◽  
Philip Lunney
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
College Students ◽  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
High Prevalence

Background: Electronic cigarettes have increased in popularity amongst college-aged adults. Although often advertised as smoking cessation tools, students have taken to them as their primary exposure to nicotine. For many reasons, e-cigarettes are extremely convenient and have become the most common tobacco products among this generation. Objective: To assess perceptions and reasons for e-cigarette use in college students Methods: A 20 question online Qualtrics® survey was distributed to college students aged 18 and above across the United States. All responses were anonymous and data were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative inferential and descriptive statistics. Results: Of those who used e-cigarettes, 67.7% are not likely to smoke when they are upset or sad, 56.8% disagree that stress is a factor, and 83.5% cited that alcohol was involved when smoking. Most respondents, 74% (n = 467), associated smoking with emotions of happiness, joy or peace. 43.7% who associated e-cigarettes with happiness or peace were more likely to agree that stress was an influence versus 26.5% for those who did not (p = 0.004). Conclusion: Results show a high prevalence of e-cigarette usage among college-aged students. Emotional pleasurable connections with e-cigarettes, similar to traditional cigarettes, play a role in their use. This information will allow healthcare professionals to tailor educational messages surrounding cessation.

Electronic Cigarettes

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 611-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren E. Odum ◽  
Katie A. O’Dell ◽  
Jacqueline S. Schepers
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Web Sites ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Safety Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Great Success ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Tobacco Cigarette ◽  
United States Food ◽  
States Food

Electronic cigarettes have gained popularity among patients as a smoking cessation aid despite not being approved or supported for this purpose by the United States Food and Drug Administration due to concerns with poor manufacturing practices and the presence of known carcinogens in the limited products that they tested. A few studies have evaluated the effects of electronic cigarettes on plasma nicotine levels and heart rate but found negligible effects. Safety data are mainly limited to surveys in which patients report only minor side effects, such as mouth and throat irritation, headache, vertigo, and nausea. The efficacy of electronic cigarettes has been evaluated in studies in which patients report great success with being able to cut back or stop tobacco cigarette consumption. However, many of these studies introduce bias due to recruiting on e-cigarette Web sites and having tobacco cigarette use self-reported by the participant rather than objectively tested. A few studies have formally evaluated nicotine craving when using electronic cigarettes with mixed results. Although patients support the use of electronic cigarettes in smoking cessation, more formal studies on safety and efficacy should be completed in order to determine whether these products have a role in smoking cessation.

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