Brain iron concentrations in the pathophysiology of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review

Abstract Context Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurological disorder associated with iron dysregulation in children. Although previous focus was on examining systemic iron status, brain iron content may be a more reliable biomarker of the disorder. Objective This systematic review examines whether children with ADHD have lower serum as well as brain iron concentrations, compared with healthy control subjects (HCS). Data sources A systematic literature search was conducted in Medline via PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase. and Ovid for papers published between 2000 and June 7, 2019. Data extraction Studies were included if the mean difference of iron concentration, measured as serum iron, serum ferritin, or brain iron, between children with ADHD and HCS was an outcome measure. Data analysis Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed. Risks of bias within and between studies were assessed using the quality assessment tools of the National Institutes of Health. Of 599 records screened, 20 case-control studies met the inclusion criteria. In 10 of 18 studies in which serum ferritin concentration was assessed, and 2 of 10 studies that assessed serum iron, a significant difference between children with ADHD and HCS was observed. Results of systemic iron levels were inconsistent. In 3 studies in which brain iron concentration was assessed, a statistically significant, lower thalamic iron concentration was found in children with ADHD than in HCS. Conclusion The evidence, though limited, reveals that brain iron rather than systemic iron levels may be more associated with the pathophysiology of ADHD in children. Larger, longitudinal, magnetic resonance imaging studies are needed to examine any correlations of iron deficiency in specific brain regions and symptoms of ADHD.

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Dental caries in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis

Caries Research ◽

10.1159/000521142 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Victor Zanetti Drumond ◽

Gabriela Luíza Nunes Souza ◽

Mateus José de Carvalho Pereira ◽

Ricardo Alves Mesquita ◽

Maryam Amin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Risk Of Bias ◽

Children With Adhd ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Dmft Index

Objectives: To evaluate whether children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are more affected by dental caries than children without ADHD by means of a systematic review and meta-analysis. Design: Electronic searches was performed in four databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science) in July 2021. Grey literature search in OpenGrey, a search in Google Scholar, and searches in the reference list of included articles were also conducted. The eligibility criteria were observational studies in which children with ADHD were compared with children without ADHD with respect to the dental caries. Study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment, applying the Joanna Briggs tool were performed by two reviewers independently. Meta-analysis and assessment of heterogeneity among studies were conducted with the meta-package of RStudio using the R programming language (R Core Team, Vienna, Austria). Results of meta-analysis were provided in mean difference (MD), odds ratio (OR), and confidence intervals (CI). For assessment of heterogeneity, Baujat plot and influence analysis plot were obtained. Results: Thirteen studies were included and 10 were incorporated into meta-analyses. The meta-analysis showed that children with ADHD had a higher decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index than their peers without ADHD (I²=42%; MD=0.75 [0.38-1.13]). For decayed, missing, and filled surfaces (DMFS) (I²=0; MD=0.39 [-0.02-0.80]) and decayed surfaces (DS/ds) (I²=0%; MD=0.35 [-0.63-1.33]), no difference between groups was observed. In addition, children with ADHD had higher odds of having dental caries than their healthy peers (OR = 3.31 [1.25, 8.73]; I² = 0%). After assessment of heterogeneity among studies, sensitivity analysis was conducted for DMFT. One study was removed and the significant difference between groups remained. Children with ADHD had a significantly higher DMFT index than their peers without ADHD (MD = 0.98 [CI = 0.75, 1.20]; I² = 0%) Risk of bias ranged from low to high. Conclusion: The main shortcoming of the included studies is the high risk of bias regarding the strategies to deal with confounding factors. Within its limitations, this systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrated that children with ADHD were more likely to develop dental caries than their healthy counterparts. Funding: No funding Registration: CRD42021238923

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Prevalence of bone fractures among children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BMC Pediatrics ◽

10.1186/s12887-021-02821-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hoda Seens ◽

Shirin Modarresi ◽

Joy C MacDermid ◽

David M Walton ◽

Ruby Grewal

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Attention Deficit Disorder ◽

Bone Fractures ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Lower Limbs ◽

Children With Adhd ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder

Abstract Background Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a significant neurodevelopment disorder among children and adolescents, with 5 % prevalence. Bone fractures account for 25 % of accidents and injuries among all children and adolescents. Considering the characteristics of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity in children with ADHD, it is critical to examine bone fractures among these children. The objective of our meta-analysis was to determine the prevalence of bone fractures among children and adolescents with ADHD. Methods We completed a systematic review and meta-analysis using an electronic search of the following databases: CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Scopus. The search terms used were: “attention deficit hyperactivity disorder OR attention deficit disorder” and “bone fracture*.” We included studies examining patients 18 years or younger who were diagnosed with ADHD and tracked (prospectively or retrospectively) for five or more years. Effect size (es), using a random effects model, was calculated. We registered the review protocol with PROSPERO (CRD42019119527). Results From 445 records retrieved, 31 full text articles were reviewed and 5 articles met inclusion criteria for meta-analysis. The summary es revealed the prevalence of bone fractures among children and adolescents with ADHD to be 4.83 % (95 % CI: 3.07–6.58 %). The location of bone fractures, using a subset of data, showed a distribution of 69.62 %, 22.85 %, and 7.53 % in the upper limbs, lower limbs, and other anatomical regions, respectively. Another subset of studies revealed a 2.55-fold increase in the prevalence of fractures among the children with ADHD compared to their counterparts. Conclusions Awareness of these findings is critical to physicians, parents, and policy makers to create safe environments and provide supports in order to optimize the health and safety of children and adolescents with ADHD.

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Physical Fitness and Resting EEG in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Journal of Psychophysiology ◽

10.1027/0269-8803/a000131 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 26-32 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Ching-Wen Huang ◽

Chung-Ju Huang ◽

Chiao-Ling Hung ◽

Chia-Hao Shih ◽

Tsung-Min Hung

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Physical Fitness ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Resting State ◽

Self Control ◽

Children With Adhd ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Higher Power ◽

Eyes Open ◽

The Relationship

Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are characterized by a deviant pattern of brain oscillations during resting state, particularly elevated theta power and increased theta/alpha and theta/beta ratios that are related to cognitive functioning. Physical fitness has been found beneficial to cognitive performance in a wide age population. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between physical fitness and resting-state electroencephalographic (EEG) oscillations in children with ADHD. EEG was recorded during eyes-open resting for 28 children (23 boys and 5 girls, 8.66 ± 1.10 years) with ADHD, and a battery of physical fitness assessments including flexibility, muscular endurance, power, and agility tests were administered. The results indicated that ADHD children with higher power fitness exhibited a smaller theta/alpha ratio than those with lower power fitness. These findings suggest that power fitness may be associated with improved attentional self-control in children with ADHD.

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The Impact of Copper in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Revista de Chimie ◽

10.37358/rc.17.2.5436 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 68 (2) ◽

pp. 279-283

Author(s):

Mihail Silviu Tudosie ◽

Elena Truta ◽

Ana Maria Davitoiu ◽

Luminita Stanciulescu ◽

George Jinescu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Copper Concentration ◽

Graphite Furnace ◽

Urine Samples ◽

Health State ◽

Adhd Symptoms ◽

Children With Adhd ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

The Impact

During one year (september 2013 � september 2014), 50 children from the residential institution for children SOS Satele Copiilor Bucharest, where included in our research. The children were distributed in two groups: Group A which consisted of 25 children (12 girls, 13 boys) who were not diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and Group B which consisted of 25 children (14 boys, 11 girls) who were diagnosed with ADHD. Initially, the two groups were subjected at a psycho-diagnostic battery of tests, one of them being the Evaluating the Health State of children with ADHD questionnaire elaborated by us, particularly for this research, with the purpose of highlighting the direct link between the children health state and their ADHD symptoms. This study sought to determine the concentration of copper in urine samples from a group of children with ADHD and a group of normal children, to highlight the role of copper in the development of ADHD symptoms. Levels of copper concentration in urine samples from the two groups were processed by Student�s t-Test. Statistical analysis showed that the arithmetic averages of copper concentration in urine samples, of the two groups do not differ significantly, so copper may be causing ADHD symptoms occur. The copper content in urine samples has been determined using atomic absorption spectrometry with graphite furnace.

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The effect of zinc supplementation in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and dose-response meta‑analysis of randomized clinical trials

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition ◽

10.1080/10408398.2021.1940833 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Sepide Talebi ◽

Maryam Miraghajani ◽

Abed Ghavami ◽

Hamed Mohammadi

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Clinical Trials ◽

Dose Response ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Randomized Clinical Trials ◽

Zinc Supplementation ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder

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A Cross-Sectional Study of 0.6 Million Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in the United States

Journal of Child Science ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1716715 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (01) ◽

pp. e97-e103

Author(s):

Irene Rethemiotaki

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Family Income ◽

Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽

Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

The United States ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Children With Adhd ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder

AbstractAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is an increasingly recognized chronic neurodevelopmental disorder. This work aims at studying the prevalence and clinical characteristics of children with ADHD in the United States in the period between 2009 and 2018. Data from the National Health Interview Survey were analyzed by univariate and multivariate statistics to assess the role of socioeconomic factors in the development of ADHD. It has been studied 615,608 children, 51.2% male and 48.7% female. The prevalence of ADHD was 9.13%, with males predominating over females. The number of children with ADHD increased from 2009 to 2018 by 14.8%. As specified by multiple logistic regression analysis, males (odds ratio [OR] 2.38) who have neither mother nor father (OR 1.76) are twice as likely to have ADHD compared with their peers. In addition, family income (OR 1.40) and parent's education (OR 1.12) were significantly associated with ADHD. It has been highlighted the significance of deprivation of both family and financial comfort as primary indicators for ADHD in children. Moreover, children with ADHD were more likely to be males in the age group of 12 to 17.

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