Britain in Latin America

2022 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Cultural Analysis ◽  
Literary Studies ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Latin American Literatures ◽  
The 19Th Century

In the 19th century, foreigners had unprecedented access to Spanish America, as the newly independent nations welcomed travelers as readily as they accepted foreign loans and investment capital. Britons were able to freely travel into the South American interior, and commercial ties between Britain and Latin America grew quickly. Cultural and economic exchanges proceeded in two major waves: the first occurred during and in the immediate aftermath of the Wars of Independence, and then, after a cooling-off period, during the second half of the century, when infrastructural and technological advances opened up the Latin American hinterlands to capitalist expansion. International trade grew after 1850, along with Britain’s role in Latin American culture. Britain remained the hegemonic foreign power in Latin America until the First World War. These relationships left their mark on both British and Latin American literatures. In addition to a vast number of travel books about Latin American countries by adventurers, explorers, and tourists, British poets, novelists, philosophers, and historians also drew inspiration from this still relatively unknown territory. Toward the end of the 20th century, Victorian studies began to focus more insistently on British and Latin American exchanges, often making use of historical analyses that interpreted the British-Latin American relationship in terms of dependency theory and world-systems theory. These analyses have generally characterized Britain’s enormous economic, cultural, and political influence in terms of informal imperialism, a strategy for establishing domination over a territory without ruling it directly; however, the nature of British imperialism in Latin America, and its implications for cultural analysis, remain much debated. Currently, literary studies of Britain’s role in Latin America, and Latin America’s role within the British literary imaginary, constitute a large and growing body of scholarship. This bibliographic introduction offers an overview of important texts produced in the 19th century, as well as major currents of scholarship in literary studies and related humanities disciplines.

Mainline of the Protestant Worship in Latin America

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilhelm Wachholz
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Catholic Reformation ◽  
Worship Services ◽  
American Protestantism ◽  
Christian Worship ◽  
Pentecostal Churches ◽  
The One ◽  
The 19Th Century

The Latin American Christian worship service celebrated in most of Latin America until the beginning of the 19th century was Catholic, particularly the one that was prior to the Catholic Reformation or the Counter-Reformation. As of the 19th century, the Catholic worship lost its exclusiveness as a result of the incoming of immigrants and foreign missionaries. Among other worship services, there emerge those of the so-called ethnic Protestantism and of the mission endeavor. Latin American Protestantism was characterized as apologetic with regard to the relation with Roman Catholicism. Instigated by the goals of missionary work and the conversion of the Catholics, mission Protestantism tended to construct its worship identity as being “nonliturgical.” This identity can still be perceived in current times, especially in the Pentecostal and neo-Pentecostal churches. The roots of the liturgical identity of Latin American Protestantism will be presented in this text, culminating in the liturgical renewal movement of the second half of the 20th century.

Latin American Jewish Literature

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilan Stavans
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
Jewish History ◽  
Literary Tradition ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
American Jewish ◽  
The 19Th Century

Jewish writing in Latin America is a centuries-old tradition dating back to the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Americas. During the colonial period, it manifested itself among crypto-Jews who hid their religious identity for fear of being persecuted by the Holy Office of the Inquisition. Assimilation mostly decimated this chapter, which is often seen as connected with Sephardic literature after the expulsion of Jews from Spain in 1492. New waves of Jews arrived in the last third of the 19th century from two geographic locations: the Ottoman Empire (this wave is described as Levantine and its languages as Ladino, French, Spanish, and Arabic) and eastern Europe (or Ashkenazi with Yiddish, German, and central European tongues). Jewish life thrived in Latin America throughout the 20th century. The largest, most artistically productive communities were in Argentina, Brazil, Cuba, and Mexico, and smaller ones existed in Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Guatemala, Panama, and Uruguay. Identity as a theme permeates everything written by Latin American Jewish writers. Central issues defining this literary tradition are immigration, anti-Semitism, World War II, Zionism, and the Middle Eastern conflict. The Jewish literary tradition in Latin America has undergone crossovers as a result of translations, global marketing, and the polyglot nature of several of its practitioners. This field of study is still in its infancy. Some important studies on Latin American Jewish history, either continental in scope or by country, appeared in the late 20th century and serve as context for the analysis. The literature has received less attention (some periods, such as the 19th century, are entirely forgotten), although, as this article attests, things are changing. The foundation for daring, in-depth literary explorations as well as interdisciplinary analysis is already in place. When possible this article showcases available monographs, although important research material remains scattered in periodicals and edited volumes.

Racist civilization of children in Latin America

2020 ◽  
pp. 87-98
Author(s):  
Manfred Liebel
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
The Other ◽  
Illegitimate Children ◽  
The One ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century

The colonization of the subcontinent, now called Latin America, was at first a severe form of exploitation of land and people. Over the massive immigration of European migrants and the recruitment of slaves from Africa, the colonies in the subcontinent have gradually changed to settler colonies. The conquest of the Southern subcontinent went hand in hand with an extensive biological intermarriage between the colonists on the one hand and the indigenous and African descendent populations, predominantly their women, on the other. This mixing continued after the formation of independent Latin American republics starting in the beginning of the 19th century, but without alteration of the supremacy the descendants of the white conquerors have had. This chapter presents different practices, which can be traced back to similar causes. First, the racist violence against so-called illegitimate children, secondly, the treatment of children of indigenous and African descendent populations in order to ‘civilize’ them. These practices are based in part on the racist convictions of the colonial potentates and continue to take place today in Latin American societies.

Print Culture and Censorship from Colonial Latin America to the US Latina/o Presence in the 19th Century

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. K. Hill
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Latin America ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Print Culture ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
The Press ◽  
The 19Th Century

Print culture refers to the production, distribution, and reception of printed material. It includes the concepts of authorship, readership, and impact and entails the intersection of technological, political, religious, legal, social, educational, and economic practices, all of which can vary from one cultural context to another. Prior to their arrival in the Americas, Spain and Portugal had their own print culture and, following the conquest, they introduced it into their colonies, first through the importation of books from Europe and later following the establishment of the printing press in Mexico in 1539. Throughout the colonial period, the importation of books from abroad was a constant and lucrative practice. However, print culture was not uniform. As in Europe, print culture in Latin America was largely an urban phenomenon, with restricted readership due to high rates of illiteracy, which stemmed from factors of class, gender, race, and income, among others. Furthermore, the press itself spread slowly and unevenly, according to the circumstances of each region. One thing, however, that these territories had in common was widespread censorship. Reading, writing, and printing were subject to oversight by the Inquisition, whose responsibility was to police the reading habits of the populace and to ensure that no texts were printed that could disrupt the political and religious well-being of the colonies, as they defined it. In spite of Inquisitorial restrictions, print culture flourished and the number and kind of materials available increased dramatically until the early 19th century, when most of the territories under the Iberian monarchies became independent, a phenomenon due in part to the circulation of Enlightenment thought in the region. Following the era of revolutions, newly established republics attempted to implement freedom of the press. While the Inquisition no longer existed, censorship continued to be practiced to a greater or lesser degree, depending on the circumstances and who was in power. This also applies to Cuba and Puerto Rico. Immediately prior to Latin American independence, the United States became a sovereign nation. Commercial and cultural exchanges, including print materials, between the United States and Latin America increased, and many Latin Americans were traveling to and residing in the United States for extended periods. However, it was also in this period that the United States began a campaign of expansionism that did not cease until 1898 and resulted in the acquisition of half of Mexico’s national territory and of Spain’s remaining American colonies, Cuba and Puerto Rico. In addition to the land itself, the United States also “acquired” the people who had been Spanish and Mexican citizens in California, the Southwest, and Puerto Rico. With this change in sovereignty came a change in language, customs, and demographics, which provoked a cultural crisis among these new Latina/o citizens. To defend themselves against the racial persecution from Anglo-Americans and to reverse the impending annihilation of their culture and language, they turned to the press. The press allowed Latinas/os a degree of cultural autonomy, even as their position was slowly eroded by legal and demographic challenges as the 19th century progressed.

scholarly journals El balance de la independencia latinoamericana

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 9-18
Author(s):  
Ádám Anderle
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Central Eastern Europe ◽  
The World ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Gains And Losses ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
German Historian

This study is a historiographical overview of the literature of the Latin American wars of independence. It analyses the gains and losses, and poses the question: „has the world advanced" in the 200 years of independence? The first part of the article concentrates on the events of the wars of independence and the developments in the 19th century focusing on the works of Francisco Morales Padrón, Luis Navarro Garcia, Jose' Carlos Maridtegui, and the approach of the German historian Manfred Kossok. In the secondpart the author presents the question of subdesarrollo and dependencia. He discusses the different interpretations for insufficient progress from the positivist viewpoints to the assessment of the economists of the CEPAL. The novelty of this part is that it presents the results of the comparative analyses (Wittman, Pack, Zimdnyi) published in Hungarian historiography in the 1960s-1970s that revealed the similarities between the progress in Central-Eastern Europe and Latin America.

scholarly journals Os vínculos entre a geografia brasileira e a geografia cubana: instituições, redes e círculos de afinidades

Punto sur ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adélia Aparecida De Souza Haracenko
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Methodological Procedures ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
American Geography

This article presents part of the results of an investigation that aimed to understand the relationships and bonds established between Brazilian and Cuban geography. The research problem started from the assumption that geography, since the second half of the 19th century, served the interests of colonialist and imperialist countries, given that both Brazilian and Cuban geography were influenced by European theories. In this sense, we seek to identify interchange relations between the two of them, emphasizing the importance of geography between geographers in Latin America. The methodological procedures for collecting relevant information and data were sustained both in bibliographic references and in interviews with geographers from both countries. History and the oral source were essential in the search for primary information. In it we address the following subjects: the periods in which the bonds were established, the institutions that participated in the exchange, the networks and circles of affinities that were built through the ties established between the researchers. Considering that to integrate is to learn from both sides, it is to consolidate, this work joins the list of those who intend to contribute to the construction of a shared Latin American geography.

Gender during the Period of Latin American Independence

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Latin American ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Women Of African Descent ◽  
The 19Th Century

Independence is foundational to national histories in Latin America, defined for this article as former colonies of Spain and Portugal in the Western Hemisphere. Throughout the 19th and most of the 20th centuries, however, attention to women’s experiences during that period was limited to patriotic biographies of those considered heroines. With the growth of women’s history beginning in the 1970s, a few dissertations in the United States focused on women’s roles during independence, resulting in one monograph and a few articles. The field was more linked to social than political history, however, and most studies of women in Latin America focused either on the colonial period or on the 20th century. A few historians did analyze women’s status, particularly in family law, over a longer transitional period, from the late 18th century into the 19th century, that encompassed independence. Similarly, literary scholars undertook gender analysis of texts in the same timeframe. By the 1990s, feminist scholars within Latin America were overcoming institutional barriers, leading to a rise in works published in Spanish and Portuguese. Indeed, scholars within the region have undertaken most of the studies that focus on women specifically during the movements for independence in Spanish America between 1810 and 1825, and these publications have grown significantly with the bicentennial commemorations. Scholars in North America and Europe have also increased their attention to gender and politics, especially during the aftermath of independence, and they have added masculinity as a subject of analysis. The increase in scholarship was sufficient for some to undertake article-length overviews in the 2000s, and the time is ripe to reconsider larger debates over the extent and timing of changes in gender roles and dynamics. Most scholars argue that despite women’s contributions to the independence movements, their status remained little changed or even worsened within the new nations. While without doubt a rising ideology of domesticity for women occurred in the 19th century, the particular spaces for women’s agency merit closer investigation. Despite the considerable growth in the field, moreover, much research remains to be done. Brazil and especially Central America are underrepresented. Although studies of Indigenous women who participated in late colonial Andean rebellions have been done, much less work is available focused on Indigenous or on women of African descent during or after the wars of independence. For additional information on related themes, see the separate Oxford Bibliographies in Latin American Studies articles “Latin American Independence” and “Women in Modern Latin American History.”

Streams of Latin American Protestant Theology

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-116
Author(s):  
Ryan R. Gladwin
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Secondary Intention ◽  
American Protestantism ◽  
Theology Of Mission ◽  
Societal Changes ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract Although church historians often call the 19th century the Great Century of Protestant mission, for Latin America it was the 20th century that was the great century of Protestant growth and expansion. The 20th century witnessed vast societal changes and the realization of systemic poverty and injustice as well as the exponential growth, pentecostalization, and diversification of Latin American Protestantism. Latin American Protestant Theology emerged during this century of change. This text provides an introduction to Latin American Protestant Theology by engaging its dominant theological streams (Liberal, Evangelical, and Pentecostal) and how they understand themselves through the lens of mission. The text offers both a critique of the Christendom cartography that is dominant in Latin American Protestant Theology as well as suggestions for how to move towards a transformative theology of mission. The primary intention of this text is to offer an informed outline and analysis of the theological landscape of Latin American Protestantism. The secondary intention of this book is to note the contributions as well as deficiencies of the streams of LAPT in the hope to signal a possible path towards the development of an integral, transformative, contextual, and decolonial theological voice.

scholarly journals A humanistic gift from the Brazilian Emperor D. Pedro II (1825 - 1891) to the Brazilian nation: the first lunatic asylum in Latin America

2013 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio E. Nardi ◽  
Adriana Cardoso Silva ◽  
Jaime E. Hallak ◽  
José A. Crippa
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Key Words ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Lunatic Asylum ◽  
Specialized Treatment ◽  
Key Words Psychiatry ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City

Until the beginning of the 19th century, psychiatric patients did not receive specialized treatment. The problem that was posed by the presence of psychiatric patients in the Santas Casas de Misericórdia and the social pressure from this issue culminated in a Decree of the Brazilian Emperor, D. Pedro II, on July 18, 1841. The “Lunatic Palace” was the first institution in Latin America exclusively designed for mental patients. It was built between 1842 and 1852 and is an example of neoclassical architecture in Brazil, located at Saudade Beach in the city of Rio de Janeiro. In the 1930s and 1940s, the D. Pedro II Hospital was overcrowded, and patients were gradually transferred to other hospitals. By September of 1944, all the patients had been transferred and the hospital was deactivated. Key words: psychiatry, history, madness.

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