Horatio Alger

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Equal Opportunity ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Columbia University ◽  
Harvard College ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Economic Association ◽  
The Us ◽  
Horatio Alger ◽  
A Charge

Raised in rural Massachusetts, the son of a Unitarian minister, Horatio Alger Jr. (b. 1832–d. 1899) graduated from Harvard College in 1852 and from the Harvard Divinity School in 1860. Expelled from the Unitarian pulpit in Brewster, Massachusetts, after confessing to a charge of pederasty, Alger moved to New York in April 1866 to begin a career as a full-time writer of fiction for juvenile readers. He published a serialized version of Ragged Dick in 1867 and a revised and expanded book version of the novel, his only bestseller, in 1868. During his career he twice traveled to Europe (1860 and 1873) and to California (1877 and 1890); he was also active in the Harvard Club of New York. To supplement his income from writing, he tutored the children of several prominent Jewish families in New York, including E. R. A. Seligman (b. 1861–d. 1939), later a professor of political economy at Columbia University and a founder of the American Economic Association; Benjamin Cardozo (b. 1870–d. 1938), later an associate justice of the US Supreme Court; and Lewis Einstein (b. 1877–d. 1967), later a career diplomat. Alger was the author of dozens of essays, poems, and short stories, and 103 books for young readers, and toward the end of his career he estimated his total book sales at eight hundred thousand copies. Despite the persistent notion that his heroes rise “from rags to riches,” only a few of his characters earn fabulous wealth. His young heroes normally rise not to riches, but to a secure middle-class respectability. Beginning in the late 1870s, Alger’s juvenile stories came under fire from ministers and professional librarians for their alleged sensationalism. Of 145 libraries surveyed by the American Library Association in 1894, over a third proscribed Alger’s books. Alger died of congestive heart failure at his sister’s home in Natick, Massachusetts, in July 1899. Early in the new century, his popularity began to skyrocket. By 1910, cheap editions of his moral tracts were selling at the rate of about one million annually because, in their idealization of a preindustrial order, they appealed to a nostalgic desire to reform business through a return to principles of equal opportunity and fair trade. The phrase “Horatio Alger hero,” denoting an honest and successful entrepreneurial type, obtained popular if inflated currency in the language in the 1920s, with Alger’s popularity at its peak. Though Alger’s books largely lapsed from print during the Great Depression, the Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished Americans, Inc., cofounded by Norman Vincent Peale (b. 1898–d. 1993), inaugurated the annual Horatio Alger Awards in 1947.

scholarly journals Review of certain articles of the American society of bone and mineral research (ASMBR) annual congress 2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
Zhanna E. Belaya
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Bone Diseases ◽  
Columbia University ◽  
Mineral Research ◽  
Metabolic Bone Diseases ◽  
Relevant Today ◽  
Metabolic Bone ◽  
The Us ◽  
Annual Congress ◽  
American Society

The annual congress of the American Society of Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR) presents the most significant results among the basic and clinical research in the field of osteoporosis and other metabolic bone diseases. Professor of Medicine John Bilezikian, M.D., Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons New York, New York and Lynda F. Bonewald Ph.D. Director, Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indianapolis, Indiana, every year present the most outstanding abstracts before the ASBMR. However, not all of these researches are relevant for Russia, as some of them relates to the epidemiology and pharmacoeconomics of osteoporosis specifically in the US. This review presents only a very limited selection of congress abstracts, combined on topics that seem relevant today.

“An Old Order Is Passing”: The Rise of Applied Learning in University-Based Teacher Education during the Great Depression

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana D'Amico
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Professional Education ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Columbia University ◽  
New York University ◽  
Teachers College ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Old Order ◽  
The University

From the late nineteenth century through the first decades of the twentieth century, New York City housed two contrasting models of professional education for teachers. In 1870, the Normal College of the City of New York opened in rented quarters. Founded to prepare women to teach in the city's public schools, in just ten weeks the tuition-free, all-female college “filled to overflowing” with about 1,100 enrolled students. Based upon a four-year high school course approved by the city's Board of Education, the “chief purpose” of the college was to “encourage young women… to engage in the work of teaching in elementary and secondary schools.” Vocationally oriented and focused on practical skills, the Normal College stood in contrast to the School of Pedagogy at New York University and Teachers College, Columbia University founded in 1890 and 1898, respectively. The Normal College's neighbors situated their work within the academic traditions of the university. According to a School of Pedagogy Bulletin from 1912, faculty sought to,meet the needs of students of superior academic training and of teachers of experience who are prepared to study educational problems in their more scientific aspects and their broader relations.

Robert K. Merton

Criminology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Role Model ◽  
Deviant Behavior ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Opinion Leader ◽  
The United States ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Columbia University

Robert King Merton (b. 4 July 1910–d. 23 February 2003) was born to Yiddish-speaking Russian-Jewish parents in South Philadelphia, as Meyer Robert Schkolnick. Merton’s mother, Ida Rasovskaya, was a socialist and his father, Aaron Schkolnick, identified at his US port of entry as Harrie Skolnick, Hebrew and tailor. His parents immigrated to the United States from eastern Europe in 1904. Raised in an apartment above his father’s dairy products shop until the building burned down, Merton had an interesting wealth of cultural experiences. At fourteen years old, he performed magic tricks at parties under the stage name Robert K. Merlin. As a student at South Philadelphia High School, he frequently visited nearby cultural and educational venues, including the Andrew Carnegie Library, Central Library, the Academy of Music, and the Museum of Arts. Merton believed his childhood in South Philadelphia provided an abundance of social, cultural, human, and public capital; every type of capital he needed except financial. After acceptance to Temple University, he changed his name to Robert Merton, worked as a research assistant under George E. Simpson on a project about race and media, and graduated in 1931. Merton married his first wife, Suzanne Carhart, in 1934, with whom he had three children, a son named Robert C. Merton, and daughters Stephanie Merton Tombrello and Vanessa Merton. Merton earned both his Master’s degree, in 1932, and his doctorate, in 1936, at Harvard, where he taught until 1938. Merton then served as professor and chair of the Department of Sociology at Tulane University before joining Columbia University in 1941, where he remained until his retirement from full-time academic work in 1979. Spending most of his life in the Manhattan borough of New York City until his death in 2003, Merton taught as a Special Service Professor, or emeritus faculty, at Columbia University after he retired and served as an adjunct professor at Rockefeller University until 1984. Professional accomplishments include winning a Guggenheim, Parson Prize, and National Medal of Sciences; he was the first sociologist invited to the National Academy of Science, and he served as president of the American Sociological Society. Many of Merton’s childhood experiences would influence his theory of social structure, particularly the concept of the “reference group.” Other notable sociological concepts he developed include “opportunity structure,” “ritualism,” “role model,” “opinion leader,” “unintended consequences,” “self-fulfilling prophecy,” “focus group,” “peer group,” “role strain,” and “deviant behavior.” His record of achievements has led some to refer to Robert Merton as the father of sociology, Mr. Sociology, or the most influential American sociologist of the 20th century.

Taming the Wild West in the Late 1940s

2015 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-52
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Sterba
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Equal Opportunity ◽  
Political Conflict ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Lonely Crowd ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
The North

In late 1945, a group of outraged citizens in the small city of El Cerrito formed a “Good Government League” to challenge the gambling and liquor interests who controlled City Hall. In the next few years the League achieved all of its agenda: a city manager plan, civil service reform, and the end of wide-open gambling. A movement like this was fairly typical of the Progressive Era. But the city in question was not a turn-of-the-century metropolis like New York or Chicago. These events happened in the late 1940s in a small bedroom community located just to the north of Berkeley. Within a few years, El Cerrito transformed its reputation from “Little Reno” to the squeaky-clean “City of Homes.” As a case study, the El Cerrito story is interesting for a number of reasons. Most importantly, it highlights how development in the San Francisco Bay Area has involved a regional periodization that differs from what we might traditionally associate with suburban growth. The city's Old West heritage was a major source of political conflict, while the activism of the city's new middle class contrasts with what sociologists called the politically quiescent “Organization Men” of the era's “Lonely Crowd.” The El Cerrito experience also lends insight into why the Bay Area has remained politically liberal since 1945. The city's reformers embraced much of the language and platform of the turn-of-the-century progressives. But they also lived through the Great Depression and the Second World War, and desired most of all to make public policy that would ensure economic security and equal opportunity. Their emphasis on an active public sector left a legacy that can still be felt today.

Cold War Dichotomies

2000 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARTIN H. FOLLY
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Eastern Bloc ◽  
Columbia University ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
National Security State ◽  
The Cold War

James E. Cronin, The World The Cold War Made. Order, Chaos and the Return of History (New York and London: Routledge, 1996, £15.99). Pp. 344. ISBN 0 0415 90821 3.Richard M. Fried, The Russians Are Coming! The Russians Are Coming! Pageantry and Patriotism in Cold War America (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1998, £25.00). Pp. 220. ISBN 0 19 507020 8.Michael J. Hogan, A Cross of Iron. Harry S. Truman and the Origins of the National Security State, 1945–1954 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998, £25.00). Pp. 554. ISBN 0 521 64044 x.Michael Kort (ed.), The Columbia Guide to the Cold War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999, £32.00). Pp. 366. ISBN 0 231 10772 2.Joseph M. Siracusa, Into the Dark House. American Diplomacy and the Ideological Origins of the Cold War (Claremont, CA: Regina Books, 1998, $36.95 cloth, $14.95 paper). Pp. 288. ISBN 0 941690 81 4, 0 941690 80 6.There was a time not so long ago when it seemed that there was nothing new to be written about the origins of the Cold War. The topic appeared to have become stale, with the same battles being refought, along familiar lines. Cold War studies have not abated, however, and indeed have been reinvigorated by a number of developments. The writer on American involvement in the Cold War now has to consider how to integrate Eastern bloc material into their work, and the developing theses of scholars from other Western nations, and from within the US to respond to the prevailing intellectual trend in much of academia to focus on ideology, culture and discourse.

scholarly journals A Ground-Breaking Collaboration in the Great Depression: Elizabeth C. Morriss of North Carolina (1878-1960) & Edna Phillips of Massachusetts (1890-1968) and Their Experimental Reading Study on Adult Beginners (1935)

2018 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Plummer Alston Jones, Jr.
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
Adult Education ◽  
Elementary Education ◽  
Single Woman ◽  
Columbia University ◽  
Adult Educator ◽  
Teachers College ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Reading Study

The circumstances of the first meeting of an adult educator, Elizabeth C. Morriss, a widow, from North Carolina in her mid-fifties, with a librarian, Edna Phillips, a single woman, from Massachusetts in her mid-forties, were most promising. Both were active in their respective fields, Morriss in the field of adult elementary education, and Phillips in the field of library adult education.  Despite their years of experience, they were both pursuing degrees in Adult Education from Teachers College, Columbia University in New York City, probably to get credentials that would certify them as recognized leaders in their field. 

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