1422. Burden of Pertussis in South Korea: Implications for adults

Abstract Background There are a limited number of published studies on pertussis disease burden and epidemiology in South Korea, particularly those evaluating the impact in adults. Methods We conducted a systematic literature review on pertussis epidemiology and burden of disease in South Korea. The objective was to highlight evidence gaps which could help improve awareness about pertussis disease in adults in South Korea. Results Of 940 articles published between January 2000 to December 2019, 19 articles provided data for pertussis epidemiology and 9 provided data in adults. Laboratory confirmation rates in adults varied according to methodology, likely influenced by study/sampling variations. Three studies reported serological evidence of infection in adolescents and adults (33-57%). Among cases, the average cough duration was 16.5 days (range 7-30 days) and over 85% of cases presented with paroxysmal cough, while only 25% of cases or less presented with a characteristic whoop or post-tussive vomiting. Importantly, in 4 studies reporting vaccination status, almost all adult cases had no history of pertussis vaccination since childhood. Conclusion Primary childhood vaccination rates in South Korea are among the highest globally, while adult pertussis vaccine uptake appears to be quite low. Our literature review suggests that pertussis is underreported in adults, as evidenced by serology data demonstrating that tetanus antibody levels are low while pertussis toxin antibody levels are relatively high, suggesting continued circulation of community pertussis. These findings highlight the need for strategies such as maternal immunization and decennial revaccination of adults to address the changing epidemiology and waning immunity. Active pertussis testing/reporting and better utilization of adult vaccine registries is required to help provide robust data for vaccine decision-making at the national level. In the current COVID-19 environment, strategies that can reduce clinic or hospital visits will have substantial benefits to authorities managing rapid increases in health care resource utilization, and vaccine preventable diseases provide an easy and immediate target for achieving that goal. Disclosures Bruce Mungall, PhD, the GSK group of companies (Employee, Shareholder) Hyungwoo Kim, MD, MPH, the GSK group of companies (Employee) Kyu-Bin Oh, MD, the GSK group of companies (Employee, Shareholder)

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The Impact of COVID-19 Restrictions on Childhood Vaccination Uptake: A Rapid Review

10.1101/2021.06.25.21259371 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Carl Heneghan ◽

Jon Brassey ◽

Tom Jefferson

Keyword(s):

Original Data ◽

Vaccine Uptake ◽

Childhood Vaccination ◽

Rapid Review ◽

Older Children ◽

Vaccination Rates ◽

Vaccination Uptake ◽

International Agencies ◽

Retrospective Cohort Studies ◽

The Impact

Abstract: Background Vaccines are highly effective for preventing a range of childhood infections. However, there have been concerns about an alarming decline in vaccinations in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods We performed a rapid review for studies that assessed childhood vaccination uptake during restrictive phases of the covid-19 pandemic. Results We found 35 published studies that compared changes in the pattern of childhood vaccinations before and during the pandemic. Thirteen were surveys; two mixed-methods surveys and interviews, three modelling studies and 17 retrospective cohort studies with historical controls. We also included ten reports by national or international agencies that had original data on vaccination uptake. Significant global disruptions to vaccine services were reported in Africa, Asia, America (including Latin America and the Caribbean) and Europe. We also found evidence of significant disruption to vaccine uptake for diphtheria tetanus pertussis, BCG, measles and polio. Countries, where vaccination rates were already suboptimal, had greater drops in uptake and there was evidence of smaller declines in younger children compared to older children. Children born to women who could not read and write were more likely to have an incompletely immunized child. Various initiatives were used to drive up vaccination rates post restrictions. Conclusions Obstacles to the delivery of vaccination services during the COVID-19 pandemic drove down immunisation rates, especially in disadvantaged people and poorer countries.

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The Assesses Impact Of Motherly Awareness On Pediatric Vaccine Uptake

Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies ◽

10.46568/pjgs.v19i1.86 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 129-148

Author(s):

Sadaf Abid Ali ◽

Sumera Ishrat

Keyword(s):

Health Risk ◽

Personal Information ◽

Total Sample ◽

Vaccination Status ◽

Vaccine Uptake ◽

Childhood Vaccination ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽

Pediatric Vaccination ◽

The Impact

Pediatric vaccination is the greatest instrument for children’ health. It avoids infection and viruses of under 2 years of children. Numerous nations are appearing unwilling for pediatric immunization. There is a vital barrier to pediatric vaccination, which is associated with the lack of maternal awareness (line remove)The current study is designed to evaluate the childhood vaccination-related diseases, mother’s awareness, practice, perception and these impact on the pediatric vaccination status, additionally, to know the children’s health conditions level in Gadap town, Karachi Pakistan. This study assesses the impact of childhood vaccination as protecting shield which associated with the mother’s awareness, practices as well as the mothers’ perception. Evaluate the childhood immunization’s benefits and health risk for not choosing vaccination of their children and its effect on childhood vaccination status. In this study purposive technique of non-probability sampling is used to select sample of mothers whose children age up to 2 years. This selection is done by keeping in mind the objective of the research. The total sample was 280 who were under two years of children’s mothers. The research design was qualitative and quantitative, furthermore, the exploratory design was used, and the in-depth interviews have been conducted from each mother. The research instrument has personal information, pediatric vaccination status, pediatric vaccine practice, mothers awareness about benefits, health risk, vaccine-preventable diseases related information, additionally, know the mother’s Perception regarding the pediatric mortality and morbidity ,furthermore, the level of motherly awareness and pediatric vaccination practice which were scored according to mother’s answers.

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What Determines Vaccine Hesitancy: Recommendations from Childhood Vaccine Hesitancy to Address COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines10010080 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 80

Author(s):

Farren Rodrigues ◽

Suzanne Block ◽

Suruchi Sood

Keyword(s):

Literature Review ◽

Conceptual Model ◽

Vaccine Uptake ◽

Childhood Vaccination ◽

Vaccine Hesitancy ◽

Extensive Literature ◽

Health Providers ◽

Multifaceted Approach ◽

What Works ◽

Childhood Vaccine

Vaccine hesitancy is a prevalent and ongoing issue. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, additional attention has been brought to the topic of vaccine hesitancy. Vaccine hesitancy is a threat to the population’s health globally. This article aims to acquire insights from previous literature to determine what works to increase vaccine uptake and how we can apply this knowledge to increase COVID-19 vaccine uptake. Research has focused chiefly on childhood vaccination and the hesitancy of caregivers. After conducting an extensive literature review, we have created a conceptual model of indicators that influence vaccine uptake for health providers and caregivers, which can also be used for vaccine recipients. Overall, the reasons for vaccine hesitancy are complex; therefore, a multifaceted approach is needed to address it. Understanding the factors that affect vaccine hesitancy will aid in addressing hesitancy and, in turn, lead to an increase in vaccine uptake.

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Introduction to pertussis transmission and epidemiological dynamics

Pertussis ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198811879.003.0001 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 6-25

Author(s):

Pejman Rohani ◽

Samuel V. Scarpino

Keyword(s):

Control Strategies ◽

Age Distribution ◽

Population Level ◽

Vaccine Uptake ◽

Effective Control ◽

Transmission Potential ◽

Epidemic Period ◽

The Impact ◽

Pertussis Epidemiology

Resolving the long-term, population-level consequences of changes in pertussis epidemiology, arising from bacterial evolution, shifts in vaccine-induced immunity, or changes in surveillance, are key challenges for devising effective control strategies. This chapter reviews some of the key features of pertussis epidemiology, together with the underlying epidemiological principles that set the context for their interpretation. These include the relationship between the age distribution of cases and pertussis transmission potential, the impact of vaccine uptake on incidence, periodicity and age incidence, as well as spatially explicit recurrent pertussis epidemics and associated extinction frequency. This review highlights some of the predictable and consistent aspects of pertussis epidemiology (e.g. the systematic increase in the inter-epidemic period with the introduction of whole-cell vaccines) and a number of important heterogeneities, including variations in contemporary patterns of incidence and geographic spread.

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Evidence for Residual Immunity to Smallpox After Vaccination and Implications for Re-emergence

Military Medicine ◽

10.1093/milmed/usz181 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 184 (11-12) ◽

pp. e668-e679 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mohana Priya Kunasekaran ◽

Xin Chen ◽

Valentina Costantino ◽

Abrar Ahmad Chughtai ◽

Chandini Raina MacIntyre

Keyword(s):

Immunological Memory ◽

Childhood Vaccination ◽

Smallpox Vaccination ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Immune Correlates ◽

Modeling Studies ◽

Cross Sectional Studies ◽

Duration Of Protection ◽

Antibody Levels ◽

The Impact

Abstract Introduction Smallpox has been eradicated but advances in synthetic biology have increased the risk of its re-emergence. Residual immunity in individuals who were previously vaccinated may mitigate the impact of an outbreak, but there is a high degree of uncertainty about the duration and degree of residual immunity. Both cell-mediated and humoral immunity are thought to be important but the exact mechanisms of protection are unclear. Guidelines usually suggest vaccine-induced immunity wanes to zero after 3–10 years post vaccination, whereas other estimates show long term immunity over decades. Materials and Methods A systematic review of the literature was conducted to quantify the duration and extent of residual immunity to smallpox after vaccination. Results Twenty-nine papers related to quantifying residual immunity to smallpox after vaccination were identified: neutralizing antibody levels were used as immune correlates of protection in 11/16 retrospective cross-sectional studies, 2/3 epidemiological studies, 6/7 prospective vaccine trials and 0/3 modeling studies. Duration of protection of >20 years was consistently shown in the 16 retrospective cross-sectional studies, while the lowest estimated duration of protection was 11.7 years among the modeling studies. Childhood vaccination conferred longer duration of protection than vaccination in adulthood, and multiple vaccinations did not appear to improve immunity. Conclusions Most studies suggest a longer duration of residual immunity (at least 20 years) than assumed in smallpox guidelines. Estimates from modeling studies were less but still greater than the 3–10 years suggested by the WHO Committee on International Quarantine or US CDC guidelines. These recommendations were probably based on observations and studies conducted while smallpox was endemic. The cut-off values for pre-existing antibody levels of >1:20 and >1:32 reported during the period of endemic smallpox circulation may not be relevant to the contemporary population, but have been used as a threshold for identifying people with residual immunity in post-eradication era studies. Of the total antibodies produced in response to smallpox vaccination, neutralizing antibodies have shown to contribute significantly to immunological memory. Although the mechanism of immunological memory and boosting is unclear, revaccination is likely to result in a more robust response. There is a need to improve the evidence base for estimates on residual immunity to better inform planning and preparedness for re-emergent smallpox.

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Voluntary to Mandatory: Evolution of Strategies and Attitudes toward Influenza Vaccination of Healthcare Personnel

Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology ◽

10.1086/663210 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 63-70 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Kathleen Quan ◽

David M. Tehrani ◽

Linda Dickey ◽

Eugene Spiritus ◽

Denise Hizon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Vaccination ◽

Vaccination Campaign ◽

Vaccine Uptake ◽

Healthcare Personnel ◽

Vaccination Policy ◽

Vaccination Rates ◽

Hospital Policies ◽

Mandatory Vaccination ◽

Vaccination Campaigns ◽

The Impact

Background.Assessing the relative success of serial strategies for increasing healthcare personnel (HCP) influenza vaccination rates is important to guide hospital policies to increase vaccine uptake.Objective.To evaluate serial campaigns that include a mandatory HCP vaccination policy and to describe HCP attitudes toward vaccination and reasons for declination.Design.Retrospective cohort study.Methods.We assessed the impact of serial vaccination campaigns on the proportions of HCP who received influenza vaccination during die 2006–2011 influenza seasons. In addition, declination data over these 5 seasons and a 2007 survey of HCP attitudes toward vaccination were collected.Results.HCP influenza vaccination rates increased from 44.0% (2,863 of 6,510 HCP) to 62.9% (4,037 of 6,414 HCP) after institution of mobile carts, mandatory declination, and peer-to-peer vaccination efforts. Despite maximal attempts to improve accessibility and convenience, 27.2% (66 of 243) of die surveyed HCP were unwilling to wait more than 10 minutes for a free influenza vaccination, and 23.3% (55 of 236) would be indifferent if they were unable to be vaccinated. In this context, institution of a mandatory vaccination campaign requiring unvaccinated HCP to mask during the influenza season increased rates of compliance to over 90% and markedly reduced the proportion of HCP who declined vaccination as a result of preference.Conclusions.A mandatory influenza vaccination program for HCP was essential to achieving high vaccination rates, despite years of intensive vaccination campaigns focused on increasing accessibility and convenience. Mandatory vaccination policies appear to successfully capture a large portion of HCP who are not opposed to receipt of die vaccine but who have not made vaccination a priority.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012;33(1):63-70

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Mobility network reveals the impact of geographic vaccination heterogeneity on COVID-19

10.1101/2021.10.26.21265488 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yuan Yuan ◽

Eaman Jahani ◽

Shengjia Zhao ◽

Yong-Yeol Ahn ◽

Alex Pentland

Keyword(s):

Computational Models ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Vaccination Campaign ◽

Vaccination Rate ◽

Control Measures ◽

Vaccine Uptake ◽

Vaccination Rates ◽

The Impact ◽

Hub Effect ◽

The U.S

ABSTRACTMassive vaccination is one of the most effective epidemic control measures. Because one’s vaccination decision is shaped by social processes (e.g., socioeconomic sorting and social contagion), the pattern of vaccine uptake tends to show strong social and geographical heterogeneity, such as urban-rural divide and clustering. Yet, little is known to what extent and how the vaccination heterogeneity affects the course of outbreaks. Here, leveraging the unprecedented availability of data and computational models produced during the COVID-19 pandemic, we investigate two network effects—the “hub effect” (hubs in the mobility network usually have higher vaccination rates) and the “homophily effect” (neighboring places tend to have similar vaccination rates). Applying Bayesian deep learning and fine-grained simulations for the U.S., we show that stronger homophily leads to more infections while a stronger hub effect results in fewer cases. Our simulation estimates that these effects have a combined net negative impact on the outcome, increasing the total cases by approximately 10% in the U.S. Inspired by these results, we propose a vaccination campaign strategy that targets a small number of regions to further improve the vaccination rate, which can reduce the number of cases by 20% by only vaccinating an additional 1% of the population according to our simulations. Our results suggest that we must examine the interplay between vaccination patterns and mobility networks beyond the overall vaccination rate, and that the government may need to shift policy focus from overall vaccination rates to geographical vaccination heterogeneity.

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The Impact of COVID-19 Vaccination on California's Return to Normalcy

10.1101/2021.06.01.21258187 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Maria L Daza-Torres ◽

Yury Elena Garcia Puerta ◽

Alec J Schmidt ◽

James L Sharpnack ◽

Bradley H Pollock ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Transmission Rate ◽

Realistic Model ◽

Vaccine Uptake ◽

Model Parameters ◽

Baseline Scenario ◽

Effective Population ◽

Vaccination Rates ◽

Population Sizes ◽

Incident Cases ◽

The Impact

SARS-CoV-2 has infected nearly 3.7 million and killed 61,722 Californians, as of May 22, 2021. Non-pharmaceutical interventions have been instrumental in mitigating the spread of the coronavirus. However, as we ease restrictions, widespread implementation of COVID-19 vaccines is essential to prevent its resurgence. In this work, we addressed the adequacy and deficiency of vaccine uptake within California and the possibility and severity of resurgence of COVID-19 as restrictions are lifted given the current vaccination rates. We implemented a real-time Bayesian data assimilation approach to provide projections of incident cases and deaths in California following the reopening of its economy on June 15, 2021. We implemented scenarios that vary vaccine uptake prior to reopening, and transmission rates and effective population sizes following the reopening. For comparison purposes, we adopted a baseline scenario using the current vaccination rates, which projects a total 11,429 cases and 429 deaths in a 15-day period after reopening. We used posterior estimates based on CA historical data to provide realistic model parameters after reopening. When the transmission rate is increased after reopening, we projected an increase in cases by 21.8% and deaths by 4.4% above the baseline after reopening. When the effective population is increased after reopening, we observed an increase in cases by 51.8% and deaths by 12.3% above baseline. A 30% reduction in vaccine uptake alone has the potential to increase cases and deaths by 35% and 21.6%, respectively. Conversely, increasing vaccine uptake by 30% could decrease cases and deaths by 26.1% and 17.9%, respectively. As California unfolds its plan to reopen its economy on June 15, 2021, it is critical that social distancing and public behavior changes continue to be promoted, particularly in communities with low vaccine uptake. The Centers of Disease Control's (CDC) recommendation to ease mask-wearing for fully vaccinated individuals despite major inequities in vaccine uptake in counties across the state highlights some of the logistical challenges that society faces as we enthusiastically phase out of this pandemic.

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Mobility network reveals the impact of spatial vaccination heterogeneity on COVID‐19

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1065491/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yuan Yuan ◽

Eaman Jahani ◽

Shengjia Zhao ◽

Yong-Yeol Ahn ◽

Alex Pentland

Keyword(s):

Computational Models ◽

Network Effects ◽

Vaccination Campaign ◽

Vaccination Rate ◽

Control Measures ◽

Vaccine Uptake ◽

Vaccination Rates ◽

Fine Grained ◽

Mobility Data ◽

The Impact

Abstract Massive vaccination is one of the most effective epidemic control measures. Because one’s vaccination decision is shaped by social processes (e.g., socioeconomic sorting and social contagion), the pattern of vaccine uptake tends to show strong social and spatial heterogeneity, such as urban-rural divide and clustering. Examining through network perspectives, here we quantify the impact of spatial vaccination heterogeneity on COVID outbreaks and offer policy recommendations on location-based vaccination campaigns. Leveraging fine-grained mobility data and computational models, we investigate two network effects—the “hub effect” (hubs in the mobility network usually have higher vaccination rates) and the “homophily effect” (neighboring places tend to have similar vaccination rates). Applying Bayesian deep learning and fine-grained epidemic simulations, we show a negative effect of homophily and a positive effect of highly vaccinated hubs on reducing COVID-19 case counts; these two effects are estimated to jointly increase the total cases by approximately 10% in the U.S. Moreover, inspired by these results, we propose a vaccination campaign strategy that targets a small number of regions with the largest gain in protective power. Our simulation shows that we can reduce the number of cases by 20% by only vaccinating an additional 1% of the population. Our study suggests that we must examine the interplay between vaccination patterns and mobility networks beyond the overall vaccination rate, and that accurate location-based targeting can be equally if not more important than improving the overall vaccination rate.

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Mechanistic model calibration and the dynamics of the COVID-19 epidemic in the UK (the past, the present and the future)

10.1101/2021.05.18.21257384 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mark J Willis ◽

Allen Wright ◽

Victoria Bramfitt ◽

Harry Conn ◽

Robyn Talyor

Keyword(s):

Reproduction Number ◽

Mechanistic Model ◽

National Level ◽

Human Interaction ◽

Vaccine Uptake ◽

Model Parameters ◽

Continuous Simulation ◽

Vaccination Rates ◽

The Uk ◽

Case Data

We augment the well-known susceptible - infected - recovered - deceased (SIRD) epidemiological model to include vaccination dynamics, implemented as a piecewise continuous simulation. We calibrate this model to reported case data in the UK at a national level. Our modelling approach decouples the inherent characteristics of the infection from the degree of human interaction (as defined by the effective reproduction number, Re). This allows us to detect and infer a change in the characteristic of the infection, for example the emergence of the Kent variant, We find that that the infection rate constant (k) increases by around 89% as a result of the B.1.1.7 (Kent) COVID-19 variant in England. Through retrospective analysis and modelling of early epidemic case data (between March 2020 and May 2020) we estimate that ~1.2M COVID-19 infections were unreported in the early phase of the epidemic in the UK. We also obtain an estimate of the basic reproduction number as, R0=3.23. We use our model to assess the UK Government's roadmap for easing the third national lockdown as a result of the current vaccination programme. To do this we use our estimated model parameters and a future forecast of the daily vaccination rates of the next few months. Our modelling predicts an increased number of daily cases as NPIs are lifted in May and June 2021. We quantify this increase in terms of the vaccine rollout rate and in particular the percentage vaccine uptake rate of eligible individuals, and show that a reduced take up of vaccination by eligible adults may lead to a significant increase in new infections.

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